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Microplastics have been reported by many literatures as contaminants of environmental water bodies and are ingested by aquatic organisms due to their small sizes. Knowing the effects of microplastics to freshwater fish which are kept in ponds helps in managing fish-keeping practices. The objective of the research was to determine the toxicity of microplastics to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The Experiment was done in 80 fish samples. Microplastics which were prepared for the batch experiment were introduced in the aquarium followed with observation for 21 days. The digestion of fish gills and intestines involved 10 mL of 10% (w/v) KOH solution and incubation at 65oC for 24 hours. Engulfed microplastics were determined using stereo microscope and At-IR spectrophotometer for confirmation. Engulfed microplastics were observed to be in mean range of 3.37 x 102±4.04 x 102 to 2.32 x 103 ± 3.57 x 103 particles/kg in gills and 4.68 x 104 ± 3.02 x 104 to4.40 x 104 ± 5.34 x 104 particles/kg in intestines. The observed responses were loss of equilibrium for 35% of fish, abnormal swimming for 49% of fish, abnormal ventilator behavior for 59% of fish, abnormal appearance for 39% of fish and average growth weight increase in control experiment fish was 6.10±2.62 g compared to 1.7 ± 3.62 g in test fish. There was no mortality of Nile tilapia. The responses of fish to the presence of microplastics in aquarium indicated that microplastics had adverse effects to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). More researches have to be done on fish physiological changes caused by microplastics

Research on air pollution in large cities by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one of the priority tasks for assessing air quality and environmental risks to public health. The chemical composition of aerosols sampled in spring (2018), fall (2019), and winter (2019–2020) at the Aerosol Complex of Moscow State University, located on the urban background territory of the Moscow Megacity, is analyzed. Sixteen priority PAH compounds were identified using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The median value of the total concentration of the 16 PAHs (Σ16PAH) increases from the spring season (1.43 ng/m3) to the fall season (1.68 ng/m3) and then to the winter season (2.47 ng/m3). Based on the diagnostic relationships of PAHs, the dominant contribution of transport, industrial enterprises, and the heating system to the total emissions was determined. Pollution roses indicate the location of sources of maximum concentrations of low-, medium-, and high-molecular PAHs. Pollution episodes are distinguished: in the spring of 2018 under the influence of the transport of smoke plumes of agricultural fires and in the fall of 2019 as a result of petrogenic emissions and an increase in biomass burning in the residential sector around Moscow. In the winter and fall seasons, the highest values of carcinogenic (0.45 and 0.42) and mutagenic (0.58 and 0.55) equivalents for benzo(a)pyrene were recorded in comparison with the spring season (0.26 and 0.38). The lifetime risk of developing lung cancer, calculated from the data for three seasons, is 0.5 cases per one million people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics have been reported by many literatures as contaminants of environmental water bodies and are ingested by aquatic organisms due to their small sizes. Knowing the effects of microplastics to fresh water fish which are kept in ponds helps in managing fish keeping practice. The objective of research was to determine the toxicity of microplastics to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The Experiment was done in 80 fish samples. Microplastics which were prepared for the batch experiment were introduced in the aquarium followed with observation for 21 days. The digestion of fish gills and intestines involved 10 mL of 10% (w/v) KOH solution and incubation at 65oC for 24 hours. Engulfed microplastics were determined using stereo microscope and At-IR spectrophotometer for confirmation. Engulfed microplastics were observed to be in mean range of 3.37 x 102±4.04 x 102 to 2.32 x 103 ± 3.57 x 103 particles/kg in gills and 4.68 x 104 ± 3.02 x 104 to4.40 x 104 ± 5.34 x 104 particles/kg in intestines. The observed responses were loss of equilibrium for 35% of fish, abnormal swimming for 49% of fish, abnormal ventilator behavior for 59% of fish, abnormal appearance for 39% of fish and average growth weight increase in control experiment fish was 6.10±2.62 g compared to 1.7 ± 3.62 g in test fish. There was no mortality of Nile tilapia. The responses of fish to the presence of microplastics in aquarium indicated that microplastics had adverse effects to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). More researches have to be done on fish physiological changes caused by microplastics.

Organosilicone tank-mixed adjuvants are a class of pesticide adjuvants widely used in agriculture with excellent wettability, penetrability, and spreadability. They show significant synergies and effectively improve the utilization rate of pesticides after spraying with pesticides. However, a large number of studies have shown that organosilicone tank-mixed adjuvants have different degrees of ecotoxicological risks to non-target organisms such as bees, natural enemy insects, and aquatic organisms. In addition, it’s worth noting that methoxy-terminated trisiloxane ethoxylate has potential endocrine-disrupting effects. This review introduced the composition, properties, and applications of organosilicone tank-mixed adjuvants, focused on their residue levels, toxicological risks, and analytical methods of the typical composition in different matrixes, summarized the management statuses of tank mixed adjuvants at home and abroad and preliminarily analyzed the environmental risks of tank-mixed adjuvants. These comments would provide some reference to the systematic management and risk assessment of tank-mixed adjuvants in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) is a quinazoline alkaloid isolated from Evodiae Fructus (EF, Wuzhuyu in Chinese, Rutaceae family), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is clinically applied to treat headache, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, acid regurgitation, etc. Modern research demonstrates that DHE is one of the main components of EF. In recent years, DHE has received extensive attention due to its various pharmacological activities. This review is the first to comprehensively summarize the current studies on pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of DHE in diverse diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that DHE has a relatively good oral absorption effect in the mean concentration curves in rat plasma and high absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, distribution re-absorption and enterohepatic circulation may lead to multiple blood concentration peaks of DHE in rat plasma. DHE possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system. Moreover, DHE has antiinflammatory effects via downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Given the favorable pharmacological activity, DHE is expected to be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, chronic stress, amnesia, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, toxicity studies have suggested that DHE has proarrhythmic effects and can impair bile acid homeostasis without causing hepatotoxicity. However, further rigorous and well-designed studies are needed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential biological mechanisms, and toxicity of DHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioactive and chemical contamination of groundwater and surface water (Konoplyanka and Dnipro Rivers) in the zone of influence of the soviet era uranium production legacy site – Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant (PChP, Kamianske) is a source of radiological and toxicological risks for the population. Modeled water use scenarios included drinking water consumption, crop irrigation, fishing, and usage of the river beaches for recreation. According to the assessment results, the radiological risks of water usage in current conditions are low. At the same time, a conservative assessment indicates potential future toxicological risks from uranium (use of groundwater for drinking) and from manganese (due to accumulation in river fish). In the long term, risks from groundwater may increase significantly due to the dispersion of contaminated groundwater plumes outside the industrial site, or due to unrestricted access of the population to the territory of the PChP. To reduce uncertainty in the risk assessment results, it is important to improve the groundwater monitoring network downstream from the PChP site and to collect site-specific data on manganese transfer coefficients to fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dehydroevodiamine (DHE) is a quinazoline alkaloid isolated from Evodiae Fructus (EF, Wuzhuyu in Chinese, Rutaceae family), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is clinically applied to treat headache, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, acid regurgitation, etc. Modern research demonstrates that DHE is one of the main components of EF. In recent years, DHE has received extensive attention due to its various pharmacological activities. This review is the first to comprehensively summarize the current studies on pharmacokinetics profiles, pharmacological properties, and toxicological risks of DHE in diverse diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that DHE has a relatively good oral absorption effect in the mean concentration curves in rat plasma and high absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, distribution re-absorption and enterohepatic circulation may lead to multiple blood concentration peaks of DHE in rat plasma. DHE possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system. Moreover, DHE has anti-inflammatory effects via downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Given the favorable pharmacological activity, DHE is expected to be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, chronic stress, amnesia, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, toxicity studies have suggested that DHE has proarrhythmic effects and can impair bile acid homeostasis without causing hepatotoxicity. However, further rigorous and well-designed studies are needed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential biological mechanisms, and toxicity of DHE., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Fu, Liao, Yang, Bai, Zeng, Wang and Wen.)

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of vehicle emissions on zinc and lead content of cow's milk, grazing at 15 different locations near to roadsides in Sakarya, Turkey. The results obtained for zinc were between 1262 μg kg-1 and 6566 μg kg-1. An acceptable range of zinc content from various sides confirmed the absence of possible toxicological risks in this region. The lead levels ranged from 3.24 μg kg-1 to 80.69 μg kg-1. The levels of lead in milk samples collected from roadside pastures were higher than the regulatory limits and pose a health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecotoxicological risk of heavy metal pollution in diffusely polluted floodplains is largely unclear, as field-based data are scarce. This study investigated cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) accumulation in the liver and kidneys of small mammal species (voles, mice and shrews) from a moderately polluted Dutch floodplain. The Cd and Pb concentrations were compared with effect concentrations (ECs). Reported ECs in literature varied considerably, with the lowest values frequently exceeded by our values, whereas the highest values were encountered only occasionally. Cd and Pb levels were highest in the shrew species, particularly in Sorex araneus. Although toxicological effects at the specimen level were present in these floodplains, effects at population level are thought to be limited, as a result of the animals'' relatively short life expectancies (due to recurrent floods) and the rapid maturation of small mammals. Exceptionally high tissue metal concentrations in some specimens of all species indicated local hotspots with peaks in metal concentrations. Sanitizing such local hotspots might reduce toxicological risks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this review selected toxicological problems related to testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men are discussed. Applying "classical" pharmacological/toxicological findings (e.g. animal studies on short- and long-term toxicity) to clinical situations is not very helpful. Molecular biological knowledge and especially evaluation of epidemiological studies, as well as intervention studies, on testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men are more useful. Potential risks include overdosage for lifestyle reasons, e.g. excessive muscle building and reduction of visceral obesity, when erythrocytosis occurs concomitantly. Modern galenic formulations of testosterone administration (e.g. transdermal gel, suitable testosterone esters for intramuscular application and newer oral preparations) avoid supraphysiological serum concentrations, therefore significantly reducing the toxicological risk. A hypothetical model of the toxicological risks of testosterone therapy is given that is based on the influence of testosterone metabolism (aromatization vs. reduction) of the respective parameter/target chosen. Finally, the great influence of polymorphisms of the androgen receptor on the assessment of toxicological risk and on the individualization of androgen therapy is shown. Already existing national, continental and international guidelines or recommendations for the testosterone therapy should be harmonized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]