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Previous studies have demonstrated that tangible and intangible transaction costs influence spatial price differences. The difference between the prices at which producers sell their goods, and the prices at which consumers purchase them is exacerbated by transaction costs. This indicates that farmers receive a lower price from buyers, who then charge consumers a greater price at urban marketplaces. However, existing documentation provides limited information on the relationship between spatial price differences and their drivers. Most research focused primarily on the co-movement of prices and the co-integration test, with little attention paid to the effects of transaction costs on spatial price differences. Thus, the paucity of information in the literature motivated the undertaking of this specific study. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of transaction costs on spatial price differences of maize in the Njombe District of Tanzania. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed and employed to collect information from maize traders. Also, checklists were used to collect information from market leaders. Both descriptive and quantitative analyses were undertaken. In the descriptive analysis, means and percentages were generated. On the other hand, in the quantitative analyses, the Ravalion model which is based on the co-movement of prices, was modified to fit the study in question and estimated. The outputs generated from the modified model were used for inferences. The estimated model results showed that transaction costs (transportation costs, years of schooling, bribery, and the number of maize bags carried in one trip) have significant effects on spatial price differences. Moreover, market leaders revealed that because of the poor quality of the roads, individual farmers find it challenging to deliver their produce to the Njombe market. Consequently, they obtain a low price when they sell their produce at the farm level. The study recommends deliberate measures to reduce transaction costs, such as improving urban and rural infrastructure, simplifying bureaucratic procedures that provide room for corruption, and, finally, promoting large-scale production or collective actions to reduce transaction costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalization of economies has added many new challenges to global agriculture. Agriculture not only needs to compete in foreign markets but also in domestic markets. The production and export of tree tomatoes remain extremely weak in Rwanda despite horticulture sector-specific economic policies in favour of the production and export of horticultural crops by the government of Rwanda. The goal of this study was to analyse the competitive performance of Rwanda's tree tomato value chain to shape the tree tomato industry in Rwanda for the benefit of smallholder farmers and the Rwandan Economy. One hundred twenty (120) respondents were surveyed for this study using a semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussions. Participants were stratified into groups as traders (80), institutional consumers (12), and household consumers (28) all from Bugesera, Nyabihu, Rubavu districts and Kigali markets (Nyabugogo, Nyarugenge and Kimironko). Key enablers (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Rwanda Agricultural Board, National Agricultural Export Board, and Ministry of Commerce and Financial institutions) provided useful information related to the tree tomato value chain in Rwanda. The findings of this study show that factors that hamper the tree tomato value chain competitiveness in Rwanda are related to bargaining power. Overall 63% of respondents who were tree tomato suppliers and 58.43% of respondents who were tree tomato buyers agreed that the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers hamper the competitiveness of the value chain. The study found that 70% of traders and 57% of consumers and institutional consumers preferred the tree tomato. Therefore, tree tomato is highly linked to consumers, traders, and institutions than banana which is the 38th fruit highly scored. The severity of the threat to the tree tomato industry is new entrants into the tree tomato industry, the intensity of rivalry in existing key competitors, and the severity of the threat of substitutes. The strategies proposed to improve on the competitiveness of the tree tomato industry comprise of improving collaboration of tree tomato chain actors. This study found that 75.69% of the sampled key actors agree that the highest criteria to be considered are the product quality, and 64.74% of the sampled key actors settled on product quality as the least criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study to review the online trading procedure a case study of ONLINE TRADING at Indiabulls Ltd., as the exchange has changed it's trading from it and there is need to assess the performance of the capital market. Maintaining good records requires discipline, just like good trading. Unfortunately, many commodity traders don't take the time to track their trading history, which can offer a wealth of information to improve their odds of successMost professional traders, and those who consistently make money from trading commodities, keep diligent records of their trading activity. The same cannot be said for the masses that consistently lose at trading commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on a year of ethnographic fieldwork with traders in a Pakistani agricultural commodity market. It analyses their business and wider networking strategies to show how they – as a segment of Pakistan's middle classes – perceive and interact with the state in the process of accumulation. Ordered by custom, contract, and selective engagement with state functionaries who also engage them selectively, traders' economic activity is inextricably bound up with political practices that defy democratic principles. Neither a concern with the public good nor programmatic politics is visible in what traders do; the state is viewed as an instrument of accumulation while itself appearing to have no project of its own separate from the local dominant classes; and collective organisation both substitutes for the regulatory state and staves off its attempts at enforcement. These trends further militate against viewing the middle classes as catalysts of democracy and have important implications for development strategies seeking to reform the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food price volatility has become a hot topic after the global food crisis of 2007/2008 and 2010/2011 due to the livelihood threat it poses, particularly to poor households. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to determine the possible volatility spillover effect from fuel to food prices, assess the perception of actors along the food supply chain on the effects of price volatility, and investigate the indigenous management methods used by the identified actors. We discovered evidence of volatility transmission from fuel to food markets in southern Ghana. However, in northern Ghana, where agricultural commodities are primarily brought to market on motorcycles and tricycles, the spillover effect of fuel is negligible. The supply chain participants believe that price volatility is having a detrimental impact on their decision-making or planning, supplies/production, and finances. Wholesalers and retailers handle price volatility by diversifying their sources, storing products for better pricing, and implementing volume controls. Farmers' primary price volatility control strategies include crop diversification, market information collection, staggered sales, and produce storage for better prices. Policy ideas have been developed to assist reduce price uncertainty in the basic food supply chain.

In the view of the legislative changes applicable to economic operators trading beverages in packaging that is subject to the guarantee-return system, it is necessary to know the types of returnable packaging, the circuit of this packaging, the traders’ obligations, the accounting and fiscal treatment of this packaging, how they are collected manually and automatically and the financial elements entering in this circuit. It is also very important to know the applicable sanctions in the event of non-compliance.

Gender inequality persists in Burundi's agricultural sector, especially in the bean value chain dominated by women. Women often have less access to improved seeds and to productive technologies. Interventions dubbed "gender-responsive plant breeding" have been launched to develop new varieties to address the gender gaps in variety adoption. Gender responsive planting breeding in Burundi targets to develop bean varieties that respond better to gendered varietal and trait preferences. This paper provides a background of gender-responsive bean breeding in Burundi, documenting the methodologies that were used to integrate gender issues in bean breeding and socio-economic research. It also covers successes of gender-responsive breeding to date, primarily focusing the interdisciplinary teams that drove the process, development and release of varieties that incorporated traits favored by women and men actors. Evidence from surveys and value chain analysis reveal that gender-responsive breeding program increased the adoption of improved varieties by women and improved yields and productivity. The paper reveals that gender-responsive and demand-led bean breeding programs require stakeholders engagements to develop products that align with preferences of diverse actors at different nodes of the bean value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem in this research is that in trading activities there are things that should be important to pay attention to, namely about behavior or trading, especially trading ethics in Islam. In reality, in the field, trader activists often carry out trading activities simply to seek profit, without paying attention to Islamic values which should be important as a basis for carrying out the trading process. Traders in Indonesia in particular are only focused on maximizing efforts to seek profits as large as possible and tend to abandon many Islamic values or ethics, especially in the world of trade. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method using an Islamic economic approach which discusses buying and selling in Islam and the approaches used are observation, interviews and documentation. The types of data used are primary and secondary data. Based on the research results, the author found that the application of business ethics for Muslim traders in business competition is already underway because from the results of research on traders, some already know about ethics and applying them and there are also those who know but don't apply them. Business competition carried out by traders at the Sungguminasa Wholesale Center, Kab. Gowa can be said to have honest and healthy competition because the traders believe that their sustenance has been regulated by Allah SWT and each of them has their share. Therefore, traders don't think too much about competition and think that in trading there must be something called profit and loss and all of this must be accepted as a risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gerion: Revista de Historia Antigua is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article traces the coffee bean trade from its spread in central Arabia, focusing particularly on two groups of merchants in al-Qasim. The first group includes those who migrated and settled in countries of the Arabian Gulf, Iraq, India, or elsewhere and engaged in the trade in food, including in coffee. They amassed wealth and established large trading networks in the Hijaz, the Gulf coasts, Iraq, and India. The second group comprises traders who traveled from al-Qasim to the ports of the Arabian Gulf to purchase foodstuffs and export them to al-Qasim and other regions of central Arabia. The article emphasizes the strong relationships among these traders, how they were linked by the coffee trade, and how this trade also symbolized the connection between Najd and the wider world, contributing to its integration into the global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first years of the 19th century were marked by the strengthening of businessman in Maranhão. However, the province went through troubled times between adhering the Porto Revolution, in 182l, and “adhering” to the Independence of Brazil, in 1823. The strong opposition of Portuguese businessman to the project of political separation from Portugal undermined the power achieved by them after “adhering” to the province. Businessmen in the commercial square of Maranhão began to be understood, post-Independence, as “Portuguese” and, consequently, a threat to the construction of the new State. In 1825, after the conflicts subsided, these businessmen sought to re-establish themselves alongside the new provincial government. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze the performance of Portuguese businessmen in the process of resistance and “adhesion” of Maranhão to the political separation project initiated in Rio de Janeiro, between 1821 and 1826. Through the actions of the Business Association, we will analyze the strategies used by “Portuguese” businessmen to reposition themselves politically in Maranhão, as well as to discuss the different nuances that marked the construction of the recently created State of Brazil.

The strategic focus of food retailers on stringent product requirements and the logistical management of fresh produce from farm to shelf have often been seen as raising barriers for smallholders, thus leading to the exclusion of resource-constrained farmers. Our study contributes to research on the inclusion of smallholders in modern agri-food value chains and on the integration of their perspectives in studies of dynamics in value chains through a combined qualitative and quantitative exploration of vegetable-producing smallholders in northern Thailand. We find that smallholders are not excluded from Thailand's modern agri-food value chains, regardless of their household assets, but are instead integrated through traditional structures. To some extent, they do have room for manoeuvre in selecting different marketing channels and some bargaining power. Traditional markets can be very important for linking smallholders to modern agri-food value chains, but limited knowledge exchange, structural challenges in gaining access to certification and product differentiation all reduce the possibilities for upgrading. We emphasise the importance of viewing smallholders as active navigators within value chains and of understanding their motivations in making use of different sales channels in order to understand the complexities of their realities while not overlooking the power structures within value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital, through neoliberal development, is finding spaces in the informal economy, which was traditionally unattractive for capital investment. Recently, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Ghana have surged given the increasing sovereign debt and economic crisis. Drawing on qualitative methods, and framed within a feminist political economy perspective, this paper examines the impacts of PPPs in a local market in Ghana and the ramifications for the women, the space, and the future of the market. We use the construction of some market structures in a market in Ghana built on a Build Operate Transfer PPP model to illustrate how local government's top-down decision-making processes exclude women, foist on them decisions that adversely impact their economic autonomy and social relations, and deepen the class structure among them. We detail the contradicting ways the market leadership and their followers differed in their responses to the project and how this difference led to tensions among the traders. By examining the local Assembly's political strategy to weaken the women's resistance to policies in the market through the allocation of sheds to commodity leaders, we also hint at the uncertainty of sustained collective mobilisation in the market which is open to many more neoliberal experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Lifestyle choices including physical inactivity, smoking, abuse of alcohol and drugs, unhealthy diet are common among traders and market women and these behavioural activities predispose individuals to ill-health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and chronic anaemia. We evaluated lifestyle choices such as alcohol intake, smoking and resorting to self-medication among traders in the Tamale Central market in Ghana. We then associated these lifestyle choices with anaemia. Results: A total of 400 participants were recruited for this study. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels of participants were measured using Mission® Plus Hb meter and anaemia was diagnosed by Hb < 12 g/dl for non-pregnant females and Hb < 13 g/dl for males. Of the participants, a majority (69.3%) were males, and most of them (56.0%) were within 18–35 years age bracket. While alcohol intake and smoking were uncommon, self-medication was a common practice among the participants. Anaemia was a common condition; diagnosed in 44.5% of participants, but was independent of age, alcohol intake and smoking. However, anaemia was more common in females (χ2 = 15.9, p < 0.001) and was associated with self-medication (χ2 = 5.7, p = 0.017). We recommend that traders in the Tamale metropolis should seek routine health check-ups to help avert adverse health consequences associated with anaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is a popular staple food among the urban population of South Sudan. However, due to inadequate food safety surveillance and enforcement systems, there is limited information on the aflatoxin safety of maize grains at farm and market levels. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing aflatoxins awareness and handling practices of maize grains among randomly selected farmers (n=30) and traders (n=30) as well as determining the moisture content, Aspergillus species counts and aflatoxins contamination. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Magwi maize producing areas, Juba retail/wholesale markets and Nimule border points of South Sudan. Moisture content, fungal and aflatoxins contamination in maize grain samples were determined using dry air oven method, dilution plating technique, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The respondent results showed that farmers (97%) and traders (83%) were unaware of aflatoxins. About 83% of the farmers dried their maize grains on tarpaulins, for 4 - 5 days (77%). In addition, most farmers (77%) stored their maize grain bags on raised platforms, whereas most traders (73%) stored grains on bare ground. All the maize grains met the required moisture content limit (below 13.5%). Maize from Nimule main park had the highest levels of contamination with Aspergillus flavus (9 log CFU/g), Aspergillus parasiticus (12 log CFU/g), aflatoxin B1 (505.56 µg/kg) and total aflatoxins (1,032.19 µg/kg). Maize from Gudele market was contaminated with Aspergillus parasiticus (12 log CFU/g), and aflatoxin B1 (76.55 µg/kg), and had a total aflatoxin content of 94.09 µg/kg. Omeo farmers' maize grains had the least levels of contamination of Aspergillus parasiticus (6 log CFU/g), aflatoxin B1 (4.39 µg/kg), and total aflatoxins (7.83 µg/kg). In addition, Aspergillus flavus was not detected from Omeo farmers' maize grains and no aflatoxins were detected from Agoro and Paluonganyi farmers' grains. This study recommends wider aflatoxins awareness and regular aflatoxin screening of maize grains by the relevant stakeholders in South Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender inequality persists in Burundi’s agricultural sector, especially in the bean value chain dominated by women. Women often have less access to improved seeds and to productive technologies. Interventions dubbed “gender-responsive plant breeding” have been launched to develop new varieties to address the gender gaps in variety adoption. Gender responsive planting breeding in Burundi targets to develop bean varieties that respond better to gendered varietal and trait preferences. This paper provides a background of gender-responsive bean breeding in Burundi, documenting the methodologies that were used to integrate gender issues in bean breeding and socio-economic research. It also covers successes of gender-responsive breeding to date, primarily focusing the interdisciplinary teams that drove the process, development and release of varieties that incorporated traits favored by women and men actors. Evidence from surveys and value chain analysis reveal that gender-responsive breeding program increased the adoption of improved varieties by women and improved yields and productivity. The paper reveals that gender-responsive and demand-led bean breeding programs require stakeholders engagements to develop products that align with preferences of diverse actors at different nodes of the bean value chain.

Abstract Objective Lifestyle choices including physical inactivity, smoking, abuse of alcohol and drugs, unhealthy diet are common among traders and market women and these behavioural activities predispose individuals to ill-health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and chronic anaemia. We evaluated lifestyle choices such as alcohol intake, smoking and resorting to self-medication among traders in the Tamale Central market in Ghana. We then associated these lifestyle choices with anaemia. Results A total of 400 participants were recruited for this study. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels of participants were measured using Mission® Plus Hb meter and anaemia was diagnosed by Hb

Smallholder farmers require seed systems that can meet diverse functions: move a range of planting material; spread specialty varieties (climate-resilient or nutrient-dense varieties); reach last-mile areas; and perform in high-stress contexts. Acknowledging that smallholders use both formal and informal systems, this article focuses on the latter and on a component largely unexamined to date: informal commercial seed systems (ICSSs). Four evidence-based cases show how ICCSs contribute to varied seed system functions. In Tanzania, traders have moved multiple modern bean varieties countrywide and within just a few years. In the remote Ugandan north, traders have commercialized the sale of sweetpotato vines (produced off-season) to those lacking their own critical marshlands. In Bolivia, traders routinely sell native and modern varieties of seed tubers to farmers, along with their commerce in ware potatoes. In central Mali, a cluster of villages produces and sells pearl millet seed that is specially adapted to extreme drought conditions. All four cases share key characteristics: they distinguish seed vs. grain, serve local, regional, and international customers, and, perhaps most importantly, are sustained without subsidy or project support. As ICSSs meet farmers' demands for seed that is not supplied by other actors, a question remains as to whether ICSSs should be left alone, leveraged, or improved further. Recognizing possible legal and operational challenges, this article suggests that ICSSs first be studied in-depth—characterizing their variations, locales, and system functions—so that future debates on possible support can be grounded in concrete evidence of ICSSs' strengths, weaknesses, and unique benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goats are produced in Laos on a small scale and most of them are exported to Vietnam, where they receive a price approximately 30% higher than Vietnamese crossbred goats. In 2021, Laos exported 2.2 million dollars in sheep and goats, mostly to Vietnam (2.19 million dollars). Vietnam was also the fastest-growing export market for sheep and goats of Laos between 2020 and 2021, comprising 66.7% of the total exports. This study aims to analyze the goat value chain from Laos to Vietnam and, based on its characteristics, to suggest policy interventions for the socio-economic sustainable development of the chain. This research analyzes a sample of 400 survey interviews of goat chain actors collected during the second and third quarters of 2022, with the support of CommCare software version 2.53.1. The results show that the Lao goat chain has four main functions implemented by four prominent actors: goat-rearing farmers, traders, abattoir owners, and restaurant owners. However, the role of input suppliers is unclear in this chain. Support to the stakeholders has been provided by local authorities and the government, projects and NGOs, technical supporters, and license supporters. There was not any clear evidence of the goat processing industry. Vertical and horizontal linkages between stakeholders exist, but agreements are primarily oral. There is no declaration of leading actors, and a traceability system has yet to be implemented. The increase in Lao goat exports to the Vietnamese market is driven by the high demand from Vietnamese consumers. The commercialization of goats' yields provides a positive net income in Lao, where all actors benefit, especially traders and restaurant owners. The chain also creates job opportunities and income that improve living standards, especially for disadvantaged groups, such as women, middle-aged people, people with low literacy, and those living in rural areas. For the sustainable development of the chain, this research recommends that the Lao and Vietnamese governments work together to develop more favorable conditions for goat trading, to improve the traceability across the goat chain, to promote goat husbandry and feeding practices, and to foster goat farmer collaboration by sharing goat-rearing experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Frónesis is the property of Universidad del Zulia (Fronesis) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: In Sri Lanka, legislative regulation of food safety and hygiene issues is mainly done under the Food Act No. 26 of 1980. Proper awareness and compliance to the Food Act are necessary for food safety. This cross-sectional analysis was done to assess the present status of awareness and compliance with the prohibitions and regulations of the Food Act by stakeholders. Research Method: Litigations done by Public Health Inspectors (PHIs) from 7 districts and data from a field survey of 30 PHIs (from same districts), 50 traders and 70 consumers (from 5 districts) were collected. Findings: According to the litigations analyzed, "Food (labeling and advertising) regulation" was the highest violated regulation in Sri Lanka (p<0.05). However, "Food (Packaging materials and articles) regulation" had significantly higher ranking (p<0.05) according to the PHIs' survey. According to the traders' ranking, their highest and least compliance (p<0.05) were on "Packaging materials and articles" and "Bread standards" regulations respectively. Consumers' highest and least awareness were on "Coloring agents" and "Flavoring agents" respectively and their highest and least compliances (p<0.05) were on "Adoption for standards" regulation and "Labeling and advertising" regulation respectively. Originality/Value: This study gives an overall idea about the current awareness and compliance of the stakeholders on Food Act. It is vital for future policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dynamic world of financial markets, the prediction of stock performance and bitcoin trading is undergoing a significant transformation due to the integration of advanced technologies and novel methodologies. The incorporation of Transformer models alongside Time Embeddings significantly improves the precision of stock market predictions by effectively capturing intricate temporal relationships and mitigating the presence of overly simplistic assumptions. The integration of real-time social media data with sentiment analysis based on BERT provides significant value in understanding investor sentiment. Additionally, the application of language model pre-training, as exemplified by BERT, brings about a transformative impact on text classification for predicting stock prices. Within the domain of cryptocurrency, sophisticated algorithms such as Transformers, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Deep Convolutional LSTM (DC-LSTM), and Neural Networks (NN) have demonstrated enhanced capabilities in predicting price movements. These algorithms are further bolstered by the implementation of a comprehensive trading strategy. Automated systems for bitcoin trading introduce elements of personalization and adaptability to the trading process, thereby facilitating broader access to a diverse group of traders. The progress highlights the significant importance of the integration of technology and methodologies in the field of financial analysis. This integration enables investors and traders to possess the necessary resources for making well-informed choices within the ever-changing landscape of financial markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the use of railways in the Ottoman geography, inns (khans) were important places of commercial life. These buildings were both being served as accommodation centers for merchants and as units with different functions such as warehouses or shops. The Ottoman geography, which was one of the important stops of the Silk and Spice highways and the Mediterranean and Black Sea trade routes, had many qualified khans. This article examines the historical situation of (Çandarlı) Halil Pasha Khan in Edirne. In the research, along with the architectural features of the building, the identities of those who benefit from the rooms, shops and cellars; reasons for repair of the building; their expenses, the rental fees paid by the people staying in the inn, and the rental methods of the merchants who use the building are the points that are aimed to be illuminated. In terms of being a micro-historical example, a method was followed by accessing the direct archive data about the inn and evaluating them together with the existing literature information. While trying to reveal the change in the chronological process with the vertical comparison method of the obtained data; by making horizontal comparisons, it was possible to examine the inn together with other inns in the Ottoman country. Thus, the article was created as a step towards revealing that Ottoman inner city inns were places that should be examined not only with their physical structures but also with their very lively economic roles. In the light of the aforementioned data, it can be stated that the Halil Pasha Inn is highly preferred by Jewish merchants and the tenants of the inn stand out as middle and upper class merchants. However, it has been observed that especially the room rental fees of the inn had not changed much over time. The building, which has traces of being affected by the Celali events, underwent an average of 15 years of repair, and the Ottoman central administration and the Küçük Ayasofya Waqf in Istanbul, to which it was affiliated, made serious contributions during the repair process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Perspectiva Empresarial is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Ceipa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Laos is among the top twenty coffee producing country in the world—producing about 39,000 tonnes per year—and most of its production is currently exported to over 26 countries, contributing about 1.1% of the total export value or US$64.3 million in 2019 to Laos' national economy. COVID-19 restrictions on trade and movement of people have largely impacted on coffee markets and production. As a strategic crop in Laos, it is supported by a range of policies and programs to generate greater benefits to both independent smallholder farmers and those involved in cooperatives, including support for agroforestry production models involving coffee and tree crops. However, studies of the profitability of different coffee agroforestry models are limited. This study compares financial returns from four most popular coffee agroforestry models in two coffee production provinces of Laos, before and during COVID-19 pandemic. The data were gathered from 20 farmers, five coffee traders and an integrated coffee processing company. These data were then triangulated with, and supplemented by, interviews with coffee exporters (n = 3) and key informants (n = 4). Financial indicators suggest that all four agroforestry models were profitable before COVID, but profits for cooperative growers were higher than for smallholders due to higher crop productivity and lower costs. Despite higher prices due to COVID restrictions, other factors reduced profitability of all four models and one smallholder model became unprofitable. The reasons for such differences and related policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The characteristics of CO gas are that it has no color, odor, and taste resulting from incomplete combustion, which accounts for 70% of motorized vehicle-related air pollution. Terminal traders are among those who are vulnerable to pollution caused by motorized vehicles. The study's goal was to determine the environmental health risk analysis of CO gas exposure to traders at Yogyakarta's Giwangan Terminal. Methods: This study was quantitative using a cross-sectional design study with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. This study used purposive sampling technique. The population was traders, with a sample of 51 respondents. The research instrument is a questionnaire. The Chi-square test was used to measure the bivariate analysis data. Results and Discussion: The average concentration of CO gas was 0.9523 mg/m³, exposure duration was 12.1 hours/day, exposure frequency was 339.94 days/year, exposure duration was 11.96 years, and inhalation rate was 4.1 m³/o'clock. The highest abnormal blood pressure was 40 respondents. Real-time intake min. 0.0184 mg/kg/day, max. 3.0919 mg/kg/day (arrival), real-time intake min. 0.0190 mg/kg/day, max. 3.2021 mg/kg/day (departure). A total of 43 traders had a risk quotient (RQ) > 1. Conclusion: There was a relationship between the intake and the RQ of CO gas exposure but no relationship between blood pressure and the RQ due to CO gas exposure to traders at the Giwangan Terminal, Yogyakarta.

It takes many years to negotiate a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA). The goal is the economic benefits that utilization of PTAs brings. However, the European Commission found that utilization of some PTAs is very low. This study aimed to reveal what obstacles firms face and to recommend solutions. A literature review was done, and semi-structured interviews were conducted (eight participants were selected using the convenience sampling technique). The research questions were about the extent Lithuanian companies utilize PTAs, what they consider obstacles and how these can be overcome. The review of the literature revealed seven main issues. Semi-structured interviews highlighted one more important issue. One of the most significant issues revealed is the lack of interest of the Lithuanian customs administration in promoting PTAs’ utilization.

In the policies and practices of environmental sustainability involves the marketing process, the objective of the research is to identify the practices of Lean Manufacturing in and sustainable development in 12 cadastralized markets in the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Municipality of the canton Riobamba in the different sections (fruits, vegetables, vegetables, meat, among others), the population of 4,498 traders of the markets in the urban area Riobamba, Province of Chimborazo. The lean manufacturing model and the Five "S" tool were applied: i) environmental protection and waste management; ii) creation and maintenance of clean and safe work areas; iii) training and dissemination; iv) self-regulation processes; and v) application of good food handling practices (GMP). The descriptive, field and documentary research, the sample was applied to 380 traders. The results indicate that there are limitations in the marketing systems that make it impossible to participate competitively and effectively in the markets. It is concluded that the Five "S" allow improving the quality/product through GMPs, which guarantee safety, reduce biological risks, and avoid Food Transmitted Diseases (FBD), promote a positive perception of the markets and in this way contribute to transform and promote sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large demographic expansion in Reşița during the interwar period, a result of UDR [The Iron Works and Domains Resita] development, implicitly generated the clients number improving and, related to, a favorable climate in the overall economy progress. The palette of entrepreneurship in Reşița at that time registered both companies with a unique activity, mainly retail trade with mixed goods, and varios types of co-operation: leasing, association and especially familial businesses. The familial businesses were mainly fraternal, the most significant samples being the companies of Frații/ Deutsch Brothers, Frații/ Markovsky Brothers, and Frații/ Bayer Brothers. None of them belonged to families of a Romanian origin, and it was another feature of the trade business in Reşița then (Deutsch Brothers -- of a Mosaic origin; Markovsky Brothers -- of a Polish origin; Bayer Brothers -- of a German origin). Given the UDR economic boom and the image that the concern created, some of the traders found an opportunity in leasing businesses, with different connexed properties of UDR. So, Francisc Crăciun and, after, his sister Ana Crăciun managed "Oltenia" Cinema and Petru Gârlişteanu dealt with the UDR butcher's. Some of the persons involved in the local administrative decisional fora were also identified as involving in such businesses. One of them, Petru Iacob, member of the Ad-Interim Commission of Reşița and vice-president of Reşița Board Appeal for Local Communal Duties, had a class A restaurant and also was a co-owner (35% of shareas) of Philipp company. More than this, some sole proprietorships with over 1,000,000 lei capital are also to be noted down. Ioan Negru, Petru Lina, and Miloia Ioan were the ones who invested sustenable funds in their own businesses. In conclusion, the entrepeneurs in Reşița during the interwar period fructified the opportunity of a business environment based on the trade decisions of UDR. They succeeded, more or less succesfully, to fulfil the usual needs in an industrialized town with a high demographic progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Que nous dit l’industrie cinématographique américaine sur le rôle économique de Wall Street et la perception de la bourse dans le temps ? À travers un corpus conséquent de films américains du XXe et XXIe siècles, cet article illustre comment, en trois périodes distinctes, Hollywood a pu mettre en scène la finance et contribuer au mythe de Wall Street. Sujet mineur jusque dans les années 1980, ces années ont vu l’apparition de blockbusters financiers avec la montée en puissance de la financiarisation de l’économie. La crise des subprimes renouvelle le genre, questionnant la place de la bourse et l’éthique des traders.

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Introduction: The characteristics of CO gas are that it has no color, odor, and taste resulting from incomplete combustion, which accounts for 70% of motorized vehicle-related air pollution. Terminal traders are among those who are vulnerable to pollution caused by motorized vehicles. The study's goal was to determine the environmental health risk analysis of CO gas exposure to traders at Yogyakarta's Giwangan Terminal. Methods: This study was quantitative using a cross-sectional design study with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. This study used purposive sampling technique. The population was traders, with a sample of 51 respondents. The research instrument is a questionnaire. The Chi-square test was used to measure the bivariate analysis data. Results and Discussion: The average concentration of CO gas was 0.9523 mg/m2, exposure duration was 12.1 hours/day, exposure frequency was 339.94 days/year, exposure duration was 11.96 years, and inhalation rate was 4.1 m2/o'clock. The highest abnormal blood pressure was 40 respondents. Real-time intake min. 0.0184 mg/kg/day, max. 3.0919 mg/kg/day (arrival), real-time intake min. 0.0190 mg/kg/day, max. 3.2021 mg/kg/day (departure). A total of 43 traders had a risk quotient (RQ) > 1. Conclusion: There was a relationship between the intake and the RQ of CO gas exposure but no relationship between blood pressure and the RQ due to CO gas exposure to traders at the Giwangan Terminal, Yogyakarta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we produced a spatially explicit diagnosis of the deforestation hotspots and future climate risk (2050) of cocoa producing areas, zooming into the top 8 cocoa exporting countries and the main global cocoa traders. Cocoa-driven deforestation often co-occurs with deforestation driven by other agri-commodities, and thus needs to be tackled jointly. Climate risk will be substantially increased in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, the two most important suppliers of cocoa, which may lead to supply failures and severe socio-economic impacts if left unaddressed. Climate risk and deforestation have a high spatial variability between and within countries, calling for geographically differentiated approaches to mitigation and adaptation. Large transnational traders depending heavily on West African supplies, as well as the regionally based exporting farmer cooperatives and domestic firms, will be affected by the increased climate risk in that region. Traders operating in Latin America and Southeast Asia might only face a modest increase in climate risk, with subregional exceptions. These results raise concerns about the validity of sustainability commitments made by companies and other sector initiatives, which focus on single commodities and fail to consider the diversity of actors adding pressure on landscapes. Tackling these issues requires a collaborative effort from various sectors and stakeholders involved in land use decisions to prevent the geographical displacement of negative impacts, prioritize urgent action, and implement these changes efficiently and in a coordinated manner. Further, sustainability commitments often neglect climate change adaptation, with agroforestry and climate smart agriculture initiatives primarily focusing on carbon reductions and increased farmer income, paying less attention to farm practices that reduce cocoa vulnerability. • Cocoa is one of many drivers of deforestation and assessments must consider competing sectors in a landscape. • No-deforestation initiatives must integrate all sectors competing for agricultural land to avoid displacing impacts. • Global cocoa supply is at risk if climate risk is unaddressed among West African smallholder farmers. • Horizontally-integrated traders are key to implementing landscape approaches especially where agri-commodities overlap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]