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Background Pressure ulcers, also called decubitus ulcers and bedsores, correspond to pressure injuries in modern medicine, which is a surgical disease manifested by tissue ulceration and necrosis due to continuous ischemia, hypoxia and malnutrition associated with long-term pressure. Moxibustion has significant clinical effect on pressure injury, but there are few relevant fundamental researches and its mechanism is still unclear. Objective To observe the effect of circling moxibustion on the ultrastructure of wound tissue in rats with pressure injury using transmission electron microscope, clarify the role of circling moxibustion in promoting wound repair, and provide a theoretical basis and reference plan for clinical moxibustion treatment of pressure injuries. Methods A total of 120 healthy female SD adult rats were selected from December 2020 to November 2021, and 85 of which were selected to establish the rat model of stage 2 or 3 pressure injury through ischemia-reperfusion injury with self-made modeling device. The 70 female SD rats with successful model preparation were randomly divided into circling moxibustion group (n=35) and model control group (n=35). Another 35 healthy female SD rats were selected as the blank control group. Each group was divided into five subgroups including the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th day according to the length of intervention time, with 7 rats in each subgroup. The circling moxibustion group received circling moxibustion treatment (once /d for 15 min each time) after routine iodophor intervention, while the model control group and blank control group only received routine iodophor intervention. On the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th day of the intervention, the rats in each subgroup were sampled and transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of skin tissue with pressure injury. Results The results of transmission electron microscope observation showed that the epidermis of rats was exfoliated or atrophied after modeling and the original normal skin structure was changed compared with blank control group. The model control group showed changes in the fundamental pathological state of self-repair at different time-points: 5 d subgroup showed a high infiltration stage of acute inflammation with a large number of inflammatory cells highly infiltrated which mainly belonged to neutrophils in fresh state. 10 d subgroup showed that only a small part of the epidermal structure was intact and most of the epidermal structure could not be seen, which only presented stratum basale and stratum spinosum without stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum. The mitochondria of basal cells and prickle cells were still swollen, and the inflammatory cells were mainly infiltrated by apoptotic lymphocytes and phagocytes. With the accumulation of moxibustion intervention stimulation, the epidermis structure in the circling moxibustion group gradually repaired: 5 d subgroup showed that the epidermal structure was partially intact, only stratum basale and stratum spinosum could be seen partially. The complete full-thickness structures of the epidermis including stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum existed in the 7 d subgroup. 5-10 d subgroups showed that the structure, quantity and morphology of mitochondria of basal cells and spinous cells gradually changed from the state of swelling, less quantity, less abundance and unclear structure after injury to the direction of no swelling, more quantity, abundance and clear structure after repair. The results of circling moxibustion group under the microscope of inflammatory cells showed that there were substantial neutrophils infiltrations in the 1d subgroup, which decreased to the medium amount in the 3 d subgroup with fewer inflammatory cells. Several inflammatory cells were in the state of apoptosis with obvious karyopyknosis. There were stale and old neutrophils in the 5 d subgroup, phagocytes and lymphocytes in the 7 d subgroup and lymphocytes in the 10 d subgroup. Conclusion (1) Circling moxibustion can play a significant role in promoting epidermal repair of the wound tissue in rats with pressure injury. (2) Circling moxibustion can make the peak of acute inflammatory infiltration in advance and shorten the time required for wound repair in the overall process as a whole, indicating that circling moxibustion can effectively promote the wound healing in rats with pressure injury.

Water containing ultra-fine bubbles (UFB) may promote plant growth. But, as UFBs are too small to distinguish from other impurities in a nutrient solution, it is not known if UFBs survive transport from the water source to the rhizosphere. Here we use the freeze-fracture replica method and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to observe UFBs in the nutrient solutions used in a crop-growing system known as a plant factory. In this factory, TEM images taken from various points in the supply line indicate that the concentration of UFBs in the nutrient solution is conserved, starting from their addition to the nutrient solution in the buffer tank, through the peat-moss layer, all the way to the rhizosphere. Measurements also show that a thin film formed on the surface of UFBs in the nutrient solution, with greater film thickness at the rhizosphere. This film is considered to be made from the accumulation of impurities coming from solute and the peat-moss layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water containing ultra-fine bubbles (UFB) may promote plant growth. But, as UFBs are too small to distinguish from other impurities in a nutrient solution, it is not known if UFBs survive transport from the water source to the rhizosphere. Here we use the freeze-fracture replica method and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to observe UFBs in the nutrient solutions used in a crop-growing system known as a plant factory. In this factory, TEM images taken from various points in the supply line indicate that the concentration of UFBs in the nutrient solution is conserved, starting from their addition to the nutrient solution in the buffer tank, through the peat-moss layer, all the way to the rhizosphere. Measurements also show that a thin film formed on the surface of UFBs in the nutrient solution, with greater film thickness at the rhizosphere. This film is considered to be made from the accumulation of impurities coming from solute and the peat-moss layer.