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In this article, on the example of the countries of the world, the concept of a tourist zone, its types, legal foundations, organizational and economic mechanisms, advantages, positive and negative aspects in the development of the territory, the management system are considered.

The survey includes a study of destination planning and development at a local level through micro-regionalization. The subject of this work is the study, analysis and definition of opportunities for sustainable tourism development at a local level as a model that can be multiplied to be used in other developing tourist destinations. The objective of the study is the sustainable development of tourism in the municipality of Botevgrad and its positioning as an attractive tourist destination. To achieve the research goal, a set of general and private methods corresponding to the interdisciplinary and heterogeneous nature of the study are used: methods of analysis and synthesis, cameral method, cartographic method, geographic methods of research: spatial analysis of the resource potential, localization of the surveyed sites. An approach of studies and systematization of information on literary sources and planning documents has also been used; collecting, processing, systematizing and interpreting statistical data and documents; critical analysis method and expert assessment; comparative analysis method; scientific analysis and synthesis; field observation. The main conclusions point the opportunities for destination management at a local level through micro-regionalisation as a successful model for sustainable tourism.

En un area natural protegida el estudio de la capacidad de carga debe considerar un enfoque sistemico como base del proceso de planificacion. La capacidad de carga se establece como el numero de visitantes que pueden realizar una visita a una zona turistica sin que esto ponga en riesgo los recursos naturales de la zona. El objetivo principal de esta investigacion fue determinar la capacidad de carga, en este caso del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, ubicado en la provincia de Puntarenas en Costa Rica. La metodologia de trabajo fue mixta, realizando analisis cuantitativo y cualitativo en las diferentes etapas. Se utilizaron herramientas como la entrevista, observacion (participante y no participante), giras de trabajo de campo, registro fotografico, analisis en sistemas de informacion geografica, analisis de fotografias aereas e imagenes multiespectrales, analisis de los Planes de Manejo, relaciones espaciales entre las areas protegidas y sus zonas de influencia, y adecuacion de metodologias de capacidad de carga a las caracteristicas de la zona. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de inversion en contratacion de personal e infraestructura para la adecuada atencion del turismo, sin desmejorar los objetivos de conservacion del sitio. Se determino el numero maximo de visitantes para las cuatro entradas del parque y se generaron mapas donde se indican los sitios para la colocacion de nuevas baterias sanitarias y torres de vigilancia. Una importante implicancia de este trabajo es que los estudios de capacidad de carga, limites de cambio aceptable o manejos de visitacion en areas protegidas deben adaptarse a las condiciones de los sistemas donde se aplicaran los analisis. Palabras clave: Area natural protegida, capacidad de carga, zona turistica, conservacion, manejos de visitacion. Abstract In a protected natural area, a load capacity study must use a systemic approach as the basis for the planning process. Load capacity is determined as the number of visitors who can visit a tourist zone without putting the area’s natural resources at risk. The main objective of this investigation was to determine the load capacity in the case of the Marino Ballena National Park, located in Puntarenas Province in Costa Rica. The work methodology was mixed, conducting quantitative and qualitative analyses at different stages. Tools such as the interview, (participant and non-participant) observation, working field trips, photographic records, analyses in geographic information systems, analyses of aerial photographs and multispectral images, analyses of the management plans, spatial relations between the protected areas and their areas of influence and adjustment of load capacity methodologies to the characteristics of the zone were used. The results show the need to invest in personnel and infrastructure for the suitable attention to tourism, without diminishing the conservation goals of the site. The maximum number of visitors for the four park entrances was determined and maps were drawn indicating the sites to place new lavatory facilities and watchtowers. An important implication of this work is that load capacity studies, limits of acceptable change or visitor management in protected areas must adapt to the conditions of the systems where the analyses will be applied. Keywords: Protected natural area, load capacity, tourist zone, conservation, visitor management. (Presentado: 19 de enero de 2107. Aceptado:14 de marzo de 2016)

Resumen: En un área natural protegida el estudio de la capacidad de carga debe considerar un enfoque sistémico como base del proceso de planificación. La capacidad de carga se establece como el número de visitantes que pueden realizar una visita a una zona turística sin que esto ponga en riesgo los recursos naturales de la zona. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar la capacidad de carga, en este caso del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, ubicado en la provincia de Puntarenas en Costa Rica. La metodología de trabajo fue mixta, realizando análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo en las diferentes etapas. Se utilizaron herramientas como la entrevista, observación (participante y no participante), giras de trabajo de campo, registro fotográfico, análisis en sistemas de información geográfica, análisis de fotografías aéreas e imágenes multiespectrales, análisis de los Planes de Manejo, relaciones espaciales entre las áreas protegidas y sus zonas de influencia, y adecuación de metodologías de capacidad de carga a las características de la zona. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de inversión en contratación de personal e infraestructura para la adecuada atención del turismo, sin desmejorar los objetivos de conservación del sitio. Se determinó el número máximo de visitantes para las cuatro entradas del parque y se generaron mapas donde se indican los sitios para la colocación de nuevas baterías sanitarias y torres de vigilancia. Una importante implicancia de este trabajo es que los estudios de capacidad de carga, límites de cambio aceptable o manejos de visitación en áreas protegidas deben adaptarse a las condiciones de los sistemas donde se aplicarán los análisis. Abstract: In a protected natural area, a load capacity study must use a systemic approach as the basis for the planning process. Load capacity is determined as the number of visitors who can visit a tourist zone without putting the area’s natural resources at risk. The main objective of this investigation was to determine the load capacity in the case of the Marino Ballena National Park, located in Puntarenas Province in Costa Rica. The work methodology was mixed, conducting quantitative and qualitative analyses at different stages. Tools such as the interview, (participant and non-participant) observation, working field trips, photographic records, analyses in geographic information systems, analyses of aerial photographs and multispectral images, analyses of the management plans, spatial relations between the protected areas and their areas of influence and adjustment of load capacity methodologies to the characteristics of the zone were used. The results show the need to invest in personnel and infrastructure for the suitable attention to tourism, without diminishing the conservation goals of the site. The maximum number of visitors for the four park entrances was determined and maps were drawn indicating the sites to place new lavatory facilities and watchtowers. An important implication of this work is that load capacity studies, limits of acceptable change or visitor management in protected areas must adapt to the conditions of the systems where the analyses will be applied.

© MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. Tourism has an advantageous multiplier effect and severs as an accelerator of the social-economic development. Using a method of a component analysis the most significant indexes for differentiation of territory of Republic Tatarstan with purposes of recreation and tourism were detected. Map - models were constructed and by their superposition the integrated map of a recreational potential of Tatar Republic was obtained and the attractive areas for rest and tourism were detected.

On the examples of the islands of Šolta, Ugljan, Brač and Mljet, this paper seeks to show that the planned capacities of tourist zones in spatial designation plans of municipalities/towns and detailed urban designation plans of several tourist zones are not entirely coherent with their maintenance possibilities (executed by the current inhabitants), nor the housing zones for new inhabitants (who would enable the maintenance of said tourist zones) have been planned. The method of work is based on the research of documentation sources and on the parallel analyses of urban parameters: - spatial planning documents, - construction sites of the settlements of the island and its population, - tourist zones on the islands and the number of employees, and detailed allocations of areas and program abstracts of the examples of tourist zones. Conclusions: The CSS residential density on the islands is lower than 20 pph. The unbuilt sections of the CSS with low residential density (lower than 100 pph) can accomodate twice as many residents than the existing number of the islands’ inhabitants. The number of TZ bedding capacity is bigger than the existing number of the islands’ inhabitants. The number of necessary employees for the planned TZ makes up at least 20% (Mljet), and up to 70% (Ugljan) of the existing number of the islands’ inhabitants. The necessary area of the CSS allocated as the TZ employees’ accomodation can be located on the unbuilt sections of the islands’ CSS, but they weren’t allocated as such although they encompass the area of up to 40% (Brač) of the unbuilt section of the islands’ CSS. The facilities and areas for the employees’ accomodation weren’t specifically planned in the UDPs and DDPs of TZ/TL. There is enough additional space for the accomodation of a larger number of the necessary employees in the built sections of the settlements. It is important to regulate the planning of a section within the TZ as an accomodation area for the temporary (seasonal) employees. Cilj rada je pokazati na primjerima otoka Šolte, Ugljana, Brača i Mljeta, da u prostornim planovima uređenja općina / gradova i detaljnijim urbanističkim planovima uređenja za pojedine turističke zone, nisu u potpunosti usklađeni planirani kapaciteti turističkih zona sa mogućnostima njihovog servisiranja od strane postojećih stanovnika, te da također, nisu planirane niti stambene zone za nove stanovnike koji omogućuju servisiranje tih turističkih zona. Metoda rada se zasniva na istraživanju dokumentacijskih izvora i usporednim analizama urbanističkih parametara: prostorno planskih dokumenata, -građevinskog područja naselja otoka i broja njihovih stanovnika, turističkih zona na otocima i broja njihovih djelatnika, i detaljne namjene površina i programa sadržaja primjera turističkih zona. Zaključci: Gustoća stanovanja u GPN na otocima je niža od 20 st/ha. U neizgrađenim dijelovima GPN sa niskom gustoćom stanovanja (do 100 st/ha) može se smjestiti dvostruko veći broj stanovnika od postojećeg broja stanovnika na otocima. Broj planiranih ležaja u TZ veći je od postojećeg broja stanovnika otoka. Broj potrebnih djelatnika za planirane TZ čini najmanje 20% (Mljet), a najviše 70% (Ugljan) postojećeg broja stanovnika otoka. Potrebnu površinu GPN namijenjenu smještaju djelatnika TZ moguće je smjestiti u neizgrađenim dijelovima GPN otoka, ali ona nisu planirana za tu namjenu iako zauzimaju površinu do 40% (Brač) neizgrađenog dijela GPN otoka. U Upu-ovima i Dpu- ovima TZ/TL nisu posebno planirani sadržaji i površine za smještaj djelatnika. U izgrađenim građevinskim područjima naselja ima rezerve za smještaj većeg broja potrebnih djelatnika. Unutar obuhvata TZ potrebno je omogućiti regulativom da se dio iste planira za smještaj privremenih (sezonskih) zaposlenika.