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The article examines the December 1839 letters of A. I. Herzen, which he wrote from St. Petersburg, having arrived there for the first time and spent ten days there. The main topic of discussion in these letters was the northern capital. In the eyes of Herzen in 1839, St. Petersburg appears as a city of European culture, which he recognizes as “his own” and enthusiastically accepts. The writer is fascinated by certain loci (the Hermitage, the theater, the Bronze Horseman, etc.) and certain people (V. A. Zhukovsky, V. G. Belinsky). On the other hand, St. Petersburg appears to Herzen as an anomalous and infernal, a space that is fundamentally “alien” to him (with a cold high society, an indifferent “crowd” of “outsiders,” unfavorable weather and climate conditions), causing him horror and rejection. The image of the northern capital created by the writer is an organic part of the St. Petersburg text of Russian literature.

For a long time, Taiwan was an island relatively unknown within the Chinese realm. The defeat of the Ming loyalist forces in 1683 would result in the island becoming an official imperial possession of the Qing empire. It was within this context that Yu Yonghe produced the Small Seas Travel Diaries , a travel account documenting his ten-month journey across Taiwan as part of an official expedition to mine for sulphur. Moving beyond a geographical and ethnographical mode of analysis, in this article I present an alternative view through examining Yu's literary and historical constructions of identity. The Small Seas Travel Diaries reveals an intricate narrative pertaining to themes of the self, other and empire. This not only highlights the non-linear nature of Yu Yonghe as an explorer-writer, but also can be seen to situate the Small Seas Travel Diaries within a broader context of identity in relation to the empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passively-generated location data have the potential to augment mobility and transportation research, as demonstrated by a decade of research. A common trait of these data is a high proportion of missingness. Naïve handling, including list-wise deletion of subjects or days, or linear interpolation across time gaps, has the potential to bias summary results. On the other hand, it is unfeasible to collect mobility data at frequencies high enough to reflect all possible movements. In this paper, we describe the relationship between the temporal and spatial aspects of these data gaps, and illustrate the impact on measures of interest in the field of mobility. We propose a method to deal with missing location data that combines a so-called top-down ratio segmentation method with simple linear interpolation. The linear interpolation imputes missing data. The segmentation method transforms the set of location points to a series of lines, called segments. The method is designed for relatively short gaps, but is evaluated also for longer gaps. We study the effect of our imputation method for the duration of missing data using a completely observed subset of observations from the 2018 Statistics Netherlands travel study. We find that long gaps demonstrate greater downward bias on travel distance, movement events and radius of gyration as compared to shorter but more frequent gaps. When the missingness is unrelated to travel behavior, total sparsity can reach levels of up to 20% with gap lengths of up to 10 min while maintaining a maximum 5% downward bias in the metrics of interest. Temporal aspects can increase these limits; sparsity occurring in the evening or night hours is less biasing due to fewer travel behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the interpretation of the phenomenon of women’s writing and its representation in the genre of travelogue. For the first time, the ‘Diary of E.A. Sverbeeva for 1833’ is studied in the context of the evolution of women’s documentary travelogue in the 19th century, focusing on the issue of authorship. It is established that E.A. Sverbeeva’s travel diary expresses the main tendencies of the evolution of ‘women’s writing’ in the 1830s. It is revealed that Ekaterina Alexandrovna’s diary demonstrates a focus on the self, on modes of self-expression, self-analysis, and self-discovery. At the same time, the self is clearly expressed as a feminine self, which is manifested in the selection of objects from real life for describing the journey and in the ways they are characterized. As an individual authorial strategy, a combination of elements of a personal diary and a travelogue can be identified, while more often female travelers differentiated these types of entries, even designating the fundamental difference between them in the text of the travel diary. The analysis of the biographical basis of the diary and the ways in which the self is expressed in the narrative structure allows for the identification of a combination of different perspectives — that of a society lady, a ‘sensitive heroine,’ a mother, a married woman — reflecting the main tendencies in the development of ‘women’s writing’ in the historical-literary process of the 19th century.

German settler Otto Muhm made a journey across the Andes from Valdivia to País de las Manzanas in northern Patagonia to trade with cacique José María Bulnes Llanquitrue in late 1857 and early 1858. He kept a diary during his voyage, however, this document has remained unpublished. Historiography was unaware of their location. Here I offer an interpretative presentation of its contents, focusing on the historical background of expeditions from southern regions of Chile and Ngulumapu to Limay in Patagonia (in present day Argentina). I focus on the importance of the republican colonization, reconfiguration of the frontier space and indigenous leadership. Attached to this presentation, I provide an annotated transcript of the diary, a key element that allows us to deepen our knowledge of cultural practices and political dynamics during the 19th century.

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The process of modeling the demand for transport services in urban environment starts with the collection of data on citizens’ transport behavior. Travel diary is the primary and most popular source of this sort of information. Features of three types of diaries are considered in the article — memory-based, semi-automated and automated. Based on the broad foreign empirical experience the author draws on the analysis of the current trend towards partially or even fully automated collection of travel data. The memory-based type of diary becomes obsolete nowadays. Its significant advantage and valuable element for studying urban mobility is the collection of subjective information about the transport behavior logic. Based on findings made by analyzing three types of travel diaries the author concludes that semi-automated diary is the optimal form of the diary. The main reason is its combination of both automated data collection on respondents’ travel choices and the possibility of its manual correction. Nevertheless, recommendations on which type of travel diary to choose depend on peculiarities and technical feasibilities of a particular project.

This article is a study of the diary (of a unique, hybrid structure), which originated during an overseas journey of the Knyszyn starost, Tomasz Czapski (1711–1784), which began in 1734. The aim of the article is to reveal to what extent the notes of the son of the Pomaranian voivode, Piotr Jan, from his time in Paris, reflect the genre convention preserved in Old Polish literature, and to what extent they constitute a legacy of the changes, which were observed by Hanna Dziechcińska in studies devoted to diaries of the first half of the eighteenth century. She proposed that the autobiographical sources of the era are testament to the intensifying tendency to expose the emotions and feelings of the author, and to the challenging of the attitude geared towards describing the external world. The discussion concentrates on the search for evidence of self-creation performed by the diary-writer, as well as on characterising the way in which the author writes about his romantic adventures with a French lover. This is a dominant topic of many excerpts, which pushes aside the content that would be typical of Old Polish travel reports, undertaken for educational purposes, which proves the theory of Dziechcińska.

Mikhail M. Speransky was one of the most outstanding statesman of the Russian Empire. He was the Siberian Governor-General in 1819–1821. His Siberian travel diary and correspondence cast light upon the interaction between state power and private capital during the economic and socio-cultural integration of the Eastern territories. The research objective was to reveal M. M. Speransky’s opinion about Siberian merchants, who were the most influential regional community. The analysis included M. M. Speransky’s brief diary entries and long letters to his daughter and friends, and as well as his business correspondence. M. M. Speransky believed that Siberian merchants were to play an important role in the development of regional economy and society. Numerous contacts with representatives of merchants from different Siberian cities allowed him to make observations about the moods spread in the merchant environment, the volume and features of commercial operations, their social role, etc. He also established good relations with the most prominent merchants. M. M. Speransky wrote about everyday life, culture, and economic relations of Siberian communities. He advocated the freedom of trade and despised the selfish attitude of the local administrations to the merchant class. He gathered information from different sources, including personal conversations with merchants, and developed an opinion on such important state issues as the activities of the Russian-American Company and the Russian-Chinese trade via Kyakhta. M. M. Speransky’s had a pragmatic interest in merchants and encouraged them to make charity donations for various needs.

Insights into traveller’s behavior are important for the Tourism Authority of Thailand to draw up plans and make decisions to manage and promote their capital city (Bangkok) as a tourism hub. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of traveller's behavior in Bangkok. To achieve this, we used a variety of methods such as activity, temporal, and spatial analysis to identify visitor patterns in Bangkok by utilizing a relatively new data gathering technique to extract social media check-in data. The findings include comprehensive statistics about traveller’s behavioral patterns at these spots that have practical implications in various city management applications.

The article analyses the poetics of S.N. Durylin’s unpublished North (Vodlozero) diary. The researcher of this diary has the following tasks: to study the text from a functional point of view, to consider the features of genre form and genre content, to try to recreate the image of the author based on the text of the diary. Functionally, Durylin’s Northern diary is interesting because it is a travel essay about the North, in which the author describes not only historically significant landscapes, but also customs of the northerners. The author reveals the intimate experience of what he saw in the North, while the text is distinguished by the objectification of the described, since the notes were supposed to be handed over to the Archaeological Institute. In this case, for understanding the content of the diary genre, it is very important that this is Durylin’s first diary, created on the basis of daily records in July — August 1917, the diary of the so-called formation period, which caused another of its functions — “spiritual chronograph”. Thus, Durylin’s Vodlozero diary recreates the process of spiritual formation of the writer’s personality, and is also a valuable artistic evidence of the Russian national picture of the world.

Mindszenthy Antal (1786–1859?) was a Hungarian erudite who travelled across Europe and Hungary, leaving behind a diary about his trip across the Hungarian Plane. The first part of his descriptions was published in 1831 and 1832, but due to the censorship of the period, the second part of his manuscript, the description of his trip from Titel to Pest, was not allowed to be printed. The diary of Mindszenthy is kept in the Széchenyi National Library from Budapest, Hungary and was entirely published recently by the Katona József Museum from Kecskemét. Due to the fact that the travel route included regions of Banat that are to be found today within the borders of Romania, one of the stops being the center of the region, namely Timișoara, we thought it would be of great interest to publish the description of the city, both in Hungarian language and translated into Romanian. Such narrations from eye whitnesses are very scarce in the first part of the 19th century, a period when illustrations are as well extremely rare. A local priest, Nicolae Stoica de Haţeg has written his chronicle about the region of Banat a few years after Mindszenthy, between 1825–1827. Apparently for both of them the work of Francesco Griselini stood as a modell. Timișoara has underwent several reconstructions through the centuries (and it witnessed three major sieges in 1551/1552, 1718 and 1849), consequently the major part of it’s architectural heritage dates from the end of the 19th century, but especialy from the beginning of the following century. The original text has been adnoted with comments and interpretations of the authors in order to establish the veridicity of the descriptions and to provide further information regarding the subject of the account. Since the diary did not included any illustration, for a better understanding we completed it with several images representing either the city plan or buildings, mainly dating from the 19th century or earlier, trying to illustrate the descriptions as faithfully as possible. The text also offered the authors the opportunity to discuss about some historical relics it refers to: an ottoman inscription that was inaccurately translated until now, the Horros Kapi (Rooster or later Forforosa Gate) of the Ottoman fortification of Timișoara and a presumably medieval flag kept in the artillery warehouse.

BackgroundActive travel (cycling or walking to school) can be a substantial part of adolescents' daily physical activity. Research on transport activities primarily relies on self-reported indices of travel mode and travel time. However, many researchers do not report the psychometric properties of their instruments. The Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire is a commonly used instrument, but the items in this questionnaire on travel habits have not yet been validated. The present study was conducted to investigate the convergent validity and agreement between the HBSC items and a travel diary on (1) transport mode to and from school and (2) travel time to school.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 50 participants in the 9th grade (15 ± 0.3 years, 62% girls) from seven Norwegian schools. Outcome variables included transport mode and travel time derived from the HBSC items and a five-day travel diary. Convergent validity was assessed by evaluating Cohen's kappa for travel mode and the correlation coefficient (Spearman Rho) for travel time. Simple agreement calculations between the two measurement methods were also conducted.ResultsThe association between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for travel mode to and from school was κ = 0.63 (P < 0.001) and κ = 0.77 (P < 0.001), respectively. The total agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for was 78%. However, the agreement was higher for walking (88%) and cycling (91%) than for motorized transport (67%). For travel time, the Spearman correlation coefficient was ρ = 0.60 (P < 0.001) between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary. The total agreement on travel time was 67%; however, active commuters (86%) seemed to more accurately estimated travel time than motorized commuters (55%).ConclusionAlthough the overall agreement between the HBSC questionnaire and the diary for mode of transport was 78%, the HBSC questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of motorized transport compared to walking and cycling.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03817047.

In this paper, the Seto Inland Sea landscape is analyzed, based on the writings in a travel diary belonging to a landowner during the Meiji period. Tourist guidebooks of that period generally not only described famous scenic spots and historic sites but also human landscapes of the Seto Inland Sea. They also cited legends and waka poems in their descriptions of the landscape. However, intellectuals viewed the Seto Inland Sea as a landscape that would appeal to Westerners as a place of scenic beauty and historic sites. Nevertheless, they considered it more as an archipelago and a human landscape, with port facilities for ships to come and go, and from a natural science perspective they were interested in the components of the land and the living organisms that inhabited it. Although the literati viewed the Seto Inland Sea as an archipelago, the human landscape did not interest them much. Mr. A., the author of the travel diary, did not have a natural scientific perspective, but he did write about the Seto Inland Sea as an archipelago, without focusing much on its scenic spots and historic sites. Further, he also mentioned the human landscapes, such as cities and harbors, and land use in the coastal areas. Since tourist guides also focused on human landscapes, it may be inferred that Mr. A was influenced by the descriptions in the tourist guides of that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a study of the diary (of a unique, hybrid structure), which originated during an overseas journey of the Knyszyn starost, Tomasz Czapski (1711–1784), which began in 1734. The aim of the article is to reveal to what extent the notes of the son of the Pomaranian voivode, Piotr Jan, from his time in Paris, reflect the genre convention preserved in Old Polish literature, and to what extent they constitute a legacy of the changes, which were observed by Hanna Dziechcińska in studies devoted to diaries of the first half of the eighteenth century. She proposed that the autobiographical sources of the era are testament to the intensifying tendency to expose the emotions and feelings of the author, and to the challenging of the attitude geared towards describing the external world. The discussion concentrates on the search for evidence of self-creation performed by the diary-writer, as well as on characterising the way in which the author writes about his romantic adventures with a French lover. This is a dominant topic of many excerpts, which pushes aside the content that would be typical of Old Polish travel reports, undertaken for educational purposes, which proves the theory of Dziechcińska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insights into traveller's behavior are important for the Tourism Authority of Thailand to draw up plans and make decisions to manage and promote their capital city (Bangkok) as a tourism hub. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of traveller's behavior in Bangkok. To achieve this, we used a variety of methods such as activity, temporal, and spatial analysis to identify visitor patterns in Bangkok by utilizing a relatively new data gathering technique to extract social media check-in data. The findings include comprehensive statistics about traveller's behavioral patterns at these spots that have practical implications in various city management applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronisław Grombczewski, a son of a Polish participant in the January Uprising (1863), chose a career path in the tsarist army of the Russian Empire and became a general under Tsar Alexander III and Nicholas II. Grombczewski was famous thanks to his service in Central Asia, where as a diplomat and intelligence officer he defended the interests of Russia in its struggle against the British Empire for the Silk Road. His travel diaries, covering numerous expeditions, are an invaluable source of knowledge about the history and life of the inhabitants of this region. Moreover, Grombczewski’s notebooks reflect the policy of Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In addition to their value as a historical document, they give personal insight into Grombczewski. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the diary genre in which Grombczewski worked. Attention will be paid to the culture of diary-writing in this historical period; the problem of the correlation between the elements of historical narrative and an intimate narrative; question of the addressee (the most important addressee was the Russian Emperor); functions performed by the general’s diary.

George Gissing's novel Sleeping Fires (1895) presents a late nineteenth-century Athens that is divided between its ancient and modern identities. As a reflection on the significance of Hellenism in Victorian culture, the novel narrates the random encounter between Edmund Langley, a self-exile with a classical education, and Louis Reed, a passionate and radical young man, who is revealed to be Langley's lost and unknown son. In the context of Gissing's diaries and letters recording his visit to Athens, Sleeping Fires portrays the city as an ambivalent space, both inspirational and deceptive. Gissing's juxtaposition of the ancient monuments' beauty with the bleakness of their modern surroundings emphasizes the distance between antiquity and modernity as well as Victorians' misinterpretations of Greece, revealing the period's conflicting discourses about Hellenism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IBEROAMERICANA. América Latina - España - Portugal is the property of Vervuert Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Advances in smartphone technology have allowed for individuals to have access to near-continuous location tracking at a very precise level. As the backbone of mobility research, the Travel Diary Study, has continued to offer decreasing response rates over the years, researchers are looking to these mobile devices to bridge the gap between self-report recall studies and a person's underlying travel behavior. This article details an open-source application that collects real-time location data which respondents may then annotate to provide a detailed travel diary. Results of the field test involving 674 participants are discussed, including technical performance, data quality and response rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative travel diaries by Croatian auteur Nikola Tutek about Iceland and Lebanon.

Miron Białoszewski was a Polish poet, novelist and playwright. He left two narratives of his trip to the United States in the fall of 1982: the first one is a travel log entitled AAmeryka [Aamerica] published in 1988, five years after Białoszewski's death: the second one is a part of his Tajny Dziennik [Secret diary], published in 2012. One could say about America, that it is an "anti-diary." We can better appreciate the uniqueness of this book, if we compare his depiction of the New World, with what we can find in America [Amérique], antoher "anti-diary," written by Jean Baudrillard and published in 1986. Białoszewski contemplates America, maybe with some preconceived ideas, but he is shaped by his own historical experience and worldview. In his American trip, Baudrillard finds, above all, a confirmation of his catastrophist predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes an excerpt from the travel diary of Just Juel, who was a Danish envoy to Peter the Great in 1709-1711. Particular attention is paid to Juel's travel through the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his visit to Lemberg/Lviv in 1711, its historical context, and possible interpretations based on approaches of cultural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the spring of 1826, the young Danish naval officer Carl Irminger and two of his friends sailed with a cargo ship from Copenhagen to Iceland to stay there during the summer. This article is based on Irminger's unpublished travel diary. Irminger and his friends blended in with the local elite, which provided them with equipment and contacts to travel. Their journeys out from Reykjavik were adventurous and depended on local guides and the hospitality of residents along the way. The tales of hardships during the travels, combined with contacts established during the trip, became important credentials in Irminger's future career. He was hired as an adjutant to the Danish prince, and the narrative of his summer in Iceland ignited a royal expedition there in 1834, of which Irminger was to be the trip leader. Irminger's diary reflects a broader shift from Enlightenment exploration reporting into Romantic travel writing, with more emotional and aesthetic emphasis. His journey was a forerunner of the nature tourism that eventually was to sprout in Iceland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sound exposure data are central for any intervention study. In the case of utilitarian mobility, where studies cannot be conducted in controlled environments, exposure data are commonly self‐reported. For short‐term intervention studies, wearable devices with location sensors are increasingly employed. We aimed to combine self‐reported and technically sensed mobility data, in order to provide more accurate and reliable exposure data for GISMO, a long‐term intervention study. Through spatio‐temporal data matching procedures, we are able to determine the amount of mobility for all modes at the best possible accuracy level. Self‐reported data deviate ±10% from the corrected reference. Derived modal split statistics prove high compliance to the respective recommendations for the control group (CG) and the two intervention groups (IG‐PT, IG‐C). About 73.7% of total mileage was travelled by car in CG. This share was 10.3% (IG‐PT) and 9.7% (IG‐C), respectively, in the intervention groups. Commuting distances were comparable in CG and IG, but annual mean travel times differ between x¯ = 8,458 min (σ = 6,427 min) for IG‐PT, x¯ = 8,444 min (σ = 5,961 min) for IG‐C, and x¯ = 5,223 min (σ = 5,463 min) for CG. Seasonal variabilities of modal split statistics were observable. However, in IG‐PT and IG‐C no shift toward the car occurred during winter months. Although no perfect single‐method solution for acquiring exposure data in mobility‐related, naturalistic intervention studies exists, we achieved substantially improved results by combining two data sources, based on spatio‐temporal matching procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal technologies are widely used to capture the memorable and meaningful experiences travellers have during their journeys. These digital footprints serve as memorabilia for travellers to share and reminiscence about these special experiences. This study showcases an exploratory study of the creation of a travel diary from the traveller's digital footprints to facilitate the expression of and reminiscences about memorable and meaningful moments. In this study, 15 participants were asked to share their memorable and meaningful travel experiences and were then instructed to use their photos and a set of prototyping tools to create a paper-based visual diary of their experiences. The goal of this study was to examine the process of creating a visual diary to understand the differences in how these experiences are recounted and the ways they are expressed. We used a Labovian approach to compare and contrast the participants' oral narratives and visual diaries. As in comics studies, the visual diaries are analysed with respect to their spatio–temporal dimensions and the recurring patterns in these two narrative forms are discussed. Based on the results, recommendations are made regarding the future design of travel diary platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the concept of the periphery and its definition in the early 18th century. According to Peter Burke and his reflections in «History and Social theory», the known dichotomy «centre-periphery» (I. Wallerstein) can be employed in historical studies, not only in political or economic research. Therefore we aim to analyze the travel diary written by the Danish ambassador Just Juel within his diplomatic mission to Muscovy (1709–1711) and outline his main impressions and conclusions on the early-modern Russian cities and other «issues» (e.g. road infrastructure, economy, communication systems, architecture, food market) which later contribute to the image of Russia in the early modern epoch. This ego-narrative contains some prevailing views of Russia as the European periphery: distant, uncivilized, poorly connected with the rest of the continent, economically and politically underdeveloped country. Also, this travel account shapes peculiar Danish perception of the early-modern Petrine Russia and its location on the mental map.

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Copyright of Moderna Sprak is the property of Institutionen for Moderna Sprak and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)