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The manufacturers and the operators of the fleets of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are subjected to huge expectations expressed in terms of the availability and reliability of the provided products and services during the exploitation of these fleets in dynamic environments. These expectations foster the fleet manufacturers, particularly in the transportation sector, to develop effective mechanisms as far as the reactive planning of the maintenance operations at the fleet level is concerned. In this research work, a multi-agent system (MAS) for the reactive maintenance planning of a fleet of CPSs is proposed. The proposed MAS is conceived by using the ANEMONA design methodology and it aims at optimizing the fleet maintenance planning decisions to meet the specified objectives. The experiments carried out in the course of this work demonstrate the ability of the proposed MAS in planning the fleet maintenance effectively (i.e. satisfying the fleet’s availability and reliability requirements in a static environment) and reactively (i.e. being able to adapt/modify the fleet maintenance planning decisions following perturbations). The effectiveness of the MAS model is validated by a mathematical programming model and its reactivity is tested by using simulated perturbations. An application in rail transport industry to the fleet of trains at Bombardier Transportation France is proposed. The proposed MAS is integrated in a decision support system called "MainFleet". The development of Main-Fleet at Bombardier is ongoing.; Les industriels et les opérateurs des flottes de systèmes cyber-physiques (CPS) sont soumis à de fortes exigences exprimées en termes de disponibilité, fiabilité des produits et des services fournis lors de l’exploitation de ces flottes dans des environnements dynamiques. Ces attentes incitent les industriels, et notamment dans le secteur du transport, à développer des mécanismes efficaces de planification réactive des opérations de maintenance au niveau de la flotte. Dans cette thèse, un système multi-agent (SMA) pour la planification réactive de la maintenance d’une flotte de CPS est proposé. Ce SMA est construit en utilisant la méthode de conception ANEMONA et a pour objectif d’optimiser la planification de la maintenance au niveau flotte afin de répondre aux exigences spécifiées. Les expériences réalisées au cours de ces travaux démontrent la capacité de ce SMA à planifier la maintenance de la flotte de manière efficace (c'est-à-dire satisfaire les exigences de disponibilité et de fiabilité de la flotte dans un environnement statique) et de manière réactive (c'est-à-dire être capable d'adapter/de modifier les décisions de planification de la maintenance à la suite des perturbations). L'efficacité de ce modèle SMA est validée par un modèle mathématique et sa réactivité est testée par simulation de perturbations. Une application dans le domaine ferroviaire au sein de Bombardier Transport France est proposée. Le SMA est intégré à un système d’aide à la décision dénommé « MainFleet ». Le développement de MainFleet est en cours.

The manufacturers and the operators of the fleets of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are subjected to huge expectations expressed in terms of the availability and reliability of the provided products and services during the exploitation of these fleets in dynamic environments. These expectations foster the fleet manufacturers, particularly in the transportation sector, to develop effective mechanisms as far as the reactive planning of the maintenance operations at the fleet level is concerned. In this research work, a multi-agent system (MAS) for the reactive maintenance planning of a fleet of CPSs is proposed. The proposed MAS is conceived by using the ANEMONA design methodology and it aims at optimizing the fleet maintenance planning decisions to meet the specified objectives. The experiments carried out in the course of this work demonstrate the ability of the proposed MAS in planning the fleet maintenance effectively (i.e. satisfying the fleet’s availability and reliability requirements in a static environment) and reactively (i.e. being able to adapt/modify the fleet maintenance planning decisions following perturbations). The effectiveness of the MAS model is validated by a mathematical programming model and its reactivity is tested by using simulated perturbations. An application in rail transport industry to the fleet of trains at Bombardier Transportation France is proposed. The proposed MAS is integrated in a decision support system called "MainFleet". The development of Main-Fleet at Bombardier is ongoing., Les industriels et les opérateurs des flottes de systèmes cyber-physiques (CPS) sont soumis à de fortes exigences exprimées en termes de disponibilité, fiabilité des produits et des services fournis lors de l’exploitation de ces flottes dans des environnements dynamiques. Ces attentes incitent les industriels, et notamment dans le secteur du transport, à développer des mécanismes efficaces de planification réactive des opérations de maintenance au niveau de la flotte. Dans cette thèse, un système multi-agent (SMA) pour la planification réactive de la maintenance d’une flotte de CPS est proposé. Ce SMA est construit en utilisant la méthode de conception ANEMONA et a pour objectif d’optimiser la planification de la maintenance au niveau flotte afin de répondre aux exigences spécifiées. Les expériences réalisées au cours de ces travaux démontrent la capacité de ce SMA à planifier la maintenance de la flotte de manière efficace (c'est-à-dire satisfaire les exigences de disponibilité et de fiabilité de la flotte dans un environnement statique) et de manière réactive (c'est-à-dire être capable d'adapter/de modifier les décisions de planification de la maintenance à la suite des perturbations). L'efficacité de ce modèle SMA est validée par un modèle mathématique et sa réactivité est testée par simulation de perturbations. Une application dans le domaine ferroviaire au sein de Bombardier Transport France est proposée. Le SMA est intégré à un système d’aide à la décision dénommé « MainFleet ». Le développement de MainFleet est en cours.

The concept of Smart cities was invented as a solution to the challenges of infrastructure, connectivity and transit, as well as the seamless communication of different data sources, raised within urbanised cities. Transportation is of high priority for Smart Cities, due to its great contribution to the economic growth of the cities themselves and the persistent problem of congestion in big cities. The most vulnerable sector is that of trains, as it is prone to disruptions, because of manmade errors, weather conditions or technical malfunctions. This project develops a multimodal mobile Android application for four different train stations with the city of Edinburgh used as a case study, warning its users for train delays or cancellations in real time and suggesting them an alternative route based on a combination of four different modes of transportation (bus, taxi, tram and walking). The application collects in real-time, the timetables of the trains from the “Darwin” train information engine, the bus and tram stations as well as their timetables from the Transport for Edinburgh Open Data Application Programming Interface (API), while the taxi ranks are used as static data, with the code for the network analysis being provided by ESRI’s ArcGIS Runtime Software Development Kit (SDK). Evaluating the usability, functionality and performance of the application through testing with Edinburgh train travellers, allowed the exploration of whether a multimodal application can increase the travel experience in the event of disruption and whether the openness of APIs is sufficient for the development of routing applications. Results showed that indeed a multimodal application can increase the travel experience in the event of travel disruption, but the openness of APIs was insufficient for the city of Edinburgh, leaving space for further research in other cities.

International audience; Data management architectures are key elements to support the improvement of the availability and the maintainability of fleets of transportation systems such as trains, cars, planes and boats during their use. In this context, this chapter proposes the foundations of a specific data management architecture, named “Surfer”. The design of this architecture follows a set of specifications, named “the Surfer way” that translates an original way to consider the issue of big data, aiming to transform raw data into high level knowledge usable by engineers and managers. An application of the Surfer architecture to train transportation is presented. First results are encouraging, the train constructor expects a gain up to 2% of the availability of a fleet of trains.

International audience; Autonomous non-military cyber-physical systems are widely studied in research but there are still few applications in industry. One of the reasons relies in the fact that there is still no proof of guarantee for these systems regarding their safety and their ability to behave in a nonhazardous way, mainly because of the induced complexity caused by their learning abilities coupled with the high ability to interact and cooperate of their composing mechatronics elements. More, cyber-physical systems are intended to be merged into socio-technical systems and interact with humans. As a consequence, the study of their ethical behavior translates currently a major stake. Meanwhile, it is clear that this stake is still not address by the scientific community while 1) sci-fi literature and movies have addressed this since a long time 2) some autonomous road vehicles have already injured people, and 3) EU parliament has launched a procedure dealing with the establishment of civil laws for autonomous learning robots. This paper intends then to open the debate on this topic and suggests to extend dependability studies to integrate ethicality as a new dimension. New emerging research fields are identified and an illustration in the autonomous train transportation is presented.

The topic of the diploma written assignment is "Transport of Dangerous Substances in the Czech Republic" and it was chosen for elaboration of the wholesome view on the road, train, ship and plane transportation of the hazardous materials and mixtures. These transportations represent a possible risk of damage to life, health, property or environment for the society. Hazardous materials and mixtures nowadays are being transported in large measures and there is an assumption in the future that the volume of the transported hazardous materials and mixtures will increase. For elaboration of this written assignment three hypothesis were given: a) Legal regulations of the European Union and the Czech Republic solve the problematic of the transportation of hazardous materials and mixtures well enough. b) The public has enough information about the transportation of the hazardous chemical substances or mixtures. c) People that work in the field of the transportation of hazardous materials or mixtures are well informed about the transportation of hazardous chemical substances or mixtures. For determining whether the legal regulations solve the problematic of the transportation of hazardous materials and mixtures well enough the literary sources which deal with this issue, legal regulations of the Czech Republic and the European Union and other international agreements were used. After working through these sources it was found out that the international, the EU and Czech legal regulations or agreements solve this issue well enough and emphasis is given on convergence of legal regulations of all transportations. Implementation of international agreements and legal regulations of the European Union into the legal regulations of the Czech Republic happens in the present time very fast and without failures. For figuring out the awareness of the public and awareness of the people working in the field of the transportation of hazardous materials and mixtures for the diploma written assignment on the topic of "The Transportation of Hazardous Materials and Mixtures on the Territory of the Czech Republic" there was a quantitative research made. The quantitative research was made with the help of handed out questionnaires. The public was represented by the employees of the Regional Municipalities of the Czech Republic. Both of the groups were given the same questionnaires. The results of the questionnaire research were evaluated, expressed in percentage and statistically assessed. For the statistical assessment the double selection T-test was used to find out whether the difference between the assessed groups is statistically important. People working in the transportation of hazardous substances and mixtures have sufficient information which was confirmed by the questionnaire research. By the made statistical assessment it was found out that the difference between the groups is statistically significant and so the public does not have sufficient information related to the transportation of hazardous substances and mixtures. Due to the results of the questionnaire research and mainly that the hypothesis b) - The public has enough information about the transportation of hazardous chemical substances or mixtures was not confirmed. In the conclusion of the written assignment there are a couple of suggestions for improvement of the awareness of the public. For example as a part of education at primary and high schools and training schools where this education is already running as a part of The Protection of Human during Incidents. This education has been going on since 2003. And that is why the older people in the public are not well met with this issue and they should be introduced to it by for example a media campaign by means of short TV spots on public television channels or by means of spots that already the Independent BESIP Department of the Ministry of Transportation makes up. These spots are called Besipky.

The paper presents a wind tunnel study to assess the coal dust released due to aeolian erosion from wagons equipped with two different shelter cover systems. A 1:25 scale model was used, and it comprises one locomotive and four train wagons with a 3.55 m maximum length. Several tests were conducted for different train configurations, and two initial load levels, with an undisturbed flow velocity of 13.4 m/s. Experiments show the use of covers reduces the amount of dust released to be less than 20% of the quantity eroded from the uncovered wagon. Results are primarily related to time series of released mass, for different conditions. Free-surface time evolution inside the last wagon is shown to illustrate marked differences by using the two distinct cover systems.