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The present investigation aims to study adsorption-desorption behavior of glyphosate and tricyclazole in rice straw-compost biomixtures. To enhance pesticide adsorption and performance of the bio-purification system, rice straw-compost (BM) biomixture was mixed with wheat straw biochar (WBC, 1% and 5%), and adsorption of both pesticides in control (BM) and WBCBM(1%) and WBCBM(5%) biomixtures was compared. The kinetics study suggested that the pseudo-second-order model best explained the time-dependent adsorption of both pesticides and intraparticle adsorption was not the rate-determining step. Tricyclazole was more sorbed than glyphosate in all biomixtures which can be attributed to its lower water solubility. The WBC increased the sorption of both pesticides, but the effect varied with the nature of pesticides and biochar content. The adsorption coefficient values in BM, WBCBM(1%), and WBCBM(5%) biomixtures were 26.74, 38.16, and 51.97 (glyphosate) and 38.07, 59.94, and 84.54 (tricyclazole), respectively. The adsorption data was subjected to the Freundlich, the Langmuir, and the Temkin isotherms, and among them, the Freundlich isotherm best explained pesticide adsorption behavior. Desorption results suggested that the adsorption of glyphosate was more irreversible than tricyclazole and depended upon initial pesticide concentration. This study suggested that biochar mixed rice straw-compost biomixtures can be exploited in bio-purification systems for glyphosate and tricyclazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar was produced through pyrolysis at 700 °C, called BC700. BC700 was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The factors influencing the adsorption process and the mechanism involved in adsorbing tricyclazole and 2,4-D in single and binary systems were revealed. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of BC700 for tricyclazole and 2,4-D in a single system were 11.86 mg/g and 7.89 mg/g, respectively. In the binary system, the theoretical saturated adsorptive capacities of tricyclazole and 2,4-D were 5.27 mg/g and 3.20 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of tricyclazole and 2,4-D by BC700, whether in single or binary systems, matched closely with the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model. This study indicates that anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar is potentially valuable for removing pesticide contamination in surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to identify the fate of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in the soil and paddy water during the rice cultivation process and to identify their exposure pathways into surface water. Methods Both iprobenfos and tricyclazole were sprayed onto two sample sites following the pesticide safety usage guidelines. Residues in the samples. Soil, paddy water, and drainage water samples were collected for 28 days after post-application. Residues were subsequently analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Results and Discussion The fate of the two pesticides, iprobenfos and tricyclazole, in the rice cultivation environment was influenced by factors such as soil half-life, Koc, water solubility, formulation, and precipitation patterns. Initial concentrations of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in the paddy field near the drainage were 5,774 μg/L and 307 μg/L, respectively, while concentrations in the drain water were 1,850 μg/L and 182 μg/L. Four days after application, the residual concentrations of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in both paddy and drain water ranged from N.D. (Not Detected) to 5.6 μg/L and N.D. to 56 μg/L, respectively, indicating a rapid decline. During the experimental period, the average concentration reduction ratios in drain water near the drainage compared to the drain water were higher for tricyclazole (90%) than for iprobenfos (52%). Conclusion The soil and water half-life of tricyclazole exceeded that of iprobenfos, leading to a slower rate of concentration reduction. The lower Koc value for tricyclazole suggests enhanced soil desorption due to rainfall, increasing its concentration in paddy fields. The presence of iprobenfos and tricyclazole in surface water is likely due to dispersion during pesticide application. While concentrations diminish owing to the dilution effect when water moves from paddy fields to surface water, it's posited that runoff could affect nearby stream water within seven days post-application.

Rice straw is used as livestock feed and compost. Ferimzone and tricyclazole, common fungicides for rice blast control, can be found in high concentrations in rice straw after unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying, potentially affecting livestock and human health through pesticide residues. In this study, an optimized method for the analysis of the two fungicides in rice straw was developed using the improved QuEChERS method. After the optimization of water and solvent volume, extraction conditions including ethyl acetate (EtOAc), acetonitrile (MeCN), a mixed solvent, and MeCN containing 1% acetic acid were compared. Different salts, including unbuffered sodium chloride, citrate, and acetate buffer salts, were compared for partitioning. Among the preparation methods, the MeCN/EtOAc mixture with unbuffered salts showed the highest recovery rates (88.1–97.9%, RSD ≤ 5.1%). To address the severe matrix effect (%ME) of rice straw, which is characterized by low moisture content and cellulose-based complex matrices, samples were purified using 25 mg each of primary–secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18), without pesticide loss. The developed method was validated with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 mg/kg for target pesticides, and recovery rates at levels of 0.01, 0.1, and 2 mg/kg met the permissible range (82.3–98.9%, RSD ≤ 8.3%). The %ME ranged from −17.6% to −0.3%, indicating a negligible effect. This optimized method was subsequently applied to residue studies following multi-rotor spraying. Fungicides from all fields and treatment groups during harvest season did not exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for livestock feed. This confirms that UAV spraying can be safely managed without causing excessive residues.

Anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar was produced through pyrolysis at 700 °C, called BC700. BC700 was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The factors influencing the adsorption process and the mechanism involved in adsorbing tricyclazole and 2,4-D in single and binary systems were revealed. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of BC700 for tricyclazole and 2,4-D in a single system were 11.86 mg/g and 7.89 mg/g, respectively. In the binary system, the theoretical saturated adsorptive capacities of tricyclazole and 2,4-D were 5.27 mg/g and 3.20 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of tricyclazole and 2,4-D by BC700, whether in single or binary systems, matched closely with the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model. This study indicates that anaerobically digested sludge-derived biochar is potentially valuable for removing pesticide contamination in surface water.

Tricyclazole is a fungicide, widely used to control the blast disease of paddy. Parboiling, a step involved in the post-harvest processing of rice, releases fungicide residues, which enter water bodies and eventually reach aquatic organisms like fish. A preliminary analysis of the parboiled rice mill effluent showed the presence of the fungicide, Tricyclazole. In the present study, a 120-h bioassay was conducted to evaluate the effect of tricyclazole on A. testudineus, a freshwater fish found in Kerala. The LC50 was found to be 19.83 and 17.19 mg L-1 for 12 and 120 h, respectively. The 96-h LC50 of tricyclazole was estimated as 17.28 mg L-1. LT50 value ranged from 66.58 to 35.77 h for 17 and 17.6 mg L-1 of tricyclazole. Exposure duration was the most critical factor as LT values varied significantly across decimal increments of doses. Fishes exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (A: 1/10, B: 1/7, and C: 1/5 of 96-h LC50) for 10, 20, and 30 days exhibited behavioural abnormalities such as air gulping, loss of balance, copious secretion of mucus, loss of scales, opercular activity, discolouration, surfacing, and vertically hanging movements. Gill movement was high in the first few minutes of recovery, which also seemed to last longer with increased exposure duration. Fishes exposed to lowest sub-lethal concentration took almost 60 min for gill movement to reach normalcy. The oxygen consumption increased significantly at higher sub-lethal concentration after 20 h of exposure. The present study indicates a clear sign of metabolic impairment by tricyclazole in A. testudineus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia are fungal aggregates composed of compacted, pigmented hyphae. As they are highly tolerant to desiccation and produce infective conidia, they are promising candidates to be formulated as bioinsecticides. Despite this potential, the nature of the pigments within these structures remains unclear. In this study, routine culture media used for the differentiation of M. robertsii microsclerotia were supplemented with four melanin inhibitors, and the resulting propagules were characterized. Inhibitors of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthetic pathway such as tricyclazole and guaiacol induced significant phenotypic and molecular modifications in the obtained M. robertsii propagules, which exhibited a more spherical shape, reduced size, and increased susceptibility to desiccation, heat, and oxidative stress than microsclerotia obtained without inhibitors. Additionally, genes encoding for a polyketide synthase (Mrpks2) and a putative 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase (Mrthnr), potentially involved in the DHN-melanin biosynthetic pathway, were upregulated in fungi grown in the inhibitor-added media. In conclusion, M. robertsii microsclerotia contain melanins of type DHN that might play a role in both microsclerotia differentiation and environmental stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curvularia lunata causes black kernel disease in rice (Oryza sativa) kernel and enzyme, trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (3HNR) catalyzes a crucial reaction in melanin biosynthesis which aids in appressorium formation. However, the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis and characterization of 3HNR are poorly understood due to the limited research conducted on this pathosystem. Therefore, the C. lunata (GVBR1) was isolated from the diseased rice kernel and identified using microscopic, SEM and molecular methods. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of 3HNR, the C. lunata was treated with different concentrations of systemic fungicide tricyclazole and the gene expression of C. lunata trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (Cl 3HNR) analyzed with different concentrations of tricyclazole treated, downregulated the Cl 3HNR gene expression as compared to the control. Further, Cl 3HNR was cloned into pGEX expression vector, heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells and the expressed protein corresponds to 28 kDa. The molecular docking and dynamic simulation revealed the interaction points within the active site of Cl 3HNR. This study highlights the importance of the melanin biosynthetic gene involved in the pathogenesis of the rice fungal pathogen, C. lunata , which paves the way in developing the HNR enzyme inhibitor to control the rice disease. [Display omitted] • C. lunata Trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (Cl 3HNR) was studied using fungicide, tricyclazole. • q PCR expression of Cl 3HNR drastically downregulated when treated with tricyclazole. • The Cl 3HNR protein was expressed in pGEX bacterial system. • Cl 3HNR was purified using GST affinity chromatography and corresponds to 28 kDa. • Docking and Dynamics Simulations were analyzed for Cl 3HNR-tricycalzole complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancements to the analytical method for the determination of tricyclazole in rice samples have been applied to monitor residues during unmanned aerial spraying. The acetonitrile extraction technique QuEChERS was improved by the incorporation of ethyl acetate and 0.1% formic acid, which significantly elevated the recovery rates. Furthermore, the purification process was refined by integrating both primary–secondary amine (PSA) and C18 in the dSPE method, achieving a substantial improvement in reducing matrix effects (MEs) and increasing recovery efficiency. The optimized method demonstrated an impressive % ME value at −3.1%, with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) established at 0.01 mg/kg, and recovery rates between 94.7 and 95.6% at 0.01, 0.1, and 2 mg/kg. Using two types of adjuvants (stickers) during multi-copter spraying markedly improved the initial tricyclazole deposition on rice panicles, with residue levels initially increasing from 0.35 mg/kg to between 0.68 and 1.60 mg/kg. Residues in hulled rice at harvest (10 days post-application) remained well below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.7 mg/kg, ranging from 0.02 to 0.11 mg/kg, thus affirming the safety and efficacy of adjuvants in residue management.

A simple and rapid reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was used for the determination of propineb and tricyclazole by pre-column derivatization with ethyl iodide. The factors affecting the derivatization reaction and separation conditions were carefully evaluated and optimized. The optimum derivatization reaction conditions were as follows: reaction time = 15 min, reaction temperature = 40 °C, concentration of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution = 30 mM, pH of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution = 10 and volume of ethyl iodide = 0.5 mL. The method was validated as per the Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection and International Conference on Harmonization guidelines concerning system suitability, specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The validated method was successfully applied to the commercially available pesticide formulations, yielding excellent and precise results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Along with the steady growth of the population, the widespread use of systemic fungicides, which leads to increased productivity and higher yield of food products, has been given a lot of attention. Therefore, considering the cytotoxic effects of systemic fungicides tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the neurotoxicity caused by the use of fungicides tricyclazole (TCZ) and thiophanate methyl (TM) in Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 including: control group, groups receiving pesticide mixtures orally at doses of (A) TM 664 + TCZ 25, (B) TM 498 + TCZ 19 and (C) TM 332 + TCZ 13 (mg/kg body weight) and brain tissue sampling was done after 28 days. Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used for qualitative assessment of pathological lesions and quantitative counting of brain cells. Findings: In the histopathological examinations of the groups that received toxins, it was observed that the neurons became necrotic, and the increase of microglia cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was also observed. The results of cell counting indicated the lowest number of neurons in group A in the cerebral cortex (171.40±4.88), CA1 (152.80±5.99), CA2,3 (127.90±8.36) and CA4 (59.20±3.86), which showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia are fungal aggregates composed of compacted, pigmented hyphae. As they are highly tolerant to desiccation and produce infective conidia, they are promising candidates to be formulated as bioinsecticides. Despite this potential, the nature of the pigments within these structures remains unclear. In this study, routine culture media used for the differentiation of M. robertsii microsclerotia were supplemented with four melanin inhibitors, and the resulting propagules were characterized. Inhibitors of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthetic pathway such as tricyclazole and guaiacol induced significant phenotypic and molecular modifications in the obtained M. robertsii propagules, which exhibited a more spherical shape, reduced size, and increased susceptibility to desiccation, heat, and oxidative stress than microsclerotia obtained without inhibitors. Additionally, genes encoding for a polyketide synthase (Mrpks2) and a putative 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase (Mrthnr), potentially involved in the DHN-melanin biosynthetic pathway, were upregulated in fungi grown in the inhibitor-added media. In conclusion, M. robertsii microsclerotia contain melanins of type DHN that might play a role in both microsclerotia differentiation and environmental stress tolerance.

Background and Objective: Along with the steady growth of the population, the widespread use of systemic fungicides, which leads to increased productivity and higher yield of food products, has been given a lot of attention. Therefore, considering the cytotoxic effects of systemic fungicides tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the neurotoxicity caused by the use of fungicides tricyclazole (TCZ) and thiophanate methyl (TM) in Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 including: control group, groups receiving pesticide mixtures orally at doses of (A) TM 664 + TCZ 25, (B) TM 498 + TCZ 19 and (C) TM 332 + TCZ 13 (mg/kg body weight) and brain tissue sampling was done after 28 days. Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used for qualitative assessment of pathological lesions and quantitative counting of brain cells. Findings: In the histopathological examinations of the groups that received toxins, it was observed that the neurons became necrotic, and the increase of microglia cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was also observed. The results of cell counting indicated the lowest number of neurons in group A in the cerebral cortex (171.40±4.88), CA1 (152.80±5.99), CA2,3 (127.90±8.36) and CA4 (59.20±3.86), which showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the mixture of tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl caused damage to brain neurons in the cerebral cortex and different areas of the hippocampus and subsequently caused a decrease in the number of neurons in these areas; Of course, the amount of damage was directly related to increase in the dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Corteva Agriscience submitted a request to the competent national authority in Italy to set an import tolerance for the active substance tricyclazole in rice. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive an maximum residue level (MRL) proposal for rice. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of tricyclazole in rice at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of tricyclazole according to the reported agricultural practice is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricyclazole is commonly used to prevent rice blast to meet the carbohydrate intake needs of half of the global population, and a large number of toxicological reports indicate that monitoring of tricyclazole is necessary. Here, we analyzed the structure of tricyclazole and designed different hapten derivatization strategies to prepare a high-performance monoclonal antibody (half inhibition concentration of 1.61 ng/mL), and then a lateral flow immunochromatographic sensor based on gold nanoparticles for the detection of tricyclazole in rice, with a limit of detection of 6.74 μg/kg and 13.58 μg/kg in polished and brown rice, respectively. The recoveries in rice were in the range of 84.6–107.4%, no complex pretreatment was required for comparison with LC-MS/MS, and the comparative analysis demonstrated that our method had good accuracy and precision. Therefore, the developed lateral flow immunochromatographic analysis was a reliable and rapid means for the on-site analysis of tricyclazole in rice. • The anti-tricyclazole monoclonal antibody possessed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.61 ng/mL. • A paper-based lateral flow immunochromatographic sensor for the rapid and on-site analysis of tricyclazole was developed. • The sensor provided a limit of detection of 6.74 μg/kg and 13.58 μg/kg in polished and brown rice, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the combined effects of rockwool, a novel seedling substrate, and tricyclazole (TCA) on the bioavailability of TCA to Eisenia fetida. The single addition of rockwool and TCA alone to the soil inhibited the growth of E. fetida. A high concentration (300 mg·L−1) of TCA significantly decreased the biomass of E. fetida. The addition of 20-mesh rockwool reduced this effect on earthworm biomass by decreasing the soil TCA through adsorption, effectively mitigating TCA bioaccumulation in earthworms. A mechanistic analysis showed that the Mg–O functional group on the rockwool surface combined with the C C functional group in TCA to generate Mg–O–C, and the adsorption process was dominated by chemisorption. Toxicology experiments demonstrated that malondialdehyde and cellulase could be used as biomarkers of inhibitory effects of combined rockwool and TCA in soil on E. fetida. Macrogenomic analyses revealed that small particle sizes and high concentrations of rockwool caused co-stress effects on earthworms when TCA was present. When the particle size of rockwool increased, the toxic effect of TCA on earthworms instead decreased at higher rockwool concentrations. Therefore, in practical agricultural production, the particle size of rockwool can be controlled to realize the adsorption of TCA and reduce the toxic effects of TCA and rockwool on earthworms. [Display omitted] • The co-effects of rockwool and tricyclazole on Eisenia fetida were studied for the first time. • The adsorption mechanism of rockwool on tricyclazole was obtained. • MDA and cellulase were used as biomarkers to explore inhibitory effects on earthworm. • Tricyclazole adsorption onto rockwool was demonstrated using macrogenomic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Corteva Agriscience submitted a request to the competent national authority in Italy to set an import tolerance for the active substance tricyclazole in rice. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive an maximum residue level (MRL) proposal for rice. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of tricyclazole in rice at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of tricyclazole according to the reported agricultural practice is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.

The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae threatens global rice production yields. Tricyclazole and isoprothiolane are widely used fungicides with high activity against rice blast, and our previous study indicated the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris PSB-06 significantly antagonizes rice blast. However the effect of combining these two chemical fungicides with PSB-06 on rice blast control is unclear. Here we test the control effect of photosynthetic bacteria PSB-06 combined with isoprothiolane and tricyclazole on rice blast. The growth of PSB-06 was unaffected by up to 1.25 mg/L of tricyclazole and 0.3 mg/L of isoprothiolane in the photosynthetic medium, indicated the two fungicides have no inhibition on PSB-06. The control efficiency in the field test reached 76.06% when PSB-06 was combined with isoprothiolane. This value was significantly higher than the individual efficiency of PSB-06 (67.99%) and tricyclazole (65.46%) and the combined control efficiency (72.20%) of those two antifungal agents. Our current findings highlighted the potential of combining R. palustris strain PSB-06 with isoprothiolane to control rice blast, providing environmental protection and reducing the use of fungicides.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for selective recognition and separation of tricyclazole have been synthesized by precipitation polymerization technique, using three different functional monomers viz. methacrylic acid (acidic), 4‐vinyl pyridine (basic) and methyl acrylate (neutral). MIP synthesized using tricyclazole as template, methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linker, 2,2'–azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator and methanol:acetonitrile (1 : 1, v/v) as porogen gave the highest binding efficiency of 93.78 %. Sorption kinetics followed second pseudo order model (R2=0.999) and the data fitted better to Freundlich isotherm (R2=0.991). High values of selectivity factors α (19.43–24.90) and β (23.88–35.03) indicate selectivity of MIPs over non‐imprinted polymers (NIPs) toward tricyclazole in presence of other structural analogues. The MIPs were successfully applied for separating tricyclazole from fortified samples of rice and water, with recovery percentage of 91.64 % and 88.04 %, respectively. These MIPs with high selectivity and reusability can be employed routinely in sample preparation for tricyclazole residue analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, flexible and transparent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate was prepared. First, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were adsorbed onto 2D stretched polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and then the stretch was released and nanowrinkles were formed, bringing the adsorbed Ag NPs close to each other. SERS measurement demonstrated really high sensitivity of the Ag/PDMS substrate fabricated under 30% deformation and 120 min assembling time, the enhancement factor (EF) of which was estimated to be 2. 0 6 × 1 0 6 . SERS mapping analysis revealed the proposed Ag/PDMS substrate possessed excellent uniformity with relative standard deviation (RSD) of as low as 5.62%. For real-life applications, the versatile Ag/PDMS substrate could be used for both solution detection and in situ detection of solid objects of any shape. Tricyclazole, a commonly used pesticide, might pollute the leaves of crop and even remain in milk, endangering human health. Therefore, there is practical demand for developing direct on-site detection methods. In this paper, tricyclazole of 10 − 7 M was easily probed by dropping the contaminated milk solution on the proposed substrate and 10 − 6 M tricyclazole sprayed on a leaf exhibited clearly identifiable Raman signals after attaching the proposed substrate to the leaf surface, demonstrating the prepared high-sensitive Ag/PDMS substrate is a competitive tool for rapid, trace and in situ detection. In this paper, modification of the surface functional groups of PDMS by using oxygen plasma treatment is used. The negatively charged Ag NPs connect with PDDA to the PDMS which stretched identically along the two perpendicular directions of a square piece. This substrate can be used for the detection of tricyclazole in milk as well as in situ detection of tricyclazole on the leaf surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to assess the acute toxicity and biochemical changes on Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to fungicide Tricyclazole. Within the acute toxicity test, 96hr LC50 values of Tricyclazole were assessed to be 13.2 ppm, and biochemical parameters such as carbohydrate and glycogen levels were found to be dose-dependent decreases in all experimental groups, whereas cholesterol and protein levels were found to be dose-dependent increases in all experimental groups. The changes within the biochemical alterations in Oreochromis mossambicus can be used as the warning indications that their existence in their natural environment may be jeopardized. Hence, the current study reveals that the employment of Tricyclazole 75% pesticide product was classified among substances harmful to fish. The buildup of the fungicide within the muscle tissue in fishes might be hazardous to living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Fisheries is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The solubilization laws of pollutants in micelles and their separation efficiency are very important in the successfully efficient application of micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF). The solubilization behavior of o-toluidine (OT) and tricyclazole (TC) into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles in MEUF was studied using nonlinear equation sets for concentration analysis, which resolved the issue on the overlap of absorption spectra of multicomponent compounds restricting the application of conventional ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic method. The solubilization isotherms for both pollutants could be best explained by the Langmuir-Freudlich model (R2>0.99) followed by the modes of Langmuir and Freudlich, inferring the complexity of solubilization mechanism and solubilization advantage of monolayer over multilayer. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) indicated that this process was endothermic and spontaneous. The solubilization of OT and TC well followed the pseudo second-order and pseudo first-order kinetics, respectively. The separation and recovery of SDS solubilizing these two pollutants were also investigated through lowering solution temperature to 2 °C followed by centrifugation. The best recovery rate of about 66% for SDS was achieved containing 10 and 5% of each initial amount of OT and TC, respectively, at near-neutral solution pH value. The recovery of SDS could decrease to some extent under alkaline and acidic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maydis leaf blight (MLB) incited by Bipolaris maydis is one of the significant factors limiting maize production. The application of fungicides against the pathogen is relatively unsafe to the environment. Although biocontrol agents and botanicals significantly reduce the disease incidence, integrated management of them and chemicals is necessary for effective disease control. The present study was carried out using pot and field experiments to evaluate the combined effect of Trichoderma harzianum, Tricyclazole 18% and Mancozeb 62% WP on the incidence of MLB as well as biometrics of maize crop. The plants were treated with T. harzianum at the rate of 4 g/kg of seeds + foliar spray with Tricyclazole 18% + Mancozeb 62% at 0.1% on 35 and 50th days after sowing (T5). The minimum disease incidence (23.94 and 15.59%) was recorded under pot and field trials. In comparison, the maximum disease incidence (47.57 and 29.54%) was recorded in controls (T7), respectively. Furthermore, the same treatment (T5) considerably improved the biometric of maize with a maximum plant height of 199.53 and 208.25 cm, grains/plant of 103.72 g, and yield of 6.71 t/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissipation of ethoprophos and tricyclazole in soil and their translocation tendency to spinach were investigated. Prior to field trials, the analytical method for the determination of these pesticide residues was optimized and validated on soil and spinach. The field trial was conducted under greenhouse conditions for two different pretreatment periods with the pesticides. After treating with pesticides 30 (PBI-30) and 60 days (PBI-60) before seeding, soil samples were collected on different days for the dissipation study of soil. Spinach samples were harvested from the soil, and 50% and 100% mature spinach samples were collected. The initial amounts of ethoprophos residue in the PBI-60 and PBI-30 soils were 0.21 and 2.74 mg/kg, respectively, and these both decreased to less than 0.01 mg/kg on the day of spinach harvest. Similar initial residues of tricyclazole were observed in the PBI-60 (0.87 mg/kg) and PBI-30 soils (0.84 mg/kg), and these decreased to 0.44 and 0.34 mg/kg, respectively. The half-lives of ethoprophos in the soils were calculated as 7.6 and 4.8 days, respectively, while relatively long half-lives of 36.5 and 77.0 days were calculated for tricyclazole. According to the pesticide residue amounts in the spinach, the translocation rate from the soil to the spinach was determined. In the case of ethoprophos, the residual amount was already rapidly degraded in the soil, and the translocation rate could not be confirmed. On the other hand, for tricyclazole, it was confirmed that 1.19 to 1.61% of the residual amount in soil was transferred to spinach. According to these results, safe management guidelines for tricyclazole in soil were suggested considering the maximum residue limit on spinach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the synthesis and a function of melanin in Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus. We tested various culture media treated with L-DOPA, glucose and tricyclazole on fungal growth and melanin distribution using infrared spectroscopy (IS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro rumen digestion was used to test the environmental stress and then to evaluate the capacity of this fungus to trap nematode larvae. The growth and melanization of the fungus after 21 days of incubation at 30°C were best in Sabouraud dextrose medium. IS indicated the presence of melanin in D. flagrans, with similar bands for commercial melanin used as a control, and assigned the values obtained by EPR (g of 2.0051 ± 0.0001) to the production of melanin by the fungus. TEM indicated that melanin was produced in melanosomes but was not totally inhibited by tricyclazole. Within the limits of experimental error, the predatory activity of fungus treated with tricyclazole was drastically affected after 27 h of in vitro anaerobic stress with rumen inoculum. The deposition of melanin particles on the fungal cell wall contributed to the maintenance of D. flagrans predatory abilities after in vitro anaerobic ruminal stress.

Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) of o-toluidine and tricyclazole in aqueous stream using polyethersulfone (PES) hollow-fibre membrane of 6 kDa molecule weight cut-off (MWCO) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as anionic surfactant was studied. It was found that the concentration ratio and adsorption ratio were better for the determination of the optimal pollutant or surfactant concentration than the rejection rate. The excessive dosage of surfactant had only limited effect on the separation and concentration of o-toluidine and tricyclazole but could further decrease the permeate flux. The transmembrane pressure had a significantly positive effect on the permeate flux and recovery ratio. o-Toluidine was significantly separated and concentrated by lowering the solution pH, while tricyclazole reached the best treatment efficiency in near-neutral pH condition. The sodium salts (i.e. Na2SO4, NaCl and Na2CO3) could lead to the increase in the adsorption ratio of SDS. However, Na2CO3 could result in the decrease in both the rejection rates and adsorption ratios of o-toluidine and tricyclazole. The distribution coefficient, micellar loading and micelle binding constant were evaluated to confirm the effectiveness for the MEUF treatment of these two pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanins are a diverse group of dark pigments with similar properties. In fungi, the most studied is the dihydroxynaphtalene (DHN)‐melanin, present in several species including all the chromoblastomycosis agents, a chronic, disabling, and recalcitrant subcutaneous mycosis. It is synthesized in a pathway known as the pentaketide pathway, which has the agrochemical tricyclazole as an inhibitor, widely used in in vitro studies because it does not prevent the growth of fungi. There are different methodologies for qualitative and quantitative analyses of DHN‐melanin, which made it possible to discover its important structural and antioxidant functions, with melanin acting as a protective factor against the host's immune system. Also, it can interact with some of the main antifungals of medical interest, reducing its activity and the susceptibility of fungi to these agents. This review aims to discuss the aspects of DHN‐melanin, focusing on chromoblastomycosis, bringing the main findings of the published scientific studies, and highlighting the need for further research to understand this important fungal pathogenicity and a virulence factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) represent a diverse group of root-endophytic fungi that have been isolated from plant roots in many different natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. Melanin is widespread in eukaryotic organisms and possesses various functions such as protecting human skin from UV radiation, affecting the virulence of pathogens, and playing a role in development and physiology of insects. Melanin is a distinctive feature of the cell walls of DSEs and has been thought to protect these fungi from abiotic stress. Melanin in DSEs is assumed to be synthesized via the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) pathway. Its function in alleviation of salt stress is not yet known. The aims of this study were: (i) investigating the growth responses of three DSEs (Periconia macrospinosa, Cadophora sp., and Leptodontidium sp.) to salt stress, (ii) analyzing melanin production under salt stress and, (iii) testing the role of melanin in salt stress tolerance of DSEs. The study shows that the three DSE species can tolerate high salt concentrations. Melanin content increased in the hyphae of all DSEs at 100 mM salt, but decreased at 500 mM. This was not reflected in the RNA accumulation of the gene encoding scytalone dehydratase which is involved in melanin biosynthesis. The application of tricyclazole, a DHN-melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, did not affect either salt stress tolerance or the accumulation of sodium in the hyphae. In addition, melanin biosynthesis mutants of Leptodontidium sp. did not show decreased growth performance compared to the wild-type, especially not at high salt concentrations. This indicates that DSEs can live under salt stress and withstand these conditions regardless of melanin accumulation.

Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) represent a diverse group of root-endophytic fungi that have been isolated from plant roots in many different natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. Melanin is widespread in eukaryotic organisms and possesses various functions such as protecting human skin from UV radiation, affecting the virulence of pathogens, and playing a role in development and physiology of insects. Melanin is a distinctive feature of the cell walls of DSEs and has been thought to protect these fungi from abiotic stress. Melanin in DSEs is assumed to be synthesized via the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) pathway. Its function in alleviation of salt stress is not yet known. The aims of this study were: (i) investigating the growth responses of three DSEs (Periconia macrospinosa , Cadophora sp., and Leptodontidium sp.) to salt stress, (ii) analyzing melanin production under salt stress and, (iii) testing the role of melanin in salt stress tolerance of DSEs. The study shows that the three DSE species can tolerate high salt concentrations. Melanin content increased in the hyphae of all DSEs at 100 mM salt, but decreased at 500 mM. This was not reflected in the RNA accumulation of the gene encoding scytalone dehydratase which is involved in melanin biosynthesis. The application of tricyclazole, a DHN-melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, did not affect either salt stress tolerance or the accumulation of sodium in the hyphae. In addition, melanin biosynthesis mutants of Leptodontidium sp. did not show decreased growth performance compared to the wild-type, especially not at high salt concentrations. This indicates that DSEs can live under salt stress and withstand these conditions regardless of melanin accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the mass transfer of anodic oxidation, an inverse opal-like marcoporous RuO2 electrode (IOMP-RuO2) was designed to enhance the concentration diffusion and molecule-to-electrode collision. Characterization methods including SEM, XRD, BET, LSV, CV, EIS and CA were performed to evaluate the properties of the IOMP-RuO2. In addition, the electro-oxidation capacity of the RuO2 electrode prepared at varying calcination temperature was also investigated. Results show that calcination temperature can affect the electro-oxidation performance of IOMP-RuO2 from the specific surface area, crystallinity of RuO2, voltammetric charge and impedance. Thereinto, crystallinity of RuO2 and impedance played decisive roles in the electrochemical oxidation. The fine crystallinity and lower impedance of IOMP-RuO2 acquired by 450 °C increased the electronic transport rate and allowed less redox couple to be involved in oxygen evolution, contributing to the best oxidation performance amongst others. Under this calcination temperature, the IOMP-RuO2 possesses larger electro-active areas, smaller electric resistance and enhanced mass transfer as compared to the planar RuO2 electrode. Furthermore, the IOMP-RuO2 gave a 42.7% higher degradation rate than that observed for the planar RuO2 electrode in the abatement of tricyclazole (TC) after 180 min. The high rate constant (2.14 × 10–2 min−1) and current efficiency (61.1%) achieved by IOMP-RuO2 contributed to a low energy consumption of 0.04744 kWh mg−1. Thus, these findings promoted the IOMP-RuO2 as an alternative electrode for wastewater decontamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricyclazole, a systemic fungicide is recommended to treat of diseases in irrigated rice. Channa punctatus (Bloch) is a freshwater fish also found in paddy fields. This maiden study was designed to evaluate acute toxicity of tricyclazole and its responses of certain biomarker enzymes in Channa punctatus. By regression analysis method, 24, 48, 72 and 96hr-LC50 dose of tricyclazole was calculated 54.30, 36.76, 32.63 and 25.06 mg l-1 respectively. The range of LC50 dose indicates highly toxic nature of tricyclaozole. Fish were then exposed to 0.25 and 1.25 mg l-1 sublethal dose of tricyclazole for short term (24, 48 and 96 hours) and long term (15, 30 and 45 days) exposure and the alterations of enzyme activities were determined. Alkaline phosphatase activities exposed to 0.25 mg l-1 were increased insignificantly (p>0.05) after 24 hours but increased significantly (p<0.05) to 0.25 and 1.25 mg l-1 tricyclazole at all other treatments. Alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase increased significantly (p<0.05) in response to tricyclazole during both exposures. These findings may be used in the assessment of the potential risk of tricyclazole on food chain and aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An analytical method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) along with QuEChERS method of sample preparation was developed and validated for the determination of tricyclazole residues in rice. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the method was 0.002 µg g-1. The average recovery was in the range of 91.21 to 99.75 per cent with relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 10 per cent for the spiked concentrations at 0.002, 0.01 and 0.02 µg g-1. The method was successfully applied to analyse rice samples collected from the local markets. Residues of tricyclazole were detected in 45 per cent of the samples, of which 31.37 per cent contained it above the maximum residue level (MRL, 0.01 mg kg-1) fixed by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. Assessment of the human risk suggested that the rice at the contaminated detected levels has minimal contribution to toxicological risks as it recorded hazard index value of less than 1. However, precautionary measures for the consumer safety are suggested. The present method could be adopted for monitoring tricyclazole residues in rice samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricyclazole (8‐methyl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3]benzothiazole) is a fungicide used globally on rice for treatment of the seasonal rice blast disease. Human exposure to this fungicide can occur via dietary and nondietary routes. In a battery of in vitro assays, tricyclazole did not induce gene mutations in bacteria (Ames test) or at the Hprt locus of CHO cells. It was also negative for the induction of micronuclei in human lymphocyte cultures and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in primary rat hepatocyte. Paradoxically, tricyclazole induced a mutagenic response at the Tk locus of the mouse lymphoma L5178Ycells (MLA), which occurred equally among small/large colony phenotypes. Selection of preexisting mutants leading to a false‐positive response in the MLA was ruled out in follow‐up experiments. In vivo, tricyclazole was negative in the rat liver UDS assay, mouse bone micronucleus test and a transgenic (MutaMouse) gene mutation assay in glandular stomach, liver, and kidney. Other supporting evidence for the lack of genotoxicity for tricyclazole comes from an in vivo study for sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamsters, and a dominant lethal test in the male germ cells of mice. The combined evidence from the genotoxicity studies together with the evidence from toxicokinetic, carcinogenicity, developmental, and reproductive toxicity studies confirm that mutagenicity does not occur in relevant in vivo systems. Data were also compared to potential animal and human exposure, mechanistic data on biological targets and data on analogues, confirming adequacy of the available data for hazard identification and risk assessment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:300–315, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Mn oxide supported on a novel type of copper-containing silica gel (Mn-CuSG) has been fabricated by an impregnation-calcination method and tested in the catalytic ozonation of tricyclazole (TC). An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer were used to reveal that the Mn element was successfully loaded and uniformly distributed on the CuSG. The catalytic activity was systematically assessed by monitoring the TC and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies at different operational parameters including catalyst dosage, initial solution pH, and ozone concentration. The O3/Mn-CuSG system performed higher activity than ozone alone and O3/Mn-γ-Al2O3 system, improving the TC removal efficiencies by 28% and 9%, respectively and TOC removal efficiencies by 24% and 6%, respectively. The Mn-CuSG catalytic activity was only a slight loss after five consecutive cyclic treatments, showing good stability. The addition of t-butanol as hydroxyl radicals scavengers proved that the catalytic ozonation mechanism was the enhancement of molecular ozone attacks and •OH generation by the Mn-CuSG. TC degradation pathway in the O3/Mn-CuSG system was that the attacks of the 1,2,4-triazole ring resulting in the formation of N-oxides and hydroxylated intermediates. The above results render the Mn-CuSG an industrially promising candidate for catalytic ozonation of TC containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the synthesis and a function of melanin in Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus. We tested various culture media treated with L-DOPA, glucose and tricyclazole on fungal growth and melanin distribution using infrared spectroscopy (IS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro rumen digestion was used to test the environmental stress and then to evaluate the capacity of this fungus to trap nematode larvae. The growth and melanization of the fungus after 21 days of incubation at 30°C were best in Sabouraud dextrose medium. IS indicated the presence of melanin in D. flagrans, with similar bands for commercial melanin used as a control, and assigned the values obtained by EPR (g of 2.0051 ± 0.0001) to the production of melanin by the fungus. TEM indicated that melanin was produced in melanosomes but was not totally inhibited by tricyclazole. Within the limits of experimental error, the predatory activity of fungus treated with tricyclazole was drastically affected after 27 h of in vitro anaerobic stress with rumen inoculum. The deposition of melanin particles on the fungal cell wall contributed to the maintenance of D. flagrans predatory abilities after in vitro anaerobic ruminal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate insecticides and fungicides, alone and in combination against yellow stem borer [Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)] and leaf folder [Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee)] in rice during Kharif 2017 and 2018 at Rice Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Nawagam, Kheda (Gujarat). All the nine treatments were found significantly superior over control in reducing the infestation of yellow stem borer and leaf folder and also increasing the grain yield comparison. The combination of spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% SC at 7.5 ml/10 liter of water was found most effective by recorded 8.89 per cent dead hearts followed by spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% + hexaconazole 5% SC at 7.5 + 20.0 ml/10 litre water (9.37%). The pre harvest observation of yellow stem borer infestation showed that the minimum per cent white ear (15.69%) were recorded in combination of spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% + tricyclazole 75% WP at 7.5 + 6.0 g/10 litre water followed by spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% SC at 7.5 ml per 10 litre water (16.18%) and spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% + hexaconazole 5% SC at 7.5 + 20.0 ml per 10 litre water (16.74%). The application of spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% SC at 7.5 ml/10 litre water was found most effective in reducing the damaged leaves (10.57%) followed by spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% + hexaconazole 5% SC at 7.5 + 20.0 ml/10 litre water (11.17%). The highest grain yield (37.63 q/ha) was observed in spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% + hexaconazole 5% SC at 7.5 + 20.0 ml per 10 litre water treated plot followed by spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% + tricyclazole 75% WP at 7.5 + 6.0 g/10 litre water (37.38 q/ha) and spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% at 7.5 ml per 10 litre water (36.16 q/ha). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive pesticide residues will seriously endanger human health. The complexity and lag of the current popular analytical methods hinder the timeliness of food safety analysis. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was an ultra-sensitive vibration spectroscopy technology with the advantages of less time cost, non-destructive and semi-quantitative detection, which has attracted much attention in the rapid field detection of pesticide residue. It was clear that we need an efficient and convenient substrate for pesticide residue detection based on SRES technology, which needs to be portable, flexible, transparent and easy to detect irregular object surfaces. A novel SERS sensor was designed to detect single and multi-component pesticide residues on irregular fruit and vegetable surfaces by in-situ growth of silver nanoparticles on a flexible and transparent fluorinated polyimide (FPI) substrate. Among them, Ag NPs were synthesized by liquid phase reduction method (AgNO 3 -PVP and NaBH 4). The results showed that the detection limit of 1–4 BDT was down to 10−10 mol L−1, the enhancement factor (EF) was up to 1.57 × 107, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was 7.49 %. By this method, tricyclazole solution at a concentration of 0.01 mg L−1 was still detectable by the FPI@Ag SERS substrate. The linear quantification was achieved in the range from 100 mg L−1 to 0.01 mg L−1. Two mixed pesticides, tricyclazole and imazalil, were also successfully distinguished. This represents the formation of a flexible, foldable and transparent substrate for rapid on-site detection. Results can be obtained in <5 min by attaching the substrate to the substance to be tested. And the SERS substrate prepared with high sensitivity, stability, portable and convenient analysis, which provided new ideas for efficient and rapid household food safety detection. [Display omitted] • Highly transparent and flexible fluorinated polyimide (FPI) film was prepared. • In situ loading of silver nanoparticles to fabricate FPI@Ag SERS substrates. • SERS substrates demonstrated low detection limits for reporter molecules (1–4 BDT). • SERS substrates can accurately distinguish tricyclazole and imazalil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Tricyclazole (TCZ) is a member of triazole fungicides, which might cause damage in living systems. This study was carried out to examine effects of TCZ on liver tissues and level of liver enzymes. Methods: Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups including control, sham and two experimental groups. Experimental groups 1 and 2 received 5 mg/Kg and 15 mg/Kg intraperitoneal injection of TCZ for two weeks, respectively. The sham group received sterile water but the control group received no injection. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection, and microscopic slides were prepared for cell counting and evaluation of tissue damage. Levels of liver enzymes were measured using commercial kits. Data was analyzed in SPSS (version 20) using one-way ANOVA. Results: The injection of TCZ caused a significant increase in the number of hepatocytes and a significant decrease in the number of Kupffer cells compared to control group (P

Different storage methods and management practices of sweet potatoes in Kano state, northwestern Nigeria, were investigated to fi nd out how they may affect the incidence of tuber rot. Three local government areas were selected for the sample collection. In each local government area, two sweet potato farming communities were selected, infected and uninfected tubers were sampled and taken to the laboratory for further studies. Pathogenicity test confi rmed Rhizopus stolonifer as the causal pathogen responsible for tuber rot and this fungus was used for the inoculation of fresh sweet potato tubers in all the storage and management methods used in the experiment. Tubers preserved using ash + sand and fungicide + sand showed the least incidence of tuber rots. Similarly, it was also observed that storage of tubers with sand alone showed a reduction in the severity of the disease across the storage weeks. There was no signifi cant difference in the incidence and severity of tuber rot between the two inoculation methods with both the treatment combinations. Our result showed that the incubation period of R. stolonifer to infect sweet potato tubers started at two days after inoculation with about 25% infection. The result also indicated that none of the tubers treated with fungicide, ash, and eucalyptus sprouted at both the storage weeks, this may be attributed to the possibility of having some inhibitory properties against sprouting.

Tricyclazole is widely used in agriculture as a pesticide, but its toxicity in vertebrates is currently poorly evaluated. In this study, we used zebrafish to assess the toxicity of tricyclazole. We found that tricyclazole induces liver damage, or hepatotoxicity, in zebrafish, during both development and adulthood. In embryos, we found that tricyclazole affected the liver development rather than other endodermal tissues such as gut and pancreas. In both embryos and adult zebrafish livers, tricyclazole disrupted the relationship between oxidant and antioxidant system and resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) overload. Meanwhile, it triggered hepatocyte apoptosis and disturbed carbohydrate/lipid metabolism and energy demand systems. These results suggested that tricyclazole could cause severe consequences for vertebrate hepatic development and function. Image 1 • Tricyclazole induce hepatotoxicity in zebrafish. • Tricyclazole affected the liver development in zebrafish embryos. • Tricyclazole induced ROS and apoptosis in zebrafish liver. • Tricyclazole induced metabolism disturbance in zebrafish liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight out of 46 strains of Streptomyces isolated from mural paintings in the Tell Basta and Tanis tombs were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 kGy). Tricyclazole (5, 7, 10 µg/mL) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 10 µg/mL completely inhibited melanin production in Streptomyces spp. after their gamma irradiation to sub-lethal doses. FT/IR spectra proved that the gypsum support, the binding media (which consisted of Arabic gum, and animal glue), and pigments all had withstood the doses up to 25 kGy, with except vermillion showed slight change. No effect of gamma irradiation up to 25 kGy on gypsum support was detected, so gamma irradiation could be considered a safe method for decontamination of biodeteriorated cultural heritage objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungicides used to control diseases in cereal production can have adverse effects on non-target microbial communities, with possible consequences for plant health and productivity. Although we know that fungicides affect microbial community structure and soil activities, it is unclear how crop cultivars have altered the impact of fungicides on rhizomicrobiomes. In this study, the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities and structures of cultivated crops and their wild relatives were studied by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis. The results indicated that the rhizomicrobiome communities of wild crops reacted more strongly to fungicides than that of their cultivated relatives. Furthermore, fungal community composition was more affected by fungicides than bacterial community composition. Remarkably, the same trend was observed in both soybean and rice with regard to the influence of crop cultivar on the response of the rhizomicrobiome to fungicide application, although the level of the response was not similar. We report for the first time that the rhizomicrobiomes of wild crops reacted more strongly to fungicides than the rhizomicrobiomes of cultivated crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous infection caused by melanized fungal species. We quantified the extractable melanin of 77 strains of CBM agents distributed within five genera. Moreover, resistance to oxidative stress was evaluated in strains exposed or not to the melanin inhibitor tricyclazole. The median percentage of melanin mass extracted from dry fungal mass varied from 0.69 (Rhinocladiella similis) to 3.81 (Phialophora americana). Inhibition of melanin synthesis decreased survival rates to hydrogen peroxide. Together, these data highlight the importance of melanin in CBM agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the increase of people's attention to food safety, monitoring the residue of pesticide in rice is becoming more and more important. Commercial and home processing techniques have been used to transform paddy rice into rice products for human or animal consumption, which may reduce the pesticide content in rice. The degradation of tricyclazole during different stages of commercial and home processing and storage was assessed in this paper. Many researches studying the occurrence and distribution of pesticide residues during rice cropping and processing have been reported. Rice samples were extracted with acetonitrile, the extracts were enriched, and then residues were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. The dissipation dynamics of tricyclazole in rice plant, soil, and paddy water fitted the first-order kinetic equations. The dissipation half-lives of tricyclazole in the rice plant, water, and soil at dosage of 300~450 g a.i. hm−2 were 4.84~5.16, 4.64~4.85, and 3.57~3.82 days, respectively. The residue levels of tricyclazole gradually reduced with different processing procedures. What is more, decladding process could effectively remove the residues of tricyclazole in raw rice, and washing process could further remove the residues of tricyclazole in polished rice. Degradation dynamic equations of tricyclazole in the raw rice and polished rice were based on the first-order reaction dynamic equations, and the half-lives of the degradation of tricyclazole was 43.32~58.24 days and 46.83~56.35 days in raw rice and polished rice. These results provide information regarding the fate of tricyclazole in the rice food chain, while it provides a theoretical basis for systematic evaluation of the potential residual risk of tricyclazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Aspergillus aculeatus, a pathogen of peaches, can cause soft rot and lead to economic losses in agricultural production. However, studies on the prevention of soft rot caused by A. aculeatus have rarely been reported. Tricyclazole (TCZ) is a fungicide that has been widely used in disease prevention of various crops but the inhibitory mechanism of TCZ on A. aculeatus is unknown. Our aim was to determine the effects of TCZ on A. aculeatus. Methods and Results: In our study, TCZ inhibited the growth of fungal colonies when applied at 0·5–6 mmol l−1 and inhibited the production of melanin at 3 mmol l−1. Conidia exposed to TCZ were less effective at causing the disease in inoculated samples, and electrical conductivity, divulgation of nucleic acids and proteins rose with increasing concentrations of TCZ. Microscopic results suggest that TCZ damages not only the cell wall but also the cell membrane. Results of qRT‐PCR showed that TCZ had no significant effect on the regulation of genes coding for laccase, apoptosis and hypothetical protein; however, it significantly down‐regulated genes coding for cellulase, chitinase and sterol. Conclusions: Tricyclazole can influence the pathogenic ability of A. aculeatus by damaging the cell structure of hyphae and conidia, reducing the melanin production, and altering the expression of pathogenic‐related gene. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results explained the potential cause and mechanism TCZ produced in A. aculeatus. Our research offers scientific insights into future research interest relative to using TCZ in the treatment of soft rot caused by A. aculeatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]