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Copyright of Journal of Islamic Architecture is the property of International Center for Islamic Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University (AKU) Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several studies have explained that easy access increases the number of tourist visits to conservation areas. Additionally, numerous tourists have been observed exhibiting ignorant behavior and causing environmental damage. However, exploration of studies suggesting the connection between accessibility and tourists' negligent behavior is still limited. research aims to prove the influence of easy access on tourist behavior by exploring This tourist typologies. Therefore, the perception of accessibility is included as one of the indicators that form the typology. The study was conducted in Komodo National Park, one of the most popular destinations in Indonesia, which has experienced high accessibility development. The research method employed tourism policy and factorcluster analysis to examine the tourist typology. Accessibility constructs and hedonic tourist motivation were used as the variables in the analysis. The total respondents were 534, and the data were analyzed using a non-hierarchical Kmeans cluster analysis. The result showed that three aspects were considered when managing accessibility in the protected areas. The aspects included destination, individual, and conservation accessibilities in the national park. Further, four tourist typologies were found in this research. Two new typologies, hedonistic adventure tourists and high-risk hedonistic tourists, indicated ignorant behavior. Two others, such as real ecotourists and nature-relaxing tourists, presented general nature-based tourist characteristics in the existing literature. The managerial implications of this research include providing practical insights for planners and destination managers to improve conservation awareness among remarkably ignorant tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping a tourist's travel frequency and behaviour over time (as outlined in the Tourism Experience Life Cycle (TELC)), may be as important as Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) as there is a 'need to understand the life cycle for a tourist' (Dodds, 2020, p. 219). This paper, using a quantitative approach of 980 Canadians, tests the validity of the TELC model to determine if sustainable travel behaviours increase the more a tourist travels. Two hypothesis are tested in this paper. First, the more trips taken by a traveller, the more sustainable their behaviur will be and second, the more a traveller revisits the same destination, the more sustainable their travel behaviour will be. Findings, supported through ANOVA and hierarchical multi-step regression, show that there is a relationship between the number of trips taken and sustainable behaviour. The greater the number of domestic and/or international trips that a leisure traveller takes, the more likely their behaviour while travelling will be more sustainable. On the other hand, findings also outline that the more frequently a visitor returns to the same destination, the less likely they will practice sustainable travel behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Touristic and agritouristic guesthouses in Romania own authentic resources that represent elements of maximum attraction, and Satul Banului Guesthouse is representative for promoting the authentic vernacular Romanian, Muntenia style in the touristic offer. The study aims to identify the rough guide criteria by which tourists select guesthouses and how much it is appreciated, according to multiple socio-demographic categories, the local national authenticity through services and other opportunities. The data were collected through an original questionnaire which includes 33 subjects, customers of Satul Banului Guesthouse, with the following demographic structure: 51.5% men and 48.5% women, ages between 31-50 years are predominant, and 66.7% of the respondents have university degrees. The results indicated that: the proximity to the home is not a significant indicator; tourists between 31-50 years choose a good quality/price offer; especially male tourists choose a guesthouse appreciating Romanian authenticity (56.67%); participation in outdoor activities is strongly segregated, and cultural tours is especially important for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological heritage is one of the oldest attractions that have played a significant role in the promotion of cultural/heritage tourism. Due to its particular demand, we can speak of a specific type of tourist focusing on archaeological areas: the concept of archaeotourist. This study aims to define the 'archaeotourist' as a specific type of tourist in cultural/heritage tourism, exploring the interplay between archaeological heritage, archaeological knowledge, expectations and experiences in archaeological destinations. An interview methodology was used to support our definitional approach, and the results will provide a new conceptual perspective and close a gap in the archaeotourism literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of access policies on the influx of ignorant behavior in conservation areas is still understudied. This research aims to detect this ignorant tourist behavior in the conservation areas by analyzing perceived accessibility and examining the tourist typologies. The study was conducted in Komodo National Park, one of the most popular destinations in Indonesia, which has experienced high accessibility development. The research method employed tourism policy and factor-cluster analysis to examine the tourist typology. Accessibility constructs and hedonic tourist motivation were used as the variables in the analysis. The total respondents were 534, and the data were analyzed using a non-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis. The result showed that three aspects were considered in managing the accessibility in the conservation areas. The aspects included destination, individual, and conservation accessibilities in the national park. Further, four tourist typologies were found in this research. Two new typologies, hedonistic adventure tourists and high-risk hedonistic tourists, indicated ignorant behavior. Two others, such as real ecotourists and nature-relaxing tourists, presented general nature-based tourist characteristics in the existing literature. The managerial implications of this research are providing practical insights for planners and destination managers to improve conservation awareness for remarkably ignorant tourists.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to assess the possibility of using narrative attributes applied in film and literary works for creating tourism products based on the attitudes and preferences of potential tourists with different levels of narrative. Design/methodology/approach: In the research procedure, desk research was used to define the attitudes and preferences of potential tourists, which were examined in terms of sensitivity to narrative related to the place. Then, an online survey (CAWI) was conducted among 200 respondents who were asked a sequence of questions about attitudes towards narratives related to the setting of the plot appearing in literary works. On this basis, potential tourists were divided into 3 groups: people with a low, medium and high level of sensitivity to narrative related to the place. In addition, they were asked to indicate their propensity to visit places related to film and literary works, and finally to determine the importance of various factors (pull factors) influencing the perception of the narrative. In the study, it was assumed that the tourist development of a given town can be intensified if a given place can be associated by potential tourists with a story that is described in a novel, film or series appearing in pop culture. Findings: The highest declarative inclination to visit a plot-related place is represented by people with a high level of sensitivity to narrative, which is in line with expectations. However, people with its low level more often decide to visit a described place. This may be due to their emotional insufficiency related to the narrative. Probably, when planning tourist trips, they want to become a "real" part of the plot. On the other hand, people with a high level of sensitivity are most emotionally attached to the narrative and, despite a higher declarative tendency towards visiting places related to the plot, they less often decide to actually travel. The lowest tendency to visit places related to the plot was declared by undecided people (with an average level of sensitivity to narrative) who, at the same time, constituted the largest group in the study. People responsible for film tourism should focus on this group. Places related to film and literary works in their home country are most often visited. Research limitations/implications: It is worth empirically verifying the possibility of developing film and literary tourism products based on fictional places related to fantasy films and series, not only such well-known and developed products as “Game of Thrones” or “Harry Potter”, but also other productions, because they are very popular and have a group of loyal fans. It is also worth using the criterion of sensitivity to narration as a moderator in future research. Practical implications: The group of people with an average level of sensitivity to narrative is the most attractive group for the authorities of territorial units due to their size. There are 4 narrative features that are worth considering to attract this group to the place: the attractive plot of the film, the experience/skills of the actors, the actors selected for the role and the actor's portrayal of the character, i.e. acting skills. In the promotional policy, it seems necessary to use the presence of actors and recreate the most attractive scenes from the film's plot in the design of promotional campaigns and the film tourism product itself. Originality/value: The article contains a list of attributes that can be used in a promotional campaign of a place related to a literary or film work. These attributes are perceived differently by various target groups divided according to the criterion of sensitivity to narration. The paper is addressed to the authorities of territorial units, both at national and local levels, and to people involved in the tourist development of a territorial unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to give an overview of tourism based on a literature review of this social phenomenon and the related special interests held by geographers. The main traditional ways that geographers contribute to the study of tourism cover each aspect of tourism and have several geographical implications, including concerning environmental issues, regional development, spatial studies, and historical processes. To understand tourism, we first need to understand what we mean by tourism, which is an important aspect of the topic of greater human mobility. But for a critical, statistical and qualitative understanding, clearer boundaries are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the tourism industry cannot be separated from its relationship with the experience of tourists who have been involved at an emotional, physical, intellectual, or even spiritual level. Halal tourism is unique and different because the tourist experience becomes bound by Islamic laws and regulations. This research is a literature review study that aims to map and reflect on the literature based on academic databases in the field of halal tourism and tourist experiences. Using a content analysis approach to 51 academic writings, this study illustrates the distribution of tourists and halal tourism, provides context in scientific disciplines and focuses on geographic coverage and an overview of the tourist experience based on typology. The results of the study indicate some areas that are still underexplored and recommend solutions to solve them.

Virtual tourism is rapidly emerging in prominence in contemporary tourism research. Previous studies tend to consider the virtual tourism population as a homogeneous entity, resulting in unintended consequences. Despite the ocular-centric nature within virtual environments, existing eye tracking studies have rarely classified virtual tourists into benefit-based segments, discounting the critical role of pre-existing visual patterns and associated attentional cues. Subsequently, this research constructs a theoretically rigorous and evidence-informed typology of virtual tourists, based on attention patterns discerned from eye tracking trajectory and associated visual cues, triangulated with interview data. Building on the theory of bottom-up and top-down attentional processing, four discrete virtual tourist typologies emerged in terms of visual completeness and visual cognition: visual passives , curious scanners , focused observers , and comprehensive engagers. The visual and cognitive characteristics among the groups were collated, revealing significant differences articulated between each of the virtual tourist typologies. This research not only advances knowledge through a renewed emphasis on typology-driven theorising within the virtual tourism population, but also offers practical insights into implementing an innovative and effective segmentation approach. Future research should consider comparing the theoretical and empirical specifications of the virtual tourist typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four hundred domestic and international tourists visiting Kerala, India were typologised using cluster and discriminant analysis into three clusters – 'Enthusiastic Travelers,' 'Information Seekers', and 'Planners' based on their pre-trip usage of social media. Association between the clusters and external variables were used to characterize the typologies. Findings indicate that domestic tourists and international tourists differ in their usage of social media. The domestic tourists use social media for gathering information and international tourists use social media for trip planning and online travel booking in addition to gathering information. Findings also indicate that gender does not influence the usage of social media in the pre-trip phase. This study expands the understanding of typologies in tourism and suggests directions to Destination Marketing Organizations and tourism service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In theoretical studies on the typology of tourists, various criteria for their identification can be found. A drawback of this approach is the lack of one common concept of tourist division, which would allow for comparing research results at various academic and marketing centers. There is a definition problem of tourism and the tourist themselves, the concepts often differing from each other, thus, there is no common ground on which the theories of the separation and division of tourists can be built. In the presented publication, a review of selected, varying tourist types have been conducted. Typologies of tourists are based on various criteria, ranging from sociological and psychological to demographic, geographic, economic, marketing and others often having an inter- disciplinary basis. First of all, attempts were made to show the diversity of typological concepts presented in the world. They are used in scientific research but only refer to a small group of respondents and it is difficult to compare the results with other results based on other divisions. In conclusion, a new, proprietary division has been proposed, which, it seems, could be used by various academic centers, allowing greater possibilities for the comparison of research results in the area of tourism. It is based on the awareness and subjective understanding of the phenomenon of tourism which is interpreted differently in many areas and environments.

The aim of this study is to identify the motives behind the natural tourism activity made by Community of Nature Lovers Wanadri. The output of this study can be a reference for stakeholders or managers of a natural tourist attraction to do segmentation taking into account the preferences of archipelagic tourists based on the community and the development of natural tourism trends. This research is a quantitative approach. Primary data was collected through surveys and questionnaires to 88 respondents who were active members of the Wanadri Nature Lovers Community who were distributed through groups on one of the community's social media. The collected data is then processed using frequency analysis techniques. The results of the study showed that the Nature Lovers Community of Wanadri had novelty/learning motivation in conducting natural tourism trips, where they enjoyed learning new things in the natural attractions they visited. And then they had a preference for the types of tourism activities visiting historic/cultural activities namely studying sites or relics in a natural tourist attraction both in terms of history or culture. Based on their typology they belong to the type of hard core nature tourist where they carry out natural tourism activities by positioning themselves as observers of the environment and nature preservation

As a component with high sensitivity, tourism is a sector of consequence, sensitive to the imbalances of the socio-economic metasystem that includes it. In the context of establishing the state of emergency on the Romanian territory as a result of the pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the activity of the economic operators was severely affected or even suspended. Considering the importance of tourism in the Romanian economy, the authors consider peremptory the joint effort of the decision makers in the field and those with significant incidence in its support, in order to limit the losses, to relaunch the activity and to avoid the longterm effects. This approach aims to identify the main characteristics of the hospitality industry, with the highlight of the specificities of the impact of the pandemic context depending on the typology of tourism and of the sufficiency and viability of the adopted measures. For this reason, in this study has been used qualitative research methods, resorting to inductive, deductive, comparative reasoning in studying the particularities of tourism, in evaluating decisions in the pandemic context, in notifying the created interdependencies and in the cause-effect analyzes. Differences in the amplitude of the impact according to the typology identified and the need to extend the facilities to compensate the difficulties induced to the tourism area have resulted from the research undertaken.

Conceptual and empirical typologies comprising the intersection of personal and social characteristics of tourists have similarities and differences with respect to image perception of a destination. This study examines characteristics that distinguish tourist typologies formed by the intersection of the all‐inclusive holiday experience and destination familiarity. Multiple correspondence analysis reveals differences in clusters in terms of attitudes and demographic factors influencing destination image of tourist typologies. This study aims to present patterns of tourist typologies' image perception for tourist typologies based on empirical data. Based on the findings of this study, practitioners of tourism may divert or channel their marketing efforts to well‐defined target segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Travel & Hospitality Management / Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi is the property of SIMEDYA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Community-based tourism (CBT) is about social justice, empowerment, equity of benefits, redistributive measures, ownership of tourism sector and holistic community development. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) and CBT by proposing a model depicting the various stages of TALC in relation to CBT, community participation and type of tourist. The research indicates, first, that the understandings of community participation and its relationship with CBT need to be more precise to show that CBT is in itself participatory. CBT can also be described as self-participatory: the community itself initiates and drives the development. Secondly, the findings indicate that tourism development at destinations go through stages during which CBT is gradually jeopardised and marginalised by outsiders and local elite. Tourism destination control, as a consequence of CBT, increases potential growth through external stakeholder support which is important. More research is required to investigate, understand and enhance the role of CBT in tourism destinations for the benefits of the local community and disadvantaged (poorest and socio-economically marginalised) – people in particular.

This study advances a multidisciplinary marketing profile of US motorcycle tourists. The research analyses theoretical motivation measures from leisure, psychological and sociological sciences and descriptive attributes of motorcycle tourists' travel preferences. Findings suggest that motorcycle tourists are motivated by their desire for personal escape, experiencing the flow state while riding, and transit routes congruent with their noninstitutionalised explorer selfimage. Tourism marketing managers are advised to promote services that fulfil motorcyclists' trip-related desires to escape their methodical routines and experience the flow state. Regional tourism organisations publicising transit routes that inspire an explorer imagery should attract more motorcycle tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-classification is used as an a priori approach to tourist typology and market segmentation. However, skepticism still surrounds its ability to incorporate the multidimensionality of tourist behavior. This study seeks to empirically verify the efficacy of a single-item self-classification approach. The robustness of this self-classification measure is examined by comparing it to a data-driven multidimensional psychographic approach in terms of its ability to predict the behaviors of tourists toward food-related destination consumption. Results suggest that the single-item self-classification approach performs equally well as the psychographic approach in segmenting food-related consumption behaviors. The implications and limitations of this study are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aims to improve the cultural tourist typology methodology that uses cultural centrality and depth of cultural experience in its framework. Using a sample of Chinese tourists in Macau (n = 595) collected via questionnaire surveys, the study confirmed the determination effect of cultural centrality on depth of cultural experience. Subsequently, the study demonstrated an improved approach that eliminates such a determination effect in typology identification. Compared to McKercher's ( ) approach, the improved typology presents a balanced segmentation of cultural tourists and distinguishes the segments more clearly in their sociodemographic characteristics. The improved typology generated more meaningful practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate tourist behaviors from the perspective of a quest for authenticity in gastronomical experiences. Relying on a review of relevant literature, the current study proposes a conceptual framework that focuses on how the quest for authenticity influences tourists' behaviors in regard to local food consumption. Specifically, the framework defines three tourist types based on the relationships between food consumption and authenticity in three different contexts. Consequently, this study identified authenticity seekers, moderates and comfort seekers in order to describe the expected tourist behaviors, followed by a section detailing the conclusion and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist-host social contact, as a unique type of social contact, is not getting sufficient attention in tourism academia considering its remarkable impacts on tourists' travel attitudes, behaviors and long-term perceptions. The objectives of the current study are to explore the dimensions of tourist-host social contact and to contribute to the theory of tourist typology according to their dynamic nature in tourist-host social interaction. Forty-five in-depth interviews were conducted to generate insightful information. The software of NVivo 10 was applied to examine and code the transcripts. As a result, six dimensions were adopted to describe tourist-host social contact, which are purposes, determinants, activities, intensity, impacts and attitudes. Five types of tourists were pinpointed and theoretical and practical contributions of the study were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shopping festivals are being promoted as tourism products thus attracting large number of tourists who are heterogeneous in their travel motives. Knowledge about tourists’ travel motives would enable destination marketers in meeting their needs. The purpose of this study is to understand the travel motives of tourists who visit the Dubai Shopping Festival and develop a tourist typology based on their motives. Principal component factor analysis was used to identify the motivating factors, following which a cluster analysis was done to classify the tourists into three segments, namely relaxers, multi-motivated seekers and shoppers. Further, Discriminant Analysis was used to identify factors which differentiated the clusters. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a typology of Chinese shopping tourists based on the Schwartz values. As a medium for investigating rich segmented markets, values emerge as an alternative variable for personality, lifestyle, and other demographic and socioeconomic segmentation variables. Convenience sampling is adopted in this study, and 511 usable responses in China are obtained. Results of the factor analysis reveal the following five dimensions of personal values among Chinese shopping tourists: self-enhancement, universalism, assurance, self-direction, and benevolence. The cluster analysis, which used the aforementioned five dimensions, identify the following clusters: uncertainty (Cluster 1), passion (Cluster 2), balance (Cluster 3), and conservation (Cluster 4). This study provides insights into the nature of personal value of Chinese shopping tourists by applying the Schwartz values, and identifies the shopping travel characteristics of Chinese shopping tourists. The results of this study are expected to assist destination marketing organizations in creating strategies to provide better shopping environments and services for tourists, and to achieve higher levels of tourist satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study is to empirically explore tourists’ destination choice processes. Destination choices are investigated using a combination of data on destinations and on tourists’ individual destination choices. Data were collected in Munich/Germany in 2013 using personal interviews; 622 interviews were completed. This approach allows detecting reasons for the rejection or selection of certain types of destinations during the destination choice process. Results show that tourists often start the destination choice process with various combinations of destination types but act similarly when choosing the final destination. The investigation of tourist and destination characteristics results in a tourist typology that varies in regard to similarity and type of alternative destinations at different stages of the destination choice process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is one of the biggest industries in the world and one of the economical sectors, which grows rapidly. The recognition that tourism is a leading contributor to a nation has led this industry to be increasingly developed and marketed. While this approach helps ingenerating employment as well as improving the local infrastructure, more often than not development is rushed, taking little or no consideration of the product's life cycle or the environment. This practice of unsustainable tourism eventually threatens the attractiveness of a tourist destination and strips the competitiveness of that destination. The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the types of tourist visiting Huangshan. A total of 384 useable questionnaires were obtained and subsequently analyzed. For types of tourists were identified (1) hard-core (2) dedicated (3) mainstream (4) casual. In studying the above, one will be able to understand the effort in rendering the preservation and sustainable development in China. In this study, the researcher investigates the tourist's perception of environment impact towards sustainability. Finally, this study draws conclusions that different types of tourist have different perceptions of sustainable tourism. Different types of tourists have different background and demands. So they have different perceptions and these different perceptions will influence their behaviors. It makes useful recommendations to governments, tourists, planners and stakeholders who are concerned to further improve the sustainability effort in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a starting point to the development of a future geotourism typology model through the adaptation of McKercher's (2002) cultural tourism typology model. This approach is tested by surveying visitors from Crystal Cave in Yanchep National Park, Western Australia. The results indicate a need to include some new elements and adapt some of the existing cultural tourism typologies to fit the geotourism context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to broaden understanding of cultural heritage tourists through an activity based a priori segmentation approach. Data were collected from a survey conducted with 1,938 tourists visiting cultural heritage sites and events in Arizona (USA). This study suggests that tourists visiting cultural heritage attractions can be divided into two groups: "true cultural heritage tourists" and "spurious cultural heritage tourists." Furthermore, true cultural tourists can be subgrouped into two types: "tangible heritage" and "intangible heritage" tourists. Similarly, spurious cultural heritage tourists are divided into three subgroups: "nature," "sport," and "business" tourists. These groups are compared in terms of demographics, importance of attractions, and motivations, and it is found that these typologies are distinct. The implications for cultural tourism attraction managers and marketers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the most basic but vital data on recreation and travel behavior at tourism destinations consists of the places people visit, their travel routes, and the amount of time spent at each location. Despite that travel patterns are a fundamental aspect of the tourism phenomenon, little attention has been given to spatial and temporal tourist behaviors. Furthermore, although tourist typologies have identified some differences in visitor behaviors, little is known of how these typologies are related to actual travel patterns. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine if people with different travel styles differ in their actual movement patterns by combining spatial movement data with non-spatial visitor characteristics. This study used GPS to track tourists’ use of an area and surveys to measure different activity styles based on a typology of ‘wanderers’ and ‘planners.’ The ‘wanderer-planner’ typology was validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Factor composite scores were used to separate participants into four groups: Traditional Wanderers, Traditional Planners, Ambivalent Travelers, and Planned Wanderers. GPS data were used to identify spatial and temporal travel patterns and distribution of visitors. Time spent on primary roads, secondary roads, and stopping locations were treated as dependent variables used to identify actual travel pattern differences between ‘wanderers’ and ‘planners.’ Results showed that there were no significant differences between any of the groups on these three variables. Findings revealed that travel style had no significant effect on actual travel patterns. Practical, theoretical, and methodical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examines tourists' behaviour in heritage sites in the Campania region using a multidimensional analysis. Four types of non-resident cultural visitors have been identified resulting from a clustering technique. The analysis has confirmed that the process of selecting cultural sites varies according to the characteristics of the visitor that are not only socio-demographic but related to previous tourist experiences as well. Focusing on two clusters - "familiar" and "niche" tourists - we propose a possible economic interpretation of different behaviours in the process of heritage consumption. The conclusions suggest that the accumulated knowledge and emotional involvement with the site as a part of a wider rather than local heritage are the key variables in tourist choices and that demand cannot be simply stimulated by supply measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolia: Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Anatolia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contributes to knowledge of tourist motivation and typologies in the context of golf tourism. A research framework is presented to aid the classification of golf tourists into distinct typologies based on their travel motivation. The methodology comprised both qualitative research based on semistructured interviews and quantitative research based on 392 self-completed questionnaires. A principal component factor analysis was used to identify five golf travel motivations. A cluster analysis was then conducted to classify golfers into three different clusters, namely, Golf-intensive Golfers, Multimotivated Golfers, and Companion Golfers. The golf clusters were then profiled, and the results revealed that golf tourists were not homogeneous in their travel motivations. Their profiles are theoretically and statistically feasible, and the hypotheses tested indicated that each cluster had both similarities and differences. The practical implications for golf tourism marketers are suggested, and future research recommendations related to the application of tourist typologies for segmentation are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This body of research developed over a number of individual but linked studies, predominantly carried out in the Bournemouth environs in the South Coast of England as well as on the islands of the Isle of Wight and Guernsey. The focus of these studies has been to examine the process, meaning and sought outcomes of the consumption process of individuals while on holiday. The relationship of non-everyday setting and increased desire for interpersonal and intrapersonal significance within holiday consumption experiences are shown to be pivotal in generating a perceived developmental event for the consumer away from the routine of everyday living. An explanation for this is considered within risk-based consumer models as well as within humanist developmental and post-modern identity/experience choice orientations. Within holiday consumption there was found to be a high proclivity to discover, learn and reflect on the developing self, and close social unit (as well as social interactions in general) while on holiday within a non-everyday cultural experience; with inherent alteration of consumer behaviour when in the holiday ‘state of mind’. The generally more affective, rather than cognitive, basis of tourist retail consumption is considered relating to the ‘risky’ nature of individual learning and socialisation processes and consumption behaviour within the limited risk environment of a holiday setting. In further considering risk-based models of adventure holiday consumption, the herein proposed Survival Theory of tourist consumption offers a more general beneficial human development role (individual and social) for most tourist interactions which contrasts with much tourist literature (and popular cultural beliefs) which assumes tourism to be a selfish, destructive or harmful process within the sphere of human behaviour. Differentially across the sample, a tentative typology of tourist consumers is also proposed, with some reference to potential life-stage association and applications to experiential-based marketing of holidays to various consumer groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines which travel risks are more salient for tourists' destination choice. An integrated travel-decision risk typology with survey data from 835 potential tourists is developed and tested. Specifically, this paper explores the interplay of risk types, tourist attributes and destination characteristics. It examines if travel risks linked to nature, health, terrorism, criminality, political instability are more salient for tourists' destination choice, and how risk perceptions influence tourists in the key stages of the decision-making process. Results offer an important baseline for future studies in the post-COVID-19 phase. First, the integrated travel-decision risk typology distinguishes between sociodemographic, psychological and travel-related factors. It shows that past travel experience shapes risk perceptions and impacts tourists' future destination choice. Second, the study reveals that natural hazards are not the key barrier in the early decision-making stage of the destination choice process. Third, tourist segments that are resilient to certain risks are identified. This paper concludes with implications for the tourism practice with recommendations on how to manage travel risk and decision-making behaviours in the post-COVID-19 phase. • The decision-maker, risk type and destination explain travel decision-making. • Some tourist segments are only resilient to certain risk types. • Risk adverse tourists are drawn to the familiarity of well-known destinations. • Risk resilient tourists are attracted by the novelty of less known destinations. • Past travel experience shapes risk perception and impacts future destination choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]