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Foreign direct investment (FDI) by transnational companies (TNCs) is the primary indicator of urban globalization. The initial publication on the topic of remote sensing and geographic information system-based urban globalization research was published in 1981. However, the number of publications on this topic remains relatively limited. Despite some advances in the field in recent decades, there is currently no comprehensive review of related research, and it is not clear how the different perspectives and views have been developed. Furthermore, previous literature reviews on the utilization of remote sensing and GIS technology in urban development have predominantly employed quantitative methodologies, which has resulted in a paucity of qualitative analysis. In order to address these shortcomings, this paper employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses. This entails the utilization of a combination of the scientometric method and a qualitative literature review method. The findings are as follows: (1) The number of publications is still relatively limited, and research in this area is still in its infancy. (2) Some of the articles are evidently interdisciplinary in nature. (3) Progress has been made in terms of geographic visualization of FDI, macro-environmental research at different scales, global value chains, the micro-geography of TNCs, and globalization of the geo-information industry. (4) The spatial and temporal development pattern, location, and accessibility of FDI have constituted a significant area of research interest in the past. Similarly, the relationships between FDI and regional development, urban growth, land use, and environmental change have emerged as prominent research directions. China's Belt and Road Initiative is an emerging popular topic. (5) In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the number of papers employing multi-source data and multi-method approaches. (6) The extent of research collaborations between countries is relatively limited, with the majority of such collaborations occurring within the past five years. Finally, based on these research findings, this paper suggests future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is to an increasing extent given credit for the economic development of a country along with the creation of new jobs, foreign capital, technology and knowledge transfer, generating positive spillover effects or the opportunity of joining global value chains. In the current paper the authors aim to investigate the impact of the subsidiaries of transnational companies (TNCs) which operate in Romania and carry out foreign trade activities on the trade balance of Romania during the period 2014-2022. The analysis demonstrates they generate a significant surplus in the case of services and a deficit in the case of goods, the surplus surpassing the deficit until 2018. Beginning with 2019, the high growth rate of deficits can no longer be balanced through a slower growth rate of surpluses resulting from the trade in services. Other findings reveal the sectors contributing the most to these imbalances: the manufacturing industry, telecommunications and information technology, manufacturing services and transportation generate a large surplus and trade generates a huge deficit. Data was extracted from BNR FDI annual reports, issued during 2013-2022, based on Combined Nomenclature and the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, 6th edition (BPM6) methodology. The research might be extended with the identification and evolution of TNCs at the microeconomic level, and subsequently studying the case of key multinational companies.

Copyright of Revista Derecho del Estado is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is to an increasing extent given credit for the economic development of a country along with the creation of new jobs, foreign capital, technology and knowledge transfer, generating positive spillover effects or the opportunity of joining global value chains. In the current paper the authors aim to investigate the impact of the subsidiaries of transnational companies (TNCs) which operate in Romania and carry out foreign trade activities on the trade balance of Romania during the period 2014-2022. The analysis demonstrates they generate a significant surplus in the case of services and a deficit in the case of goods, the surplus surpassing the deficit until 2018. Beginning with 2019, the high growth rate of deficits can no longer be balanced through a slower growth rate of surpluses resulting from the trade in services. Other findings reveal the sectors contributing the most to these imbalances: the manufacturing industry, telecommunications and information technology, manufacturing services and transportation generate a large surplus and trade generates a huge deficit. Data was extracted from BNR FDI annual reports, issued during 2013-2022, based on Combined Nomenclature and the IMF's Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, 6th edition (BPM6) methodology. The research might be extended with the identification and evolution of TNCs at the microeconomic level, and subsequently studying the case of key multinational companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment (FDI) by transnational companies (TNCs) is the primary indicator of urban globalization. The initial publication on the topic of remote sensing and geographic information system-based urban globalization research was published in 1981. However, the number of publications on this topic remains relatively limited. Despite some advances in the field in recent decades, there is currently no comprehensive review of related research, and it is not clear how the different perspectives and views have been developed. Furthermore, previous literature reviews on the utilization of remote sensing and GIS technology in urban development have predominantly employed quantitative methodologies, which has resulted in a paucity of qualitative analysis. In order to address these shortcomings, this paper employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses. This entails the utilization of a combination of the scientometric method and a qualitative literature review method. The findings are as follows: (1) The number of publications is still relatively limited, and research in this area is still in its infancy. (2) Some of the articles are evidently interdisciplinary in nature. (3) Progress has been made in terms of geographic visualization of FDI, macro-environmental research at different scales, global value chains, the micro-geography of TNCs, and globalization of the geo-information industry. (4) The spatial and temporal development pattern, location, and accessibility of FDI have constituted a significant area of research interest in the past. Similarly, the relationships between FDI and regional development, urban growth, land use, and environmental change have emerged as prominent research directions. China’s Belt and Road Initiative is an emerging popular topic. (5) In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the number of papers employing multi-source data and multi-method approaches. (6) The extent of research collaborations between countries is relatively limited, with the majority of such collaborations occurring within the past five years. Finally, based on these research findings, this paper suggests future research directions.

Although research on European education policy has aptly focused on the role of supranational and intergovernmental actors, less attention has been devoted to its analysis as a policy arena in which legitimacy can be created and power can be exerted in sophisticated ways. Specifically, the role of non-state actors as agenda-setters for European education and employment policies is still unexplored. By combining a neo-Gramscian approach of political economy with Jochim and May's boundary spanning policy regimes' perspective, which captures activity across policy subsystems that seek to manage 'wicked' policy problems, this paper looks at the role of private and business actors, and specifically the European Round Table of Industrialists (ERT), in European education during the 1980s and 1990s. The findings show how this period can be considered a foundational period for the emergence of a BSPR in education and employment, and in which specific goals and directions were set out in the European education agenda more fine-tuned with employment goals and industry's needs. Moreover, the paper illustrates why private and non-state actors shape boundary policy spanning regimes at the nexus of education and employment, which in this case reflected the economic interests and preferences of European transnational companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of H-Industria: Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana is the property of H-Industria, Revista de Historia de la Industria Argentina y Latinoamericana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the key aspects of the process of Ukrainian companies entering the global market: prerequisites and factors influencing the international development of companies during expansion and establishment in the context of modern competitive relations; forms of business and enterprise development. A brief structural analysis of the main development strategies of companies in the conditions of entering the markets of other countries is carried out, examples of the strategies of international development of large domestic companies, international cooperation and the construction of successful enterprises are given. The main trends of the entry of domestic companies into the international business environment are highlighted and the features of competitive opportunities of Ukrainian enterprises are revealed, the problems of competitiveness of Ukrainian companies in the international business arena are analyzed. It is analyzed how global economic processes affect the international division of production factors and the territorial location of productive forces. International competition, globalization of markets, large-scale penetration of foreign goods into the Ukrainian market transfer the problem of managing the competitiveness of the enterprise to the number of priority management tasks, the successful solution of which will ensure the survival and development of enterprises in the new environment. The globalization of the world economy opens up unprecedented opportunities for the development of international business, the characteristic features of which are: accessibility and generality, gradual development, the possibility of carrying out activities in real time, covering all markets of goods and services with the help of telecommunications. The importance and value of business for the world economy is determined by maintaining a competitive market environment, which is a key function at all stages of the development of the world economy. Modern competition is the competition of new companies in terms of strategy, production organization and business culture. The key factors of the successful development of domestic and international companies, such as investment attraction, the use of scientific and innovative developments, and the use of organizational and management experience, were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accountability of transnational companies - TNCs - for human rights violations has been one of the great challenges faced in contemporary times. Due to the understanding that the globalized world has overcome understandings of the world limited to local/global; local/national; national/international dichotomies, the search for this accountability has taken place in international law, especially in the United Nations - UN context. The present research intended to understand which are the initiatives of the UN that seek to promote the accountability of TNCs in cases of human rights violations. Therefore, we sought to understand, through a dialectical approach, due to the understanding that the problem needs to be understood from the qualitative understanding of the current structure of International Law. As for the analysis of objectives, this was carried out in an exploratory way. Bibliographic and documentary tools were used as procedures. The responses promoted within the current configuration of the search for this accountability in a global context will be presented, in particular, within the scope of the UN Human Rights Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Berliner Journal für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between transnational companies and world trade as well as investment, in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. Using the description method, transnational companies and their impact on world trade and investment are described in detail. Indispensable and integral part of world trade are transnational or multinational companies. Many economists have a common view when it comes to equating the terms "transnational" and "multinational." Namely, they equate these two terms and in the literature there is mostly the term "multinational". The influence of transnational companies on world trade continues to expand and does not stop, and is becoming more important. Without world trade, national domestic markets would be limited to domestic products and services. Multinational companies are generators of foreign direct investment and in most cases each foreign direct investment has its advantages and disadvantages, which primarily depends on the conditions in which the recipient country finds itself. When it comes to transnational companies and their impact on world trade and investment, by using the deductive method, it can be seen from the generally accepted facts and attitudes as well as other things, that everyday life is related to transnational companies and that they are deeply incorporated into world trade directly through investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to summarize and present the genesis of transfer pricing in Ukraine, to identify the problems and to assess the prospects of Ukraine in this direction. Methodology. The theoretical basis was the developments devoted to transfer pricing and the impact of globalization processes on the transfer pricing mechanism of transnational corporations and the system of international regulation. The methodology of the study consisted of general scientific and special scientific methods of research: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, methods of analogy, differentiation, generalization. The information base of the study consists of regulatory legal documents, materials of monographic studies of foreign and domestic scientists, textbooks and manuals, international and Ukrainian scientific conferences, articles in periodicals and information base of the Internet. The results of the study showed that transfer pricing as a tax institute appeared in Ukraine in September 2013 against the background of increased attention to transnational corporations and international trade. Unlike many other requirements of tax legislation, transfer pricing has no clear regulatory framework, which creates many problems for both taxpayers and controlling authorities. Ukraine's experience shows that transfer pricing rules focus on shifting the tax base between countries and redistributing profits between related companies, as well as transferring income to low-tax countries. Practical implications. The practical significance of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the current situation of transfer pricing processes taking place in Ukraine. The experience of European countries and judicial practice which formed a number of important and progressive legal positions and conclusions on improvement of transfer pricing control can be used in practice for Ukraine. The practical novelty of the results consists in a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transfer pricing on the current state of tax management as a whole. Value/originality. With proper control over transfer pricing instruments, it is possible to significantly prevent the erosion of the tax base and, consequently, to increase the volume of taxation and ensure the economic security of the state at the proper level.

Transnational companies in the globalized scenario operate in several countries with the purpose of reducing costs and increasing profitability, and in underdeveloped countries it presents itself as a favorable means for this, since these countries have more flexible laws, cheaper labor and inefficiency regulatory framework. These concerns are not shown to be in line with issues related to human rights. Thus, this study aims to analyze Humanist Capitalism as one of the essential instruments for the realization of human rights and, consequently, the promotion of the human right to development. The research will be carried out through a literature review, bringing the main concepts related to the theme, and, using the deductive method, it shows that human rights are not respected in the face of violations practiced by transnational companies, which affects development human and social inequality increases. It is concluded that Humanist Capitalism meets the proposals of the human right to development, as seen for economic progress, thus making human rights effective in all dimensions, including meeting the precepts of the Brazilian economic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the formation of local networks of resistance to production relocation plans. We present evidence from three case studies characterized by strong local defiance to plant closure plans in three American-owned transnational companies with four production sites in Northern Spain. The article explores the repertoire of protest and support mobilization leading the workforces to forge local alliances with trade unions, public authorities and other local community organizations and collectives. We focus on labour conflicts that transcend company boundaries through mobilizing urban communities. The methodology used is qualitative. Our analysis is grounded on a theoretically informed comparative case study based on the literature on power relations and micro-political struggles in transnational companies. We also make use of conceptual insights from the labour geography perspective. The article delves into the contra-hegemonic potential of labour-community alliances. Our findings substantiate the role of micro-politics in transnational companies and reveal opportunities and constraints for effective local responses to corporate restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law Studies Journal / Revista Novos Estudos Juridicos is the property of Novos Estudos Juridicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the transformations and characteristics of soybean production chain in Mato Grosso (Brazil), focusing on the expansion of this crop in the state, on involved actors (mainly rural producers and industries) and on market structure. To this end, a set of research techniques was combined, including literature review, statistical analysis and semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that, in addition to huge growth in soybean planted area, production and productivity, most of this grain cultivation is concentrated in large estates. Moreover, the sector is dominated by a small number of large transnational companies, which operate vertically in various stages of the production chain. In sum, soybean market in the state of Mato Grosso is seen to be highly immersed in global production networks, so that the governance of this local chain is increasingly permeated by transnational processes, dynamics and actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quaestio Iuris (QI) is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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It is well known that the current business world, and also the investments, today are based on the global markets expansion. Contemporary reality shows us the image of a world which is irreversibly evolving towards the businesses globalization and the companies’ internationalization. The internal markets often become overcrowded, and the companies access more profoundly the global marketplace, which not only provides a place for all competitors, but also represents a source of new advantages for all. In the context of globalization the investment activity has gained new dimensions, becoming a global one, with serious implications, which manifest itself over the national economies and also over the world economy. Starting from these premises, the present paper’s purpose is to analyze a current, important and intensely debated issue, namely, the direct foreign investments, pointing out the main elements of their historic development and highlighting their fundamental role for the economic development of a country. Thus, here are reviewed some of the indisputable benefits of direct foreign investments generated within the country – as a dynamic development engine. Beyond the beneficial effects, which unequivocally denote the importance of drawing direct foreign investments, we try to answer the question “Can be identified negative effects of direct foreign investments which affect the receiving country?”

This article presents the results of dissertational research which suggests that most M&As in Russia’s gas & oil sphere fall to countries of Asia Pacific region that are the most promising not only in terms of strengthening the political ties but also for promoting economic cooperation by means of attracting foreign direct investment and concluding M&A deals. The decrease of transactions volume of purchase of Russian assets by European and North American companies are the result of expanding and toughening the sanctions against Russia. At the same time, significant share of direct foreign investments in 2015 was received from jurisdictions with preferential taxation orders. It is to be noted that given jurisdictions are most likely not the initial sources of investments.

On the one hand, business entities have a huge potential to contribute to economic and social progress and consequently to the advancement of human rights. On the other, violations of human rights connected with business are very common. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) calls upon "every organ of society", and thus business entities, to promote respect of human rights, the subsequent international human rights treaties, including the European Convention of Human Rights (the Convention), only oblige States to respect, protect and fulfill human rights. Against this backdrop, an attempt has been made to analyse the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) with respect to the State's responsibility for business-related human rights violations. The analysis reveals that the State will bear responsibility for business-related human rights violations if acts or omissions of a business entity, amounting to a violation of a particular right guaranteed under the Convention, can be directly attributed to that State. This would occur, for instance, in case a company is considered a "governmental organisation" or where the State empowers a business entity to perform public authority functions. In this situation, the State would be responsible for violating its negative obligations under the Convention, namely its obligation to refrain from conduct that breach human rights through its own action or those of its agents. Furthermore, the State will bear responsibility for business-related human rights violations if it fails: (a) to regulate business activities in order to prevent business-related human rights violations; (b) to investigate business-related human rights violations; and (c) to establish effective remedies for this kind of human rights violations. In these situations, the State would be responsible for violating its positive obligations under the Convention. This paper describes the State responsibility for violations of its negative obligations in business and human rights context as a direct responsibility for business-related human rights violations while its responsibility for violation of positive obligations describes as indirect State responsibility for business-related human rights violations. The analysis also reveals that despite the Court's intention to interpret the Convention in accordance with general rules of international law, including rules on the State's responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, it has its own specific approach. In determining whether the State can be held directly responsible for acts or omissions of business entity the Court combines several criteria. It takes into account: (a) the company's legal status (under public or private law); (b) the nature of its activity (a public function or an ordinary commercial business); (c) the context of its operation (such as a monopoly); (d) its institutional independence (the extent of State ownership); and (e) its operational independence (the extent of State supervision and control). Through the dynamic interpretation of the Convention and the elaboration of the concept of positive obligations, the Court has, to a certain extent, succeeded in providing individual protection at international level for business-related human rights violations.

Copyright of Fronteira: Revista de Iniciacao Cientifica em Relacoes Internacionais is the property of Instituto de Ciencias Sociais, Departmento de Relacoes Internacionais, PUC Minas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The right to social security is one of the most important human rights which has been accepted in human rights documents and constitutions of States and is of fundamental human rights. But the fact is that with the transition from the “defining and identifying the right to social security” stage and placing in the “implementation of rights” stage, the governments are challenged in the implementation of this right which has led to the lack of enjoyment or little enjoyment of social security benefits and services. These challenges which have been created under the effect of many political, social and economic factors, have caused failure of the governments in implementing the social security rights for their citizens. The nature of this right requires that this right to be properly fulfilled for all human beings and its implementation is also ensured. Therefore, the need of studying and recognizing these challenges, necessitates that eliminating each of existing obstacle based on the weight of the international instruments requires domestic efforts as well as the international cooperation of governments and the assistance of relevant international organizations and institutions. Therefore, in this way, the right to social security, which plays an important role in social justice, economic development and international peace and security, is implemented and realized for citizens of the governments without any obstacle. Keywords: Informal Economy, The Government’s Obligations, Transnational Companies, The Right to Social Security, Privatization.

The purpose of the article – to identify the main characteristics of iron ore mining and beneficiation enterprises that allow carrying out income-generating export activity in terms of increasing the level of globalization of the country. Methodology. Information background of the research consists of publications of KOF rating of the level of globalization of countries of the world (1991–2016), annual reports of the United States Geological Survey (1995–2016), statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine (2012–2016), scientific publications and findings of experts of the national and world markets for iron ore. Achieving the purpose of this article provides for the following stages and methods of scientific research: time series analysis – for evaluating dynamics of globalization index for Ukraine, dynamics of global iron ore production and export of iron ore raw material by Ukrainian producers; vertical analysis – for determining the structure of global iron ore production; methods of qualitative analysis (expert estimation) – for defining characteristics of mining and beneficiation enterprises that allow ensuring competitiveness in the global market; generalization – for determining options of sales of Ukrainian iron ore production in international markets in terms of globalization. Results. High-level globalization of Ukraine makes it significantly dependent on the condition of global markets of key export branches of the national economy. Ukraine belongs to the top ten countries with the largest reserves of iron ore and its production in the world; however, an insignificant part of the market doesn’t allow influencing its condition. The surplus of iron ore and deficit of iron-ore pellets in the global market stimulate the interest of Ukrainian mining and beneficiation enterprises in projects on improving their existing production facilities. The volatility of the global market for iron ore raw material increases the level of financial and investment risks. Practical significance. The established trends in globalization of Ukraine and the status of Ukrainian producers of iron ore raw material in the global market allow us more thoroughly analyse their competitive advantages in the long view and develop risk reduction programs. Alternatives to sales of Ukrainian iron ore production of vertically-integrated holding under globalization are made. Value/originality. Determined advantages of Ukrainian exporters of iron ore raw material in the global market that, in terms of high-level globalization of the country, are provided by the corporate synergy of the transnational vertically-integrated exporting company.

Copyright of Ekonomika is the property of Society of Economists 'Ekonomika' and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the results of dissertational research which suggests that most M&As in Russia’s gas & oil sphere fall to countries of Asia Pacific region that are the most promising not only in terms of strengthening the political ties but also for promoting economic cooperation by means of attracting foreign direct investment and concluding M&A deals. The decrease of transactions volume of purchase of Russian assets by European and North American companies are the result of expanding and toughening the sanctions against Russia. At the same time, significant share of direct foreign investments in 2015 was received from jurisdictions with preferential taxation orders. It is to be noted that given jurisdictions are most likely not the initial sources of investments.

The paper emphasizes globalization as the emergence of 'new' market dynamics. The comprehensiveness of the concept of globalization and the number of phenomena that this phenomenon 'provokes' indicates the necessity of its continuous monitoring and analysis, especially from the point of view of the impact on strategic alliances and networks of organizations in the world market. Alliances between companies and business networks from different parts of the world are the reality of modern business. Companies begin to understand what nations have already learned: in the complex and uncertain world, full of dangerous opponents, it is best not to act alone. The large operational power on a wide stage of engagement used to be the traditional reason for understanding with those, whose interests were parallel with the interests of the company. Confederation - the basis of each alliance, is an essential part of repertoire of every good strategist. This also applies to managers of corporations and other companies in the modern competitive environment. Some alliances are just a mechanism for entering new markets. Others, however, tend to achieve complete integration of the resources of two or more enterprises in order to increase their production capabilities, development and transfer of new technology, market research, as well as the development of products and marketing. Being a good partner of an enterprise means to recognize tactical intentions of competitors, as well as the chance of gaining competitive advantage over those competitors.

This article analyzes and describes the configuration of the media structures of those who control television media with national coverage in Andean America: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru. Through a critical review of documents, it becomes clear that there are people, family groups, national and transnational business conglomerates of multiple activities, which have links in several cases with the politicians and governments in power, who constitute the structures of power, that dominate the content of infotainment and the public opinion; the economy and the market; ideological indoctrination and the government policy in the countries of the Andean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational textile companies claim to have put in a place processes of corporate social responsibility to promote ethical behaviour in regard to the economy, environment, and populations within which they operate. However, their true conduct, behind the mask of marketing campaigns, may be better defined as corporate social irresponsibility. The objective of this study was to analyze and explore the processes of CSiR within the textile sector as being the rule and not the exception. A broad review of the available literature was carried out, both as a literal and conceptual analysis, covering 133 approaches to the hitherto undefined concept of CSiR. In addition, a Google frequency count was performed, with a saturated categorization using the five dimensions into which the CSiR processes are concentrated: ethical, legal, social, economic, and environmental. The methodology used was based on a higher order association of these hierarchies, for which a triad model was established, allowing the most representative combinations to be identified. This methodology demonstrated that the environmental dimension is of residual character, while allowing the definitions of greater weight and scope to be extracted. From these, it was inferred that the current concept of CSiR is best defined in a three‐fold legal‐social‐ethical category, based on its frequency of use in Google, its effective application, and scope. The definition provided by this study may contribute to the improvement of the ethical processes of entrepreneurship and CSR by highlighting their taxonomy of inconsistencies, rather than focusing on the preconceived benefits of their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]