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This study applies grounded theory to explore path dependency in tourism poverty alleviation and constructs a model of the mechanisms of path dependency in tourism poverty alleviation in China. We find that path dependency mainly manifests at the levels of the government, tourism enterprises, and residents living in poverty, and it can be classified into cognitive path dependency; economic path dependency; institutional path dependency and technical path dependency. This study also finds that the formation of path dependency in tourism poverty alleviation is a long-term process. Different types of path dependency may have different effects on tourism poverty alleviation performance. In the face of non-optimal path dependency that may exert negative impacts, we recommend breaking through path dependency to achieve path creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study aimed to provide a guidance and theoretical support for the practice of rural revitalization by examining China’s tourism poverty alleviation experience. [Methods] Based on the theoretical framework of integrated rural tourism (IRT), this research analyzed the 90 Chinese cases in the World Tourism Alliance (WTA) best practice in poverty alleviation through tourism cases from 2018 to 2020 by the content analysis. NVivo11 pro was used for text processing and encoding of structured data. [Results] (1) We converted the IRT framework into a SQEI framework that is composed of speed, quality, extrinsic, and intrinsic dimensions, and established a tourism development model system of 4 categories and 10 subcategories; (2) Among the models of tourism poverty alleviation in China, the “extrinsic-quality” model of “enterprise + employment” accounted for the largest number and was the most widely distributed; (3) With regard to the spatial distribution of tourism poverty alleviation models, eastern China mainly adopted the “intrinsic-quality” model of “cooperative + employment”, central China mainly adopted the “extrinsic-speed” model of “village enterprise + industry”, and western China mainly adopted the “extrinsic-speed” model of “enterprise + industry”; (4) There were two paths for the evolution of tourism development models: the vertical evolution path, and the horizontal evolution path. The horizontal evolution path seeks to balanced development according to local conditions, while in the vertical path, the “cooperative + employment” model develops into the “enterprise + industry” model through the “village enterprise + industry” model in eastern China, or the “external enterprise + employment” model in western China. [Conclusion] (1) The SQEI poverty alleviation framework based on the IRT framework fits China’s situation better, and is a more suitable analytical framework for China’s tourism poverty alleviation experience; (2) Aiming to benefit the development of the poor population, the Chinese government mobilized various forces, and therefore China’s tourism poverty alleviation practice is characterized by government-led, external assistance, and high quality poverty alleviation; (3) In the evolution of tourism development models, the balanced development model of “enterprise + household + cooperative” is the ideal development model. In order to implement the rural revitalization strategy based on the effects of poverty alleviation, regions need to learn from their existing successful experience and use the advantages of tourism development to prevent poverty, be aware that the revitalization of a rural area should take into consideration its local conditions, and build a co-creation mechanism with multiple stakeholders in tourism development.

Understanding the hotspots and patterns of tourism poverty alleviation is of great significance to stakeholders. This study aims to comprehensively and scientifically understand the research hotspots, characteristics, trends, and future research directions in the field of tourism poverty alleviation, provide decision support for tourism stakeholders, improve the level of management and service quality of tourism, balance the distribution of tourism resources and interests, and promote high‐quality and sustainable development of tourism. First, we propose a dynamic nonnegative matrix factorization (DNMF) method to analyze the tourism poverty alleviation literature from 2012 to 2021, extract hot topics and topic words. Then, we propose a topic evaluation criteria to evaluate the effect of the extracted topics. Third, we propose a topic intensity model to calculate the intensity of hot topics that can track the evolution trend of hot topics in the past 10 years, and explore the future development trends of the tourism poverty alleviation. Finally, we put forward the countermeasures and suggestions for sustainable tourism poverty alleviation under the guidance of sustainable development theory. The experimental results show that DNMF has a good effect in topic extraction. The evolution process based on topic intensity reflects the evolution trend of China's tourism poverty alleviation. This study provides a theoretical foundations and technical support for the sustainable development of China's tourism poverty alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Eliminating poverty and exploiting natural resources are sustainable development goals for modern society, especially for developing countries or regions. To achieve these targets, development-oriented eco-tourism planning and design can empower rural areas with rich available natural resources to eventually achieve the aforementioned goals. Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT), an initiative proposed by the UK's Department for International Development in 1999, is regarded as an effective pathway that benefits, through tourism, the underprivileged population living in poor areas. For the purpose of attracting the participation and increasing the income of the poor population, we conducted research, in the present study, on possible models of development-oriented poverty reduction via ecotourism in forest zones. We then proposed several development paths for PPT industries in Lechang city, Guangdong province, southern China, by utilizing the literature review method and conceptual analyses and comprehensively adopting the PPT strategy. The results indicated that: 1) four stakeholders [(i.e., government departments, tourism enterprises, rural communities, and non-profit social organizations (NGOs)] are responsible for engaging the poor population, alleviating poverty, and protecting the environment in different ways. Specifically, government departments are expected to play a leading role in setting up platforms and supervising the situation, tourism can maximize its usage of various ecological resources rationally and sustainably, and the rural communities and NGOs are recommended to serve as an organic unit, working together to push forward certain PPT tasks and form practical development models. 2) In consideration of the availability of three featured types of ecological resources (i.e., natural forests, high mountain tea, and characteristic vegetables and fruits) in Lechang city, the present study put forward a compound development model of ecological tourism consisting of the above three featured agro-forestry resources.Furthermore, we proposed three possible pathways suitable for the industrial development of Lechang city; that is, (i) "leisure agriculture + characteristic forest fruit industry + e-commercial tourism industry," (ii) "understory leisure industry + understory economic industry + initial processing of forest products," and (iii) "forest eco-tourism + characteristic forest planting + natural ecological education." In conclusion, our study suggests that the rational utilization of the PPT strategy and the effective integration of government departments, tourism enterprises, rural communities, and NGOs could facilitate subsequent tasks. The study also emphasized that achieving the anticipated three goals (i.e., comprehensive development of economy, comprehensive development of poor communities, as well as poor population and ecological sustainability) might largely rely on the full consideration of benefits for the economy, society, and the environment during the process of development-oriented poverty reduction via eco-tourism by the four stakeholders.

The practice of tourism poverty alleviation in China has gone through the traditional tourism poverty alleviation stage and tourism targeted poverty alleviation stage and has now entered the post-poverty alleviation stage. The research regarding the corresponding stages of tourism poverty alleviation exhibits typical stage characteristics and differences in research content, research area, and research perspective. Clarifying the characteristics of different stages of tourism poverty alleviation research will aid in grasping the context of tourism poverty alleviation research as a whole and provide some theoretical reference for the trend of tourism poverty alleviation research in the post-poverty alleviation era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought hunger to millions of people around the world. Social distancing measures coupled with national lockdowns have reduced work opportunities and the overall household incomes. Moreover, the disruption in agricultural production and supply routes is expected to continue into 2021, which may leave millions without access to food. Coincidentally, those who suffer the most are poor people. As such, food security and tourism poverty alleviation are interlinked when discussing social problems and development. While the corporate interest in tourism poverty alleviation is as old as the industrial revolution, little research has been conducted to show how social innovation can be leveraged to reinforce food security and alleviate poverty. Thus, this case study examines the food industry in rural China to establish how it conducts social innovation in food production and distribution to facilitate social development and mitigate poverty.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought hunger to millions of people around the world. Social distancing measures coupled with national lockdowns have reduced work opportunities and the overall household incomes. Moreover, the disruption in agricultural production and supply routes is expected to continue into 2021, which may leave millions without access to food. Coincidentally, those who suffer the most are poor people. As such, food security and tourism poverty alleviation are interlinked when discussing social problems and development. While the corporate interest in tourism poverty alleviation is as old as the industrial revolution, little research has been conducted to show how social innovation can be leveraged to reinforce food security and alleviate poverty. Thus, this case study examines the food industry in rural China to establish how it conducts social innovation in food production and distribution to facilitate social development and mitigate poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a challenge leading to food insecurity in people's minds. This article discusses food governance as a psychological mechanism to facilitate the sense of wellness in people's minds in the context of tourism poverty alleviation. Mainly, we argue that, when a government is implementing tourism poverty alleviation, not only are economic efforts, but also positive psychological feelings are required. We, thus, argue that sound food governance may increase the sense of wellness in the minds of people as food consumers by increasing food safety and security. This perspective paper contributes by explicating the influences of macrolevel governance design of safer and more secure food systems on people's psychological wellness, especially against the background of tourism poverty alleviation in developing countries.

Poverty is a challenge leading to food insecurity in people's minds. This article discusses food governance as a psychological mechanism to facilitate the sense of wellness in people's minds in the context of tourism poverty alleviation. Mainly, we argue that, when a government is implementing tourism poverty alleviation, not only are economic efforts, but also positive psychological feelings are required. We, thus, argue that sound food governance may increase the sense of wellness in the minds of people as food consumers by increasing food safety and security. This perspective paper contributes by explicating the influences of macrolevel governance design of safer and more secure food systems on people's psychological wellness, especially against the background of tourism poverty alleviation in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local villagers are regarded as the main part of tourism development in the ethnic village, their participation in tourism poverty alleviation has a vital impact on sustainable tourism development and poverty reduction. Based on the planned behavior theory and capacity approach theory, we investigated the influence of tourism empowerment on ethnic village residents’ behavior participating in tourism poverty alleviation, especially focusing on the mediating effect of participation willingness and the moderating effect of participation ability. We took Zenlei Village in Sandu County of Guizhou Province in China as research subjects and analyzed 239 valid samples through the structural equation model and hierarchical regression. The results indicate that: (a) Tourism empowerment has a remarkable positive effect on participation behavior. (b) Participation willingness plays a partial mediating role between tourism empowerment and participation behavior. (c) Participation ability positively moderates the positive relationships between tourism economic empowerment, tourism psychological empowerment, and participation willingness. That is, the positive relationships between tourism economic empowerment, tourism psychological empowerment, and participation willingness would be stronger when villagers have higher participation ability. Whereas, participation ability has not yet played a moderating role between tourism social empowerment, tourism political empowerment, and participation willingness.

Local villagers are regarded as the main part of tourism development in the ethnic village, their participation in tourism poverty alleviation has a vital impact on sustainable tourism development and poverty reduction. Based on the planned behavior theory and capacity approach theory, we investigated the influence of tourism empowerment on ethnic village residents' behavior participating in tourism poverty alleviation, especially focusing on the mediating effect of participation willingness and the moderating effect of participation ability. We took Zenlei Village in Sandu County of Guizhou Province in China as research subjects and analyzed 239 valid samples through the structural equation model and hierarchical regression. The results indicate that: (a) Tourism empowerment has a remarkable positive effect on participation behavior. (b) Participation willingness plays a partial mediating role between tourism empowerment and participation behavior. (c) Participation ability positively moderates the positive relationships between tourism economic empowerment, tourism psychological empowerment, and participation willingness. That is, the positive relationships between tourism economic empowerment, tourism psychological empowerment, and participation willingness would be stronger when villagers have higher participation ability. Whereas, participation ability has not yet played a moderating role between tourism social empowerment, tourism political empowerment, and participation willingness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Keywords: social innovation; food security; tourism poverty alleviation; China; food safety EN social innovation food security tourism poverty alleviation China food safety 1 1 1 06/15/21 20210610 NES 210610 There is an error in the Funding statement. Social innovation, food security, tourism poverty alleviation, China, food safety. [Extracted from the article]