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Актуальность исследования заключается в необходимости вычленения единицы перевода для последующего адекватного и эквивалентного перевода, когда планы содержания единиц исходного и переводящего языка характеризуются относительной инвариантностью при разных планах выражения. Целью работы является изучение способов достижения переводческой эквивалентности через поиск подходящей единицы перевода.Художественные приемы и выразительные лексические средства, являясь единицами перевода, реализуются на различных языковых уровнях: на уровне графемы, фонемы, слова, словосочетания, предложения и текста. В некоторых случаях переводчик имеет дело с нулевой единицей перевода, когда иноязычный «объект» не переводится. В статье представлены примеры адекватного перевода единиц всех языковых уровней, отмечены трудные случаи достижения эквивалентности. Сопоставительный анализ переводов отрывка из сонета Вильяма Шекспира показывает, что только при бережном отношении к тексту оригинала можно говорить о равноценном переводе.

Translation equivalence of emotion terms has increasingly become a key issue of study design in emotion psychology. Here, the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms (anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise) in English and Polish was quantified. Two databases of the lexicalizations of these basic emotions were used (1759 English; 577 Polish terms). Both collections were subjected to a translation-backtranslation procedure with four professional translators. Rates of agreement on translation, backtranslation, and backtranslation accuracy were used to calculate the translation equivalence. 5.12% of English and 4.68% of the Polish emotion terms were found to have full translation equivalents. Over 80% of terms in both languages had only partial translation equivalents. The results indicate that the fundamental differences in emotion term granularity and the morpho-semantic makeup of the languages impacts their degree of translation equivalence. The implications for the research on emotions and language in cross-cultural contexts are discussed.

In mathematics education, translation of resources from one language to another occurs in a wide range of situations. This paper explores how conceptual and technical apparatus from contemporary translation studies may be of use in guiding and analysing such translation. Key concepts—including those of source, target and intermediate text, of paradigms of equivalence, purpose, uncertainty and localisation, and of semantic, syntactic and epistemological equivalence—are introduced and illustrated, primarily with reference to translation of a series of school mathematics workbooks. Significant types of tool to assist translation—translation protocols and machine translation—are examined. A more detailed case study illustrates techniques (and associated tools) for analysing translation shifts and terminological translatability, applying them to examine translation of documentation of a framework for researching teachers' interaction with resources—the Documentational Approach to Didactics. Specific insights that emerge are how translation is shaped by attention not just to fidelity to the source text but to the audience for, and function of, the target text; and how challenging it can be to formulate terms translatable across languages in such a way as to consistently anchor meaning in existing wordforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation Studies and practices currently face some procedural challenges which are summarizable into problems of Text reception and analyses, transfer of text meaning, assessment of translation text, and realization of textual equivalence. Translation practice have also witnessed a number of theories and approaches aimed at solving these problems. Textlinguistics has recently been considered a pragmatic touchstone for the analysis and assessment of translated texts. Textlinguists have made a strong case for the principle of Textuality (and its standards) as an effective tool in text creation and analysis as well as determinant of textuality in a natural text. Coherence as one of the seven standards of textuality therefore deals basically with the internal semantic structure of text. It is a textual procedure in which cognitive elements are activated to create and recover conceptual relations in a text. It also forms the basic features by which text world and its conceptual relations are characterised. This paper therefore aims to provide information on Coherence as one of the seven standards of textuality, expose its concepts and elements, and demonstrate its relationship with Translation. it also attempts at transforming Coherence standard into an effective cognitive theoretical framework for the analysis and assessment of translated text. Two political reports (Source and Target Texts) were selected from two (non-) governmental organizations for textual analysis and assessment. The paper concluded on the note that any translation process that is done on the basis of standard of coherence will enable translator to identify the extent of his success in producing a coherent, equivalent and communicative translated text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Son and daughter metaphorical expressions are common in general as well as technical languages. This study explores the similarities and differences between English and Arabic ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions, and the difficulties that student-translators have with them. A corpus of English and Arabic general ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions (daughters of Eve, daughter of invention, son of Adam, son of a biscuit, son of a gun) and another corpus of specialized expressions (son of Minos, daughter board, daughter activity) were collected, analyzed and compared. It was found that ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions fall into 4 categories: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages (daughters of Eve, son of Adam); (ii) those that are similar in meaning but differ in wording (step-daughter); (iii) those that exist in English, but have no equivalents in Arabic (daughter of Sappho); and (iv) those that exist in Arabic but have no equivalents in English (daughter of Yemen, i.e., coffee). Specialized expressions used in medicine, computers, business and others are exact translations in both languages (daughter company, daughter cyst, daughter isotope). Student-translators could translate fewer than 13% of the Arabic test items and 12% of the English test items correctly and left 75% blank. Son and daughter expressions similar in both languages were easy to translate (like mother like daughter), whereas opaque ones (بنت الشفة), culture-specific ones (بنت أبيها، بنت بنوت، ابن لبون) and those requiring a specialized background knowledge were difficult (daughter board). Extraneous translation, paraphrase, Literal translation, use of synonyms, transliteration of Arabic words, partial translation, and giving the same translation for different expressions were the most common strategies. Translation difficulties are due to semantic and syntactic problems that the students have. Results and recommendations are given in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleanor Farjeon belonged to the most popular British authors writing for children in the first decades of the 20th century. However, very few of her stories have appeared in translation. There are no translations of her major work, Martin Pippin in the Apple Orchard, and its sequel, Marin Pippin in the Daisy Field, into German, French, Spanish, Russian, or the Scandinavian languages. Yet, the Martin Pippin books have been translated into Polish, by Hanna Januszewska. In Eleanor Farjeon's work, sound effects play a central role. Her texts are multimodal in many aspects, but rhyme, wordplays, and linguistic jokes pose the utmost challenge to translators. The article investigates the exponents of multimodality in Farjeon's books and their equivalents in the Polish version. The theoretical framework is the translation shift approach [Vinay and Darbelnet 1958/1995] and its later extensions. The conclusion is that Hanna Januszewska's translation is an almost perfect example of functional equivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is often claimed, "the central problem of translation practice is that of finding target language translation equivalents" (Catford 1965, 21). Translation equivalence occurs when a source language (SL) and a target language (TL) text can be related to the same substance. Therefore, translation failure occurs when a concept in SL cannot be related to the equivalent in TL. Translation failures can be classified into two cases: those where it is impossible to find linguistic equivalence in TL, and those where it is impossible to secure cultural equivalence in TL. This study focuses on the latter, especially how to establish the equivalence of culturally specific concepts from SL to TL. Nobody can understand the meanings of words in a certain culturally specific domain if they do not understand some social institutions, and some history of social practices, in which these words are interpreted. Japanese words sontaku (roughly, surmise) and haragei, (literally, belly art) are examples of those culturally specific concepts. Translating these concepts into a TL text includes the identification of their semantic representation. For this purpose, using frame semantics paves the way. By defining frame elements and relations between them and also by identifying cultural practices, we can have a clear understanding of the concepts, which in turn can be related to the TL terms. It is also worth noting that culture-specific words have varying degrees of untranslatability, which can be defined by comparing synonymous words in terms of the frame semantic approach. This research sheds new light on the method of rendering culturally specific untranslatable concepts exemplified by sontaku and haragei more transparent by drawing on frame semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistica Copernicana is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores conceptualisations of жан ([jan] soul) in the Kazakh language from the perspective of cultural linguistics and its literary representation in the English translation of Book of Words by Abai Kunanbaev, a prominent Kazakh philosopher and writer. The concept of жан (jan) was analysed from the viewpoint of philosophical and image features and their roles in the formation of the national worldview. A comparative study showed discrepancies in its realisation by Abai Kunanbaev and the English translation even though some variations in the translation cannot be complete equivalents. There is a lack of semantic and cultural identity, and the results indicate that the literal English translation of жан (jan) does not transmit its whole cultural implications. The article also focuses on determining how different methods of translation reproduce the semantics of the analysed concept. The analysis concludes with the necessity of using structural and semantic shifts to better represent the target concept and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the issue of word-formation motivation, which does not lose its relevance and plays a role not only in disclosing formal-semantic relations between words of one language and has not only theoretical, but also applied significance. The authors consider word-formation motivation consistently in its varieties in a comparative way on the materials of so different languages as Russian and Arabic and approach the mechanism of achieving semantic equivalence of translation. To the greatest extent, word-formation activity today, due to objective reasons, affects some special branch (technical, medical, etc.) vocabulary, which is increasing from year to year in national dictionaries. This extensive material, selected by the authors, not only illustrates the current trends in word formation in modern languages, but also provides an answer to the question about the degree of equivalence of this subgroup of words in Russian and Arabic. The goal to compare word-formation motivation according to a number of criteria in different-structured languages made possible not only to obtain theoretical information about what features each of the languages has in word formation and what derivational potential it has, but also to reveal an algorithm for translating derived words from one language to another. For this, the authors complete a number of such particular tasks as highlighting significant elements in the neologisms of the Russian and Arabic languages, establishing standards for the formation of scientific and terminological vocabulary in Arabic, searching for tools (transformation operations, specific word-formation formants) that will contribute to the achievement of translation equivalence from Russian to Arabic, etc. Also the analysis of differences in the mechanisms of the formation of new vocabulary in the Russian and Arabic languages provided an opportunity to supplement the relatively young and rapidly developing private methodology of Russian-Arabic translation.

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an overview of multiple equivalence presentations in “Polish-Russian Dictionary of Translation Pairs” (“Polsko-rosyjski słownik par przekładowych”) edited by Wojciech Chlebda, which provides more than one Russian equivalent for a Polish lexical item. The uniqueness of the dictionary is in its arrangement that is re-product functioning as a dictionary entry, which determines its choice for analysis. “Re-product” is understood as a single-word or multi-word reproducible language item assigned to specific communicative situations. Such a broad definition allowed including a wide variety of items – from single words, through fixed phrases, proper names, titles of literary works and films, popular expressions, proverbs and sayings, scientific terms, linguistic etiquette formulas – into the lexicographical edition under analysis. In the course of the dictionary content multi-aspectual analysis it became evident that its input item arrangement is based on multiple equivalence; moreover, the dictionary provides meticulously selected equivalents, meeting at the same time the main conceptual requirement related to the use of the collected material for the purposes of teaching Russian. However, the analysis also revealed certain shortcomings to light, pointing to the need for a more precise gradation of equivalents and more accurate use of qualifiers, and requirement to provide some translation pairs with additional equivalents. In single cases, other (than those included in the dictionary) Russian equivalents were suggested.

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the issues in translating Italian Financial Statements into English. Over the last two decades, financial reporting has undergone a process of standardization and consequent harmonization of international accounting practices, principles and concepts in many national jurisdictions. The research question is: are accounting terms, principles and concepts faithfully and effectively conveyed when translated into English? The investigation is framed within the theoretical pillars of specialized translation, with a focus on the strategies used to translate Financial Statements. The application of such theories will yield some interesting examples on how some terms, concepts and principles are translated from Italian into English, to ensure accurate, truthful, and effective disclosure. Not surprisingly, the search for equivalence in the translation of financial reporting is a particularly difficult task, considering the strong cultural and legal biases that characterize the genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of 'equivalence' is not new to translation studies and terminology but has been studied differently in these two disciplines, since translation equivalence and terminological equivalence do not coincide: while the former establishes a relationship between source-language (SL) and target-language (TL) units, segments or full texts, the latter assesses the relationship between terms and concepts embedded in conceptual systems. However, in the translation process, terminological resources are used to solve translation problems, so information on terminological equivalence is crucial for making the most appropriate choices in terms of translation equivalence. While playing a fundamental role in the building of bi- or multilingual terminological resources, equivalence has frequently failed to receive the visibility it deserves. In many resources, terms in two or more languages are presented as if they were characterized by full equivalence, even when this is not the case, while it would be better for the degree of equivalence to be specified. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the debate over the notion of equivalence in translation studies and in terminology, with special emphasis on legal terminology. The role of equivalence in legal terminological repositories is discussed in order to introduce "stipulative correspondence" (Magris 2018), a category that identifies the lexical relation between a term referring to a concept embedded in a specific legal system and a term used in a target language - which is not a language in which the legal system is generally expressed - to refer to the same concept. Stipulative correspondence is illustrated by examples extracted from an Italian-English parallel corpus of judgments delivered by the Italian Constitutional Court (Schiavi 2017- 2018). It is argued that stipulative correspondence should be taken into account when designing (or restructuring) terminological resources and when describing information relevant to legal translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to present a possible way of applying the interdisciplinary text approach in literary translation criticism through the comparison of two French literary texts and their Hungarian translation. Instead of traditional literary criticism, often based on subjective impressions, the study presents a complex comparative text analysis approach, in which text linguistics, especially semiotic textology and functional stylistics complement each other and together ensure the objective character of the equivalence analysis of the source and target language texts. The comparative text analysis aims to demonstrate as a practical example that text linguistics can provide theoretical and methodological viewpoints that contribute to the practice of literary translation criticism according to scientific criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims at conducting a short French-Polish contrastive investigation of the verbs prefixed by entre-. At the beginning, the author proposes to perceive prefixation as a purely semantic phenomenon and advances a hypothesis that different meanings (i.e. semantic values) of the preverb in the source language should manifest in the translation of the prefixed verbs into the target language. The second part focuses on the results of the postulated semantic-translation analysis of 62 French verbs found in two dictionaries: Great French-Polish Dictionary and Lexicon 5. The verbs are divided into 4 categories depending on their translation into Polish (verbs expressing reciprocity, spatial verbs, low intensity verbs, and lexicalized verbs) which, in accordance with the adopted hypothesis, allows to distinguish 3 different semantic values of entre-: reciprocity, spatiality and low intensity. Furthermore, the results of the analysis are compared with the those obtained by other linguists. Due to the fact that the conclusions of the investigation conducted in this paper and in similar studies do not differ significantly and considering the added contrastive value of semantic-translation analysis, the author suggests extending the research in this stream to other preverbs in order to reach the complete description of the French prefixation seen "through" the Polish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of College of Languages is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land registration systems are used throughout the world in order to store information on the ownership of land, rights attached to it, and burdens affecting it. A smoothly functioning land registration system guarantees the security of land transfer operations. However, there are significant differences in the way national land registration systems are run due to their historical development and divergent legislative approaches to land registration. Consequently, the need arises to compare different systems so as to find both common ground and discrepancies between them. The paper contains such a comparative analysis which has been carried out with translation in mind: to discover the best ways of transferring land registration legal concepts expressed in one linguistic framework and characteristic of a given legal culture into target legal spaces using other linguistic frameworks. The comparison in question has taken place in a third space, a space where selected aspects of selected legal systems mingle revealing more or less clear similarities and more or less distinct differences between them. The juxtaposition of source and target legal cultures in a third space has resulted in finding translation equivalents that do not abuse (traumatize) the original ideas or—if this has been unavoidable—abuse them to the smallest extent possible. The analysis has covered the Polish land registration system and equivalent systems in English- and German-speaking countries (England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Ireland, the USA, Austria, Germany, Switzerland) and has been conducted from the point of view of a Polish-English and Polish-German translator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on using film subtitles in the process of establishing Polish-Czech language pairs. Research material comes from the resources of the OpenSubtitles website with non-professional subtitling. The research material was analysed using KonText – the main search tool in InterCorp. As a starting point, the author analysed a dictionary entry for the Polish exclamation cholera in a traditional Polish translation dictionary like Polish-Czech Dictionary (Oliva). It presents translation equivalents in translation pairs such as cholera – sakra, hergot, do cholery – do hajzlu, idź do cholery – táhni ke všem čertům, do jasnej cholery – k sakru, do hajzlu, cholera mnie bierze – čerti mě berou. All the translation equivalent pairs have been analysed using the corpus analysis with three functionalities available in the KonText search engine: type of question (typ dotazu), content of the equivalent (obsahuje), and limiting search (omezit hledání). The conducted corpus analysis allowed for the verification of information in the traditional dictionary, but also to find new equivalents that have not been registered yet which could also be used in translation.

The meaning of the verb ἰσοδυναμέω in the prologue to the translation of Ben Sira has often been thought to concern semantic transfer. That is, words translated into Greek do not mean the same as their Hebrew counterparts. In an earlier article, I made some suggestions about how to read the prologue as a whole. In an article that partially responded to my earlier publication, Dries De Crom examined the root ἰσοδυναμ * in texts from the fourth century BCE to the second century CE, and demonstrated that this verb does not refer to semantic adequacy. In this article I examine some of the texts discussed by De Crom in greater detail in an attempt to bring additional specificity to the meaning of this verb in Sirach, concluding that in using the verb in a context of interlinguistic exchange, the translator created a new meaning, to have an equal rhetorical/aesthetic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language and culture have very close relationship and can't dispense with each other. In translation practice, we must fully consider the cultural differences, and completely understand the meaning of the culture-loaded words, try our best to convey the information as much as possible, and realize translation equivalence and cultural exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TRANS: Revista de Traductología is the property of TRANS: Revista de Traductologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on using film subtitles in the process of establishing Polish-Czech language pairs. Research material comes from the resources of the OpenSubtitles website with non-professional subtitling. The research material was analysed using KonText -- the main search tool in InterCorp. As a starting point, the author analysed a dictionary entry for the Polish exclamation cholera in a traditional Polish translation dictionary like Polish-Czech Dictionary (Oliva). It presents translation equivalents in translation pairs such as cholera -- sakra, hergot, do cholery -- do hajzlu, idź do cholery -- táhni ke všem čertům, do jasnej cholery -- k sakru, do hajzlu, cholera mnie bierze -- čerti mě berou. All the translation equivalent pairs have been analysed using the corpus analysis with three functionalities available in the KonText search engine: type of question (typ dotazu), content of the equivalent (obsahuje), and limiting search (omezit hledání). The conducted corpus analysis allowed for the verification of information in the traditional dictionary, but also to find new equivalents that have not been registered yet which could also be used in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the meeting point between cross-cultural pragmatics and bilingual lexicography by examining the representation of cultural information in bilingual dictionaries, which have traditionally received less attention than monolingual ones. More precisely, with a view to demonstrating the challenges that the wide range of culture-bound elements pose to lexicographers of Greek-English and English-Greek dictionaries, the paper focuses on lexical items whose meaning is particularly associated with cultural aspects, such as material culture, social rituals and institutions, values, attitudes, interactional style, and general way of thinking. Reviewing relevant dictionary entries, we discuss the translation strategies employed and the extent to which the information provided meets the needs of Greek learners of English. The paper concludes by proposing three lines of research for improving the treatment of culture-bound vocabulary in Greek bilingual lexicography: using corpus data; exploiting the electronic medium; and drawing insights from frame semantics. The implication is that a bilingual dictionary compiled along these lines will promote learners' cross-cultural awareness, thus strengthening its role as a teaching/learning tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nüsha is the property of Oku Anonim Sirketi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research is to investigate linguistic re-contextualization found in the translation from Indonesian into English. Applying pragmatic translation equivalence (House, 2015) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014), it focuses on how material clause in Indonesian meditation text is rendered into English. The research finding shows that to achieve translation equivalence, Indonesian material clause is re-contextualized by rendering it into relational clause of attributive, relational clause of identification and material clause using different type of process. The re-contextualization results in shift of dematerialization and shift from one type of material clause into another type of material clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study contains analysis of translation method in the short story A Blunder by Anton Chekhov which is translated into Indonesian by students as the participants of this research. In translation analysis processes, the researcher used theory of translation method based on Newmark Theory. While to find out the equivalence in the translation, the researcher used Baker Theory. The researcher thought that there are a lot of variations methods appear in the results of translation, so he wants to know the kinds of equivalence translation used by the participants to make the target language (TL) more comprehensible. Qualitative descriptive method that includes observation and document analysis was used in this research. Here, the result of document analysis were consulted to the translation and literature expertise to check the result of the analysis. As the conclusion, the researcher finds 6 methods used by the participants to render the short story A Blunder into the target language (TL). Besides, the researcher finds two kinds of translation equivalence in the translations.

Analyzing the vocabulary and the stylistic techniques in the works of the two authors, dedicated to Bulgaria, the article aims to contribute to a change of the two seemingly contrasting attitudes in their Bulgarian reception. The first is the implicit attitude to MacGahan as a "dangerous" author whose work is not even published with its true title - "The Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria". The focus of the analysis are the passages that deal with the Bulgarian material culture and education, as well as their axiological charge. The second is the negative value-based perception of the Bulgaro-phobic texts of St. Clair, an author obviously considered ineligible for translating into Bulgarian. However, his work might be a valuable source of knowledge about the culture of the Bulgarian national revival, provided that our reception remains neutral and unaffected by his derogatory language.

The article considers some terminological aspects in the process of harmonization of legislation reflecting on different approaches to the study of terms and especially to synonymy and term equivalence. The various mechanisms available to the translator are examined within the EU context and against the background of Bulgaria's legal culture. The analysis is based on translations of EU legislation from English into Bulgarian and highlights felicitous choices and techniques employed, as well as recurring inconsistencies in the long and arduous process of approximation of legislation.

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous research has failed to establish semantic parafoveal-on-foveal effects during reading. As an explanation, we theorise that sentence reading engages a sentence-level representation that prevents semantic parafoveal-foveal integration. Putting this account to the test, we examined parafoveal-foveal influences both in- and outside a sentence reading setting. Optimising chances of establishing parafoveal-on-foveal effects, we used translation-equivalent word pairs with French-English bilingual participants. Experiment 1 provided no evidence for semantic parafoveal-on-foveal integration during sentence reading, but some evidence that semantic information had been extracted in parallel from multiple words. Experiments 2 and 3 employed a flanker paradigm in which participants semantically categorised English foveal target words, while these were flanked by the French translation or an unrelated French word (stimulus on-time 170 ms). Performance was drastically better with translation flankers, suggesting that readers can integrate semantic information across multiple words when the task does not require a strict separation of higher-order information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana is the property of Program Studi Magister Linguistik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Proverbs are representative of the world view of the native speakers of a language. In most African communities, the elders are well versed in the use of proverbs and are seen as the custodians of their culture. This implies that African proverbs are an indication of orality. Nkoroo and Urhobo are two minor languages spoken respectively in rivers and Delta states of Nigeria, both located in the Niger delta region of the country. As a result of the creation of more states in Nigeria, Urhobo has assumed a dominant status as the major language spoken in delta state but it is still considered a language of limited diffuision in global communication. This paper discusses the translation of proverbs from Nkoroo into urhobo, taking into cognizance the fact that Nkoroo is an Ijoid language with a Subject-Object-Verb word order while Urhobo is an Edoid language with a Subject-Verb-Object word order. It examines the differences that occur in terms of sentence structure, phonological and morphological processes, cultural contexts, as well as sociolinguistic variations. Using the linguistic approach to translation, the paper highlights the processes involved in translating from a minor language into a language of limited diffusion, thus establishing the fact that translation between both languages is possible. Dynamic equivalence is adopted where proverbs of the Source Language (SL) are not identical with those of the Target Language (TL) due to contextual differences. The study uses five (5) selected SL proverbs to illustrate intercultural transfer in the translation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper introduces my concept of cognitive equivalence (cf. Mandelblit, 1997), an attempt to reconcile elements of Nida's dynamic equivalence with recent innovations in cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology, and building on the current focus on translators' mental processes in translation studies (see e.g. Göpferich et al., 2009, Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, 2010; Halverson, 2014). My approach shares its general impetus with Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk's concept of re-conceptualization, but is independently derived from findings in cognitive linguistics and simulation theory (see e.g. Langacker, 2008; Feldman, 2006; Barsalou, 1999; Zwaan, 2004). Against this background, I propose a model of translation processing focused on the internal simulation of reader reception and the calibration of these simulations to achieve similarity between ST and TT impact. The concept of cognitive equivalence is exemplarily tested by exploring a conceptual / lexical field (MALE BALDNESS) through the way that English, German and Japanese lexical items in this field are linked to matching visual-conceptual representations by native speaker informants. The visual data gathered via this empirical method can be used to effectively triangulate the linguistic items involved, enabling an extra-linguistic comparison across languages. Results show that there is a reassuring level of interinformant agreement within languages, but that the conceptual domain for BALDNESS is linguistically structured in systematically different ways across languages. The findings are interpreted as strengthening the call for a cognition-focused, embodied approach to translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper discusses semantic prosody in a cross-linguistics setting. Although the term semantic prosody itself has only been around for over two decades, it has managed to create quite a stir in the lexicological community. After a brief presentation of the central tenets of the field and their authors, the practical part of this paper features a Sinclairian analysis of several Slovene extended units of meaning and their English translation equivalents. The role of semantic prosody in the meaning-forming process will be evaluated, as well as its impact on translation equivalence. In the end the paper also addresses the influence of mistranslated semantic prosody on communication. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, the oldest Bantu dictionary hitherto known is explored, that is the Vocabularium Latinum, Hispanicum, e Congense, handed down to us through a manuscript from 1652 by the Flemish Capuchin Joris van Gheel, missionary in the Kongo (present-day north-western Angola and the southern part of the Lower Congo Province of the DRC). The manuscript was heavily reworked by the Belgian Jesuits Joseph van Wing and Constant Penders, and published in 1928. Both works are currently being digitized, linked and added to an interlingual and multimedia database that revolves around Kikongo and the early history of the Kongo kingdom. In Sections 1 and 2 the origins of Bantu lexicography in general and of Kikongo metalexicography in particular are revisited. Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to a study of Van Gheel's manuscript and an analysis of Van Wing and Penders' rework. In Sections 5 and 6 translation equivalence and lexicographical structure in both dictionaries are scrutinized and compared. In Section 7, finally, all the material is brought together.

One of the many interests in translation studies is to study how meaning is rendered in the target language text (TLT). This is often observed in terms of ‘equivalence of meaning’ as it is meaning that is being transferred. Equivalence can occur at any level: word, group, sentence, text, and even pragmatic level. On working at the pragmatic level a translator often has to refer to the (immediate) context in order that his/her translation can be understood by the TL readers. When the resulted translation is then analysed in terms of how the ‘pragmatic meaning’ has been rendered in the TLT, one of the analytical tools that can be used is the Gricean Maxims. In recent years, there have been renewed interests in the studies and researches related to the Gricean maxims. However, none has been concerned with Indonesian context. This article is, therefore, a preliminary inquiry into this area, particularly to see how the maxims can be problematic when we are faced with concepts of politeness.

Gregory Rabassa is noted for his translations of famous Latin American authors (García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, Clarice Lispector, Jorge Amado, etc.). Less known are his views on translating. In this paper I aim at presenting and discussing his viewpoints as to the definition of translation (with a key discussion of the concept of equivalence), the role of the translator (a model speaker-listener of the target text), and some of the translation strategies he applies in his translational work (original's pre-eminence, problem solving, foreignizing, fictionalizing, and semantic networking). I argue that most of Rabassa's stances towards translating can be explained and are still valid within the framework of a modern translation approach. Examples from the English, French, German, Portuguese and Russian translations of García Márquez's Cien años de soledad are taken from a multilingual parallel corpus collected by the author of this paper.

Gregory Rabassa se destaca por sus traducciones de escritores famosos latinoamericanos (García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, Clarice Lispector, Jorge Amado, etc.) Menos conocidas son sus opiniones sobre la traducción. En este artículo me propongo presentar y discutir sus puntos de vista respecto de la definición de la traducción (prestando atención al concepto de equivalencia), el papel del traductor (un modelo hablante-oyente del texto meta) y algunas de las estrategias de traducción que utiliza en su labor traductora (predominio del original, resolución de problemas, extranjerización, ficcionalización y redes semánticas). Sostengo que la mayoría de las posiciones de Rabassa sobre la traducción pueden explicarse y tienen vigencia en el marco de un enfoque moderno de la traducción. Estos aspectos se ilustran a partir de un corpus paralelo multilingüe de la traducción de Cien años de soledad de Gabriel García Márquez a las lenguas inglesa, francesa, alemana, portuguesa y rusa.Gregory Rabassa is noted for his translations of famous Latin American authors (García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, Clarice Lispector, Jorge Amado, etc.). Less known are his views on translating. In this paper I aim at presenting and discussing his viewpoints as to the definition of translation (with a key discussion of the concept of equivalence), the role of the translator (a model speaker-listener of the target text), and some of the translation strategies he applies in his translational work (original's pre-eminence, problem solving, foreignizing, fictionalizing, and semantic networking). I argue that most of Rabassa's stances towards translating can be explained and are still valid within the framework of a modern translation approach. Examples from the English, French, German, Portuguese and Russian translations of García Márquez's Cien años de soledad are taken from a multilingual parallel corpus collected by the author of this paper.