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The article describes the internal mechanisms for resolving labour disputes between staff and administration within african international intergovernmental organisations, such as: African Union, Southern African Development Community, Economic Community of West African States. It is indicated that within the African Union there are informal and formal stages of dispute resolution -- an appeal for review to the chairperson or competent authority of any other body and an appeal to the Administrative Tribunal. It is noted that the Administrative Tribunal is competent to consider applications for violations of the Staff Rules and Regulations; non-observance of contracts of employment and any other acts of employment; and, in certain cases, complaints about disciplinary sanctions. It is emphasised that the feature of protection of labour rights of the African Union staff is the provision enshrined in the Staff Rules and Regulations, according to which a staff member may, under certain circumstances, appeal to the African Court of Justice and Human Rights. It is stated that the Southern African Development Community Administrative Tribunal has jurisdiction to hear and resolve labour disputes between the Community Secretariat and any of its institutions. The Tribunal has two levels: First Instance and Appeal Board. It is noted that the system of internal labour dispute resolution of the Economic Community of West African States provides for the submission of an application for review, hierarchical recourse, and referral of the case to the Committee for Conciliation of Staff and Dispute Resolution. An Inter-Institutional Appeals Committee is established to deal with disciplinary appeals in relation to the application of the Staff Regulations, to which employees or their next of kin can apply. It is stated that the staff of any institution may apply to the Court of Justice of the Community after the staff member has exhausted all appeal procedures available to the official under the ECOWAS Staff Rules and Regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Tribunal Constitucional es el órgano responsable de garantizar la supremacía de la Constitución y el respeto de los derechos fundamentales, incluyendo la supervisión de omisiones legislativas que puedan vulnerar mandatos constitucionales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los fundamentos, límites y efectos del control de las omisiones legislativas por parte del Tribunal Constitucional, explorando sus implicancias jurídicas y políticas. Para ello, se realizó una revisión cualitativa exhaustiva de literatura teórica y doctrinal, lo que permitió identificar dos tipos de omisión legislativa: la absoluta, cuando no existe regulación alguna, y la relativa, cuando la norma existente es insuficiente o incompatible con la Constitución. Los hallazgos revelan que, aunque el Tribunal tiene el poder de declarar la inconstitucionalidad por omisión, no puede sustituir al legislador ni dictar normas generales; su rol se limita a señalar el deber incumplido y fijar un plazo para su corrección. Las conclusiones destacan que el control de omisiones legislativas es crucial para restablecer la validez constitucional y proteger los derechos de los ciudadanos, pero presenta desafíos tanto en su aplicación como en su aceptación política.

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Políticos is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the cause of the coexistence of divergent decisions in a legal system. It will be analyzed from the factual perspective of the courts' actions. The article is based on John Searle's institutional theory, addressing institutional facts, deontic powers, and the relationship between law and language. Legal language, being open and abstract, allows for a variety of possible applications. Decisions against the law are possible due to the diversity of interpretative criteria and the fact that decisions are primarily based on the authority of the judge. This is a qualitative research that uses deductive method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Opole Studies in Administration & Law (OSAO) / Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne (OSAP) is the property of University of Opole / Uniwersytet Opolski and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the doctrinal category "environmental law and order ", which is forming in Russian legal science and has no direct analogues in other jurisdictions. Its structure, types and forms of manifestation, correlation with other ecological legal terms are substantiated. The need to use this legal structure lies in the fact that it allows you to justify the degree of effectiveness of environmental legislation, evaluate the activities of executive and judicial authorities. The conclusion is argued that along with quantitative (statistical) methods of evaluating effectiveness, it is necessary to apply sociological methods, ranging from interviewing experts in the field of environmental protection, to finding out the opinions of the population of towns and villages on actual environmental issues. This will improve the "feedback" between public authorities and citizens, as well as to assess the work of environmental authorities more objective. The analysis of the survey of Orenburg students on their comprehension of the concept of environmental law and order legal order is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Electronique Internationale Pour la Publication de Recherches Juridiques is the property of Revue Electronique Internationale Pour la Publication de Recherches Juridiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Com a reforma matrimonial levada a cabo pelo Papa Francisco, por meio da qual se introduziu algumas novidades concernentes a atribuição de uma causa de nulidade matrimonial à um juiz único (c. 1673 § 4), algumas dioceses moçambicanas – que ao longo de muito tempo não podiam conhecer causas de nulidade matrimonial essencialmente por escassez de pessoal formado em Direito Canónico – optaram por essa fórmula. Neste artículo apresenta-se o procedimento seguido pelo Bispado da Beira, a mais recente diocese moçambicana a constituir um tribunal unipessoal à luz do c. 1673, depois de ter permanecido mais de 40 anos sem poder administrar a justiça aos fiéis de maneira efetiva. Pretende-se, a partir deste exemplo concreto, demonstrar como tal normativa pode ser aplicada numa Igreja particular e quais serão suas implicações para o futuro da atividade dos tribunais eclesiásticos.

Waqf is a crucial instrument for providing socio-economic assistance in various sectors, including social finance, health, education, and socio-religious practices. It indicates that there are different levels of effectiveness in fulfilling socioeconomic needs, and this could be primarily associated to the effective and proper management of waqf. Post-amendment to the Waqf Act in Sri Lanka in 1982, there has been a significant increase in disputes and issues related to waqf in Sri Lanka, involving its managers, stakeholders, and various parties. As a result, over 5,000 waqf cases are currently unresolved at the Waqf Board of Sri Lanka, involving numerous accusations of corruption, mismanagement, misappropriation, and underuse of mosques and waqf properties. The challenges can be connected to the inadequate management of Sri Lanka's fundamental waqf administration and legal system. This study employs a qualitative approach for data collection and analysis to understand the issues. It gathers data from various sources, including books, theses, journal articles, and other relevant materials, especially legislation and legal reports. This study primarily focuses on providing brief descriptions of case studies and waqf conflicts in Sri Lanka. The findings include the most common categories of disputes, their primary causes, methods for dispute prevention, the waqf tribunal's resolution and settlement procedures, and the relevant laws. To further advance waqf in Sri Lanka, this study evaluates the operation of waqf tribunals in other jurisdictions. It is recommended that the Board may consider waqf disputes highlighted by amendments to the law and effective administrative procedures of the tribunal to minimize and prevent waqf conflicts, with the assistance of Shari'ah scholars. This study indicates that the recommendations might assist waqf administrators in Sri Lanka in attaining appropriate waqf management. Sri Lanka needs to develop a proficient waqf dispute resolution system.

En matière de responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux, les parties au procès et les juges se fondent souvent sur les dispositions des articles 258 et 259 du code civil, livre III lorsqu’un dommage est causé à la suite du défaut de sécurité d’un produit. Or, il est à noter que le produit défectueux étant une chose, c’est l’article 260 alinéa 1er in fine du code civil, livre III sur la responsabilité pour fait de choses inanimées qui doit s’appliquer. Cette situation est due au fait qu’il n’y a pas dans le code civil livre III une disposition particulière sur la responsabilité pour fait des produits défectueux, disposition que nous appelons de tous nos vœux.

La spécialisation de la justice environnementale en République démocratique du Congo constitue un impératif sans lequel ne sauront être atteints les objectifs du développement durable. Elle s’inscrit d’une part, par le souci de l’amélioration de droit de l’environnement, de l’accès à la justice et de la résolution des différends environnementaux en vue de la réalisation du programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 et l’atteinte des 17 objectifs de développement durable (ODD) de l’ONU, notamment l’ODD 16 : « assurer l’accès de tous à la justice et mettre en place, à tous les niveaux, des institutions efficaces, responsables et ouvertes à tous ». Et, d’autre part, suite au mouvement international de création des juridictions spécialisées environnementales amorcées par l’Union internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (UICN), à travers sa Résolution relative à la création des Cours et Tribunaux pour l’Environnement, adoptée à la suite de la Motion 085 du Cinquième Congrès mondial tenu du 1er au 10 septembre 2016 à Honolulu, dans l’Etat d’Hawaï (USA). Conformément à l’articles 149 de la Constitution du 18 février 2006 en RDC et 6 alinéa 4 de la Loi organique n°13/011-B du 11 avril 2013 ainsi que 2 de la Loi organique n°16/027 du 15 octobre 2016 portant organisation, compétences et fonctionnement des juridictions de l’ordre administratif, notons que le présent article a pour objectif de faire un plaidoyer auprès du pouvoir public afin d’amorcer la procédure de création des juridictions spécialisées dans le domaine de l’environnement dans une perspective d’analyse comparative avec les juridictions ordinaires qui n’offrent pas des solutions adéquates dans la résolution des différends environnementaux en République démocratique du Congo.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Financial crises have ripple effects throughout several sectors. Both the 2008 financial crisis and the recent COVID-19 crisis significantly impacted the financial sector. The government of Dubai devised numerous legislative solutions to the 2008 crisis, one of which was creating special tribunals. The success of the legislative remedies adopted by Dubai's government during the COVID-19 crisis is also worthy of attention. This study aims to draw lessons from both crises in recognition of their considerable potential to serve as remedies during emergencies. Moreover, it seeks to analyze arbitration and insolvency/bankruptcy procedures utilized by specialized tribunals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The Royal College of Psychiatrists' report CR193 details the responsibilities of psychiatrists who provide expert evidence to courts and tribunals. This brief commentary describes the rewards and challenges of expert witness work, the author's role as the College's Lead for Expert Witnesses, and importance of CR193 for expert psychiatric witnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This Article addresses the protection of the natural environment in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) by applying international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL) in a transitional justice tribunal.  In December 2016, the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People’s Army (FARC-EP) guerrilla group signed an agreement which established the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP), a tribunal designed to investigate, prosecute, and punish those responsible for the most serious crimes committed during the Colombian Armed Conflict.  The agreement and the regulations of the JEP establish that this tribunal could directly apply IHL and ICL when examining crimes under investigation.  However, case law related to this subject matter is almost nonexistent.  Therefore, the JEP should create case law that can be studied and followed by other international and domestic criminal tribunals, while shedding light on the international standard on environmental protection emanating from IHL and ICL.In this Article, we demonstrate how the JEP can effectively use IHL and ICL when prosecuting war crimes which have harmful effects on the environment.  For this purpose, Part I presents background on the Colombian Armed Conflict.  Part II describes the JEP, the generalities of its legal framework and the specifics of the use of international law by this tribunal.  Part III examines relevant domestic and international sources to explain the insufficiency of domestic law and the ability of international law to surpass those limitations.  Part IV recalls the sources of ICL and IHL related to the protection of the natural environment in NIACs.  Finally, Part V discusses recent JEP decisions related to the protection of the natural environment and some possible conduct to be investigated in the future.  We conclude by describing the benefits of the JEP’s use of international law.

This research in terms of purpose; Functional and in nature; It is descriptive-analytical, Which combines futures research methods; In order to answer what is the identification of future variables affecting the separation of powers in the constitutional rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Then, the scient metric software "VOSviewr" was used to draw the relationship between the effective variables of the future. Out of 45 counted propellants, 31 propellants were identified as variables in favor of segregation, 4 propellants were considered as conditional (relative) and 10 propellants were counted as variables opposed to segregation. According to the software, 17 most used words were identified from the words related to the separation of powers and constitutional rights, until 2010, and 18 most used words were identified from 2018 onwards. In addition to the emphatic impulses, the ruling of the Supreme Leader will be a key and vital impetus due to its moderating and unblocking role in various contexts (tribune phenomenon).

This paper focuses on the spaces of justice in the Roman world by considering their evolution during the Augustus’ Principate. The aim is to enhance a specific indicator attested in ancient literary sources to show up courts’ transformations, i.e. salubritas. The role of this requirement in those places in which trials were held will not be investigated from an environmental perspective, but within a reflection about urban comfort and sustainable infrastructures during the transition between Republic and Empire.

Copyright of Revista Româna de Dreptul Muncii is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el desempeño del estudiantado y docentes durante una prueba sumativa oral de tribunal no solamente influyen sus habilidades lingüísticas y comunicativas, sino también otros factores ajenos al dominio del idioma. El presente artículo es un extracto de la investigación que se realizó en la Sede del Atlántico de la Universidad de Costa Rica en el segundo semestre de 2013, la cual tomó como participantes al estudiantado y cuerpo docente de los cursos de Comunicación Oral II, IV y VI de la carrera de Enseñanza del Inglés de sus tres Recintos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores psicoemocionales, reglamentarios y ambientales (ambiente interno y externo) que podrían influir negativamente en el estudiantado y cuerpo docente de la carrera al participar en pruebas sumativas orales de tribunal. La investigación siguió una metodología de enfoque cuantitativo y utilizó cada tipo de factor como variables dependientes, con un propósito descriptivo. La totalidad de estudiantes y docentes fue encuestada entre setiembre y octubre del 2013. Los principales resultados revelan que tanto estudiantes como docentes se ven afectadas y afectados por estos tres tipos de factores, principalmente el estudiantado, quienes alegan afectación en su desempeño por factores como el temor, la sudoración, respiración agitada, la ventilación del aula y el tiempo de la prueba. Por su parte, se concluye que el profesorado se ve afectado mayormente por factores reglamentarios como la duración total de la aplicación de la prueba, así como el agotamiento. La recomendación principal para ambas poblaciones que se desprende de esta investigación es revisar con detalle el Reglamento de Régimen Académico Estudiantil, con el fin de conocer a profundidad sus derechos en cuanto a evaluación (en el caso del estudiantado) y evitar prácticas contrarias a lo que se encuentra regulado (en el caso del cuerpo docente).

Le code du travail mentionne les infractions du travail. Mais le législateur n’a ni organisé la procédure applicable pour l’infliction de la peine ni la juridiction compétente. La réflexion ou réponse à cette épineuse question partira du taux des peines ainsi que de la compétence répressive du droit commun en vue de l’effectivité de l’action publique en droit du travail.

SUMMARY: The role of mental health review tribunals is to oversee that standards of care and treatment are maintained for involuntary patients and for those on community treatment orders. This article considers some ways in which the basic principles of psychotherapy can be applied by tribunal members to offer patients a sense of hope, encouragement and optimism and reduce the emotional challenge of the tribunal review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article questions the impact of urbanization on crime rates by studying Amsterdam migrants in front of the correctional court between 1850 and 1905 and connecting the historiography on crime and migration. The data shows no clear link between urbanization and a rise in crime, but it does reveal the role of external factors in the prosecution of specific crimes. The crisis experienced by the urban labour market in the late 1870 and 1880s had a direct impact on Amsterdam crime rates: although Amsterdam could initially integrate low-skilled workers in its labour market, the situation became unsustainable after a few years. It led to an increase in the prosecution of vagrancy and begging offences, which were committed first and foremost by Dutch unemployed or unskilled migrant workers. This article thus shows the importance of considering migrants in crime history not as a homogenous group but as different groups, each with its own support networks, and influenced differently by the micro- and macro-economic developments of the nineteenth century.

Following the Russian invasion of non-occupied Ukrainian territory commenced on 24 February 2022, the international community began discussing the immunity gap of the International Criminal Court for holding the responsible accountable for the crime of aggression. As a result of these discussions, proposals to create a special tribunal to fill the gap have been suggested. The pathways discussed gained support by various scholars depending on their effectiveness, probability of functioning, and legal characteristics. This article presents the suggested categories and analyses them based on the mentioned criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main goal of this article is to research the legal issues of responsibility for war crimes in the activities of international criminal tribunals. The Nuremberg Tribunal also introduced a separate concept of “war crimes”, which is an important step in bringing war criminals to justice. It should be noted that the Nuremberg and subsequent tribunals are international both in terms of their legal source and in terms of their jurisdiction. The question of bringing to justice those responsible for war crimes raises not only scientific but also practical problems. These problems have become apparent in the work of the international criminal tribunals. Problems arise in the logistical, financial spheres, the search for the accused, evidence, collection of documents, etc. These issues are among these problems, but the main obstacle is the real support by states of the activities of these tribunals, the timely implementation of decisions and decisions of the tribunals. One of the common negative features of the tribunals in both the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda was that it was impossible to bring to justice those responsible for international crimes in a timely manner, and trials were lengthy. The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, which do not impose the death penalty, have a UN Security Council mandate, which distinguishes them from classical international tribunals established under an international treaty.

A review of scientific articles published over the past 15 years in leading foreign scientific journals on international law demonstrates the gradual improvement of legal means for the settlement of maritime disputes between the states.Aim. Identification of the features for application of the law of the sea norms targeted on the resolution of maritime disputes that develop in the modern international system.Tasks. Development of the classification of maritime disputes, analysis of the jurisdiction of the judicial authorities competent to resolve maritime disputes, characterization of the provisions of international agreements and customs of the law of the sea in the resolution of maritime disputes by the International Court of Justice of the United Nations (ICJ), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague (PCA).Methods. Discourse analysis of the most authoritative publications on the issue of resolving maritime disputes, a formal legal analysis of the norms and customs of maritime law, as well as a comparative legal study of judicial and arbitration practice in resolving interstate maritime disputes. Law enforcement practice on maritime disputes allows to characterize the subject of modern interstate maritime disputes; critically assess the fairness of decisions of international courts; to analyze the problems of enforceability of judicial and arbitral awards in the framework of the procedures for the settlement of maritime disputes provided for in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.Results. Reasonable decisions of the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague are usually implemented by the states parties to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Protection of the marine environment as well as prompt release of ships and crews from arrest have become a modern legal reality due to the effectiveness of the legal mechanism for resolving interstate maritime disputes. Territorial maritime disputes cause significant difficulties at all stages of their resolution, which is due to their political nature and the efforts of states to protect their national interests.Conclusion. The resolution of maritime territorial disputes requires more flexibility from the parties, an international agreement between the parties to the dispute on the procedure for its consideration, as well as the use of conciliation procedures to work out a compromise solution to the dispute.

The Women's National Abortion Action Coalition organized for abortion rights, an end to forced sterilization, and accessible birth control. From its formation in July 1971 to its demise with the January 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, it was an inclusive, far-reaching network that spearheaded the call for reproductive justice. Assembling a coalition, including high school and college students and those who called themselves Third World women (Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American women), the group held marches, protests, and in the fall of 1972 abortion tribunals across the country, holding men in power accountable for the oppression of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the practice of using the supreme punishment - execution, used by the repressive bodies of the Soviet government in the fight against peasant protests in the Tambov province during the civil war. The research was carried out on the basis of archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The work uses historical-comparative and systemic methods. An analysis of the facts of the execution of peasants carried out by punitive agencies during the suppression of rural "riots" of 1918-1919 and the period of the struggle against the uprising of 1920-1921 in the Tambov province is given. The facts of extrajudicial killings in the form of public executions of peasant rebels and hostages from among the civilian population, which were resorted to by the military-party administration in the occupied regions, were established. The role of the institution of hostages as a repressive measure in the actions of government troops to suppress the peasant uprising has been clarified. It is concluded that if during the period of rural "riots" in 1918-1919 execution was applied only to their organizers, then during the peasant uprising of 1920-1921 this form of the death penalty for "active" insurgents was given a systemic character, and the shooting of hostages from among local residents became widespread.

El alcance del principio de la interdicción de los poderes públicos es una de las cuestiones esenciales para la comprensión del Estado de derecho. En el caso del ejercicio de la potestad jurisdiccional, la imparcialidad de los tribunales deviene esencial, y la reflexión acerca de su práctica actual resulta de interés para la valoración de la calidad democrática de un sistema político.

Copyright of História Unisinos is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scholars of life in Xinjiang have faced unprecedented stakes and uncertainty in recent years. Access to the region and its people is curtailed, and the information coming out of it is limited both by state efforts to obfuscate the details of conditions there and by the need for researchers to protect their informants. Despite these impediments to research, however, anthropology and anthropologists have played a uniquely important role in revealing and interpreting the details of the recent crisis. Here, I outline both the importance of anthropological approaches to making sense of the Xinjiang crisis, and the implications of the discipline's engagement with it for debates on professional ethics and the role of anthropologists in the face of human suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durante más de 6000 años, los yezidis han celebrado su lugar en la fértil región entre los ríos Tigris y Éufrates en Mesopotamia. Ahora están situados en los estados de Siria, Irak, Turquía, Armenia e Irán. Desde la formación del Imperio Otomano (1300-1922), que se estableció originalmente en Anatolia, la ubicación de la Turquía contemporánea, los yezidis han sufrido innumerables crisis que amenazan sus vidas y propiedades, incluidos numerosos genocidios. El gobierno yezidi de Ezidikhan lidera el esfuerzo para formar la primera Confederación de Naciones Indígenas de varias regiones que forma la Confederación de Naciones Indígenas del Medio Oriente y África del Norte (CINMENA). Habiendo sufrido ataques genocidas masivos, la ministra de Justicia yezidi, Nallein Sowilo describe que enfrentó los ataques contra su pueblo por parte del Estado Islámico en 2014, estableció la Confederación e inició el esfuerzo para establecer el Tribunal Penal Internacional de las Naciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than 6000 years, Yezidi have celebrated their place in the fertile region between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. Now they are situated in the states of Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, and Iran. Since the formation of the Ottoman Empire (1300-1922), which was originally established in Anatolia—the location of contemporary Turkey, the Yezidi have suffered innumerable crises threatening their lives and property including numerous genocides. The Yezidi government of Ezidikhan leads the effort to form the first multi-region indigenous nations’ Confederation forming the Confederation of Indigenous Nations of the Middle East and North Africa (CINMENA). Having suffered massive genocidal attacks, the Yezidi Justice Minister Nallein Sowilo is described as having confronted the attacks on her people by the Islamic State in 2014, establishing the Confederation and initiating the effort to establish the Nations’ International Criminal Tribunal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]