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Regular physical activity is an important health promoting behavior. Yet, many adults live sedentary lifestyles, especially during their workday. The current study applies an extended theory of planned behavior model, incorporating affective attitudes and instrumental attitudes, along with habit, to predict limiting sedentary behavior and physical activity within an office environment. Theory of planned behavior constructs and habit were assessed with an online survey on a sample of 180 full-time office workers, with self-reported behavior assessed 1 week later (Mage = 25.97, SDage = 10.24; 44 males, 134 females, and 2 nonbinary). Model fit was indicated by BRMSEA (M = 0.057, SD = 0.023), B γ^ (M = 0.984, SD = 0.010) and BCFI (M = 0.959, SD = 0.026), accounting for 46.1% of variance in intention, 21.6% of variance in sedentary behavior, and 17.4% of variance in physical activity behavior. A Bayesian structural equation model revealed direct effects of instrumental attitudes and perceived behavioral control on intention to limit sedentary behavior, direct effects of intention and perceived behavioral control on limiting sedentary behavior, and direct effects of perceived behavioral control and habit on engaging in physical activity. The current study indicates intentions to be active in the office are primarily driven by beliefs about the benefits of activity and individuals' perceived level of control, rather than normative or affective beliefs. As behavior was predicted by both intention and habit, findings also indicate office-based activity is likely not always a consciously driven decision. These findings may have implications for improving activity levels in this highly sedentary population. peerReviewed

Objective The aim of the current study was to test whether behavioural automaticity and intention mediated the effects of past behaviour on a particular type of vigorous physical exercise: bootcamp attendance. Methods A community sample (N = 69) who had previously attended a bootcamp class was recruited from Queensland, Australia. Participants were asked to complete measures of their previous bootcamp attendance, behavioural automaticity, and intention to attend bootcamps (Time 1). One month later (Time 2), participants were asked to report their bootcamp attendance and behavioural automaticity in the previous month. Data were fitted to a Partial Least Squares-SEM model. Results Past behaviour predicted both intention and behavioural automaticity. However, while behavioural automaticity significantly predicted prospectively measured behaviour and mediated the past-future behaviour relationship, there was no significant relationship between intention and bootcamp attendance. Past behaviour still predicted future behaviour beyond both behavioural automaticity and intention. Conclusions Current results support dual process and habit theory in that behavioural automaticity accounts for a portion of the residual effect of past behaviour on future behaviour which is not accounted for by intentional processes. The lack of significant effect by intention may also support these theories, as bootcamp classes likely occur in a stable context (e.g., at a prescribed time and in a regular location), encouraging habitual responding over considered decision-making. peerReviewed

Objective: We applied an integrated social cognition model to predict physical distancing behavior, a key COVID-19 preventive behavior, over a four-month period. Design: A three-wave longitudinal survey design. Methods: Australian and US residents (N = 601) completed self-report measures of social cognition constructs (attitude, subjective norm, moral norm, perceived behavioral control [PBC]), intention, habit, and physical distancing behavior on an initial occasion (T1) and on two further occasions one week (T2) and four months (T3) later. Results: A structural equation model revealed that subjective norm, moral norm, and PBC, were consistent predictors of physical distancing intention on all three occasions. Intention and habit at T1 and T2 predicted physical distancing behavior at T2 and T3, respectively. Intention at T2 mediated effects of subjective norm, moral norm, and PBC at T2 on physical distancing behavior at T3, and habit at T1 and T2 mediated effects of behavior at T1 and T2 on follow-up behavior at T2 and T3, respectively. Conclusion: Normative (subjective and moral norms) and capacity (PBC) constructs were consistent predictors of physical distancing intention, and intention and habit were consistent predictors of physical distancing behavior. Interventions promoting physical distancing should target change in normative and personal capacity beliefs, and habit. peerReviewed

This study examined the quality and fluctuation of daily moods as well as health routines and means of recovery from work strain among employees (n = 38) working nonstandard, often unpredictable schedules in the retail and services sector in Finland. Data were collected via a background questionnaire and a one-week mobile diary. The results indicated that the daily moods of employees were relatively positive but varied greatly from day to day. Hectic working days, unpredictable changes in work schedules, and compounded responsibilities at home and work were reported as causes of daily strain stemming from work. In contrast, more sleep and exercise were positively associated with daily mood and, therefore, are likely to enhance recovery from work related strain. Additional activities employees reported as useful in recovering from work strain included low-effort leisure activities along with social activities with family and friends, as well as mastery experiences stemming from successful work experiences. peerReviewed

We tested a dual process model incorporating constructs that reflect both performing the target behaviour (behaviour directed habit) and habits that run counter to the target behaviour (opposing behaviour habit) in accounting for variance in two health behaviours: eating the recommended serves of fruits and vegetables a day and restricting sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. A prospective correlational design with two waves of data collection separated by one week was adopted. Participants (N = 606) comprising middle school students (n = 266) and university students (n = 340) completed an initial survey comprising self-report measures of past behaviour, intention, and habit to perform the target behaviour and habits that run counter to the target behaviour. One week later, participants (N = 414) completed a self-reported measure of behaviour. Results revealed that behaviour directed habits predicted fruit and vegetable consumption in both samples, while opposing behaviour habits predicted restriction of sugar-sweetened beverages in the middle-school sample only, with a moderating effect also observed. Current findings indicate that habits specifying avoidance of the target behaviour did not predict future behaviour. However, the moderating effect observed provides preliminary evidence that strong habits to perform a behaviour may override habit to avoid the behaviour.

Background Social distancing is a key behavior to minimize COVID-19 infections. Identification of potentially modifiable determinants of social distancing behavior may provide essential evidence to inform social distancing behavioral interventions. Purpose The current study applied an integrated social cognition model to identify the determinants of social distancing behavior, and the processes involved, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In a prospective correlational survey study, samples of Australian (N = 365) and U.S. (N = 440) residents completed online self-report measures of social cognition constructs (attitude, subjective norm, moral norm, anticipated regret, and perceived behavioral control [PBC]), intention, action planning, habit, and past behavior with respect to social distancing behavior at an initial occasion. Follow-up measures of habit and social distancing behavior were taken 1 week later. Results Structural equation models indicated that subjective norm, moral norm, and PBC were consistent predictors of intention in both samples. Intention, action planning, and habit at follow-up were consistent predictors of social distancing behavior in both samples. Action planning did not have consistent effects mediating or moderating the intention–behavior relationship. Inclusion of past behavior in the model attenuated effects among constructs, although the effects of the determinants of intention and behavior remained. Conclusions Current findings highlight the importance of subjective norm, moral obligation, and PBC as determinants of social distancing intention and intention and habit as behavioral determinants. Future research on long-range predictors of social distancing behavior and reciprocal effects in the integrated model is warranted., Subjective and moral norms and perceived control were correlates of social distancing intentions, and intentions, action planning, and habit were correlates of social distancing behavior, in samples of Australian and US residents

&lsquo, Shelter in place&rsquo, and &lsquo, lockdown&rsquo, orders implemented to minimize the spread of COVID-19 have reduced opportunities to be physically active. For many, the home environment emerged as the only viable option to participate in physical activity. Previous research suggests that availability of exercise equipment functions as a determinant of home-based physical activity participation among the general adult population. The purpose of this study was to use a socioecological framework to investigate how the availability of exercise equipment at home predicts behavioral decisions, namely, intention, planning, and habits with respect to participation in physical activity. Participants (n = 429) were adults recruited in U.S. states subject to lockdown orders during the pandemic who completed measures online. A structural equation model indicated that availability of cardiovascular and strength training equipment predicted physical activity planning. Social cognition constructs mediated the relationship between each type of exercise equipment and intentions. Autonomous motivation and perceived behavioral control were found to mediate the relationship between each type of exercise equipment and habit. The availability of large cardiovascular and strength training equipment demonstrated significant predictive effects with intention, planning, habit, and autonomous motivation. Facilitating these constructs for home-based physical activity interventions could be efficacious for promoting physical activity.

Using a dual-process framework, the aim of this research was to investigate the associations between reflective and impulsive processes and saving behavior. Self-control and saving habit were tested as additional factors that potentially moderate the relationship between constructs representing reflective and impulsive processes and behavior, or exert indirect effects on behavior through these systems. A community sample of 594 participants completed measures of saving intention, buying impulsiveness, trait self-control, saving automaticity, and propensity to save money. A well-fitting variance-based structural equation model, goodness-of-fit index = 0.338, average path coefficient = .119, p < .001, accounted for statistically significant amounts of variance in the key dependent variables: intention to save, R² = .364, buying impulsiveness, R² = .232, and saving behavior, R² = .173. Self-control and saving habit were indirectly related to saving behavior through intention, and buying impulsiveness was directly related to behavior when saving habits were low. Findings indicate strong saving habits may help to protect against impulsive spending and offer several targets for interventions aimed at improving saving behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

In their commentaries on Hagger (2019), Gardner, Rebar, and Lally (2019) and Phillips (2019) provide welcome debate on the conceptualization and operation of habits in physical activity. In this response, I extend their comments by (i) calling for a redefining of habits to encompass contemporary views of habit, and (ii) suggesting that descriptions of physical activity habits should make reference to their relations with other implicit constructs that reflect automatic processes. Specifically, I contend that extant definitions of habits for complex behaviors like physical activity should move away from definitions of unitary responses to specific cues or contexts, and, focus on ‘macro’ expressions of the behavior that comprise multiple sub-actions, which can each be controlled by habitual or deliberative processing. It may also be useful for definitions to make the distinction between habitual instigation and execution, affording greater precision in descriptions of the processes that generate habitual behaviors. Finally, physical activity habits as cue-action relations are unlikely to be enacted in the absence of activation of other implicit processes, consistent with behavioral schema. Recognizing this, I contend that descriptions of habit should accommodate these links, and that they may be useful in elaborating on the processes by which habits determine subsequent physical activity behavior. peerReviewed

Tiivistelmä Perheessä erityisesti äidillä on suuri merkitys pienten lasten suun terveyteen liittyvän käyttäytymisen kehittymisessä. Suun terveys sekä yleisterveys ovat yhteydessä toisiinsa ja onkin luontevaa, että neuvolassa puhutaan myös suun terveydestä. Kyselytutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa odottavien ja alle kolmivuotiaiden lasten äitien tietämystä, asenteita sekä tottumuksia koskien lasten suun terveyttä ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Äidit (N = 144) vastasivat kyselyyn vapaaehtoisesti ja anonyymisti neuvolakäynnin yhteydessä. Vastauksia tarkasteltiin frekvenssijakaumina ja ryhmien välisten erojen merkitsevyyttä testattiin khiin neliötestillä ja Fisherin tarkalla testillä. Äidit tiesivät sokerin käytön lisäävän hampaiden reikiintymistä (98 %) sekä fluorin (98 %) ja ksylitolin (98 %) reikiintymistä ehkäisevän vaikutuksen, mutta ientulehduksen etiologia oli heille tuntematon (10 %). Tupakoivien äitien suuhygieniatottumukset olivat huonommat ja he kokivat suun terveytensä heikommaksi verrattuna ei-tupakoiviin äiteihin (p < 0,05). Pienten lasten äidit tarvitsevat lisää tietoa suun terveyteen liittyvistä tekijöistä. Äitejä tulee opastaa ja tukea moniammatillisesti oikeaan suun terveyskäyttäytymiseen ja motivoida tupakoinnin lopettamiseen.

Introduction Children under five years are most at risk of experiencing fatal and nonfatal drowning. The highest proportion of drowning incidents occur in private swimming pools. Lapses in adult supervision and failures in pool barriers are leading contributory factors for pool drowning in this age group. Methods We investigated the role of the theory of planned behavior social cognitions (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) as well as perceived barriers, planning, role construction, and anticipated regret on parents’ and carers’ intentions and habits toward two pool safety behaviors: restricting access and supervising children around private swimming pools. The study adopted a cross-sectional correlational design. Participants (N = 509) comprised Australian parents or caregivers with children aged under five years and access to a swimming pool at their residence. Participants completed a battery of self-report measures of social cognitive variables with respect to the swimming pool safety behaviors for their children. Results Path analytic models controlling for past behavior indicated that subjective norm, planning, anticipated regret, and role construction were important predictors of habit, and subjective norm was a consistent predictor of intentions, for both behaviors. Planning predicted intentions in the restricting access sample, while attitudes, barriers, and role construction also predicted intentions in the supervising sample. Both models controlled for past behavior. Conclusion Current findings indicate the importance of psychological factors for restricting access and supervising behaviors, with normative factors prominent for both reasoned (intentions) and non-conscious (habits) behavioral antecedents. It seems factors guiding restricting access, which likely require regular enactment of routine behaviors (e.g., ensuring gate is not propped open, pool fence meets standards), may be governed by more habitual than intentional processes. peerReviewed

Aims: This study explored behavioral health risk factors among healthcare professionals and investigated the at-risk persons’ satisfaction with their health habits and ongoing change attempts. Methods: The study was based on a cross-sectional web-based survey directed at the nurses and physicians ( N = 1233) in Finnish healthcare. Obesity, low physical activity, smoking, and risky alcohol drinking were used as behavioral health risk factors. Results: In all, 70% of the participants had at least one behavioral risk factor, and a significant number of at-risk persons were satisfied with their health habits and had no ongoing change process. Good self-rated health and good self-rated work ability were significantly associated with whether a participant had a behavioral health risk factor. Conclusion: Overall, unhealthy behaviors and a lack of ongoing change attempts were commonly observed among healthcare professionals. Work in healthcare is demanding, and healthy lifestyles can support coping. Thus, healthy lifestyle programs should also be targeted to healthcare professionals.

Food consumption and food choices are a vital part of humans’ lifestyles. In addition, it is widely acknowledged that food is one of the key consumption contexts for environmental and social impacts around the world. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the discussion on promoting sustainable food consumption. More specifically, this study provides insights into the promotion of sustainably produced food to consumers as well as into the value orientations linked with sustainable food consumption. This dissertation contributes to the existing literature on sustainable food consumption by showing that such consumption may be motivated by a plethora of value orientations – and their combinations – and that it is not only pro-environmental or green consumption. The first aim of this study is to understand and describe what the values associated with sustainably produced food are. The second aim is to provide information on consumers’ perceptions of the importance of the different dimensions of corporate responsibility (CR) in the Finnish food sector and what food chain CR dimensions consumers want to be informed about. Finally, the third aim is to provide insight into consumers’ perceptions of the communication channels used to promote sustainably produced food to consumers. In order to accomplish these aims, a mixed-methods research approach is used. The main result of this study suggests that different value orientations are not necessarily mutually exclusive when considering sustainable consumption. In addition, this research shows that sustainable food consumption decisions are very much guided by habits and convenience, and motivated by a plethora of value orientations and their combinations. Consumers, furthermore, are interested in sustainability and the different dimensions of food chain CR, and they want clear, reliable and conveniently available information about these issues. The study also offers insight on which communication channels could be effective when communicating about the responsibility and sustainability of the food chain to consumers. In addition to yielding new information about the barriers and motivational factors regarding sustainable food consumption as well as the values associated with sustainably produced food, the research results can help to plan more effective promotion of sustainably produced food in the future.

Using a dual-process framework, the aim of this research was to investigate the associations between reflective and impulsive processes and saving behavior. Self-control and saving habit were tested as additional factors that potentially moderate the relationship between constructs representing reflective and impulsive processes and behavior, or exert indirect effects on behavior through these systems. A community sample of 594 participants completed measures of saving intention, buying impulsiveness, trait self-control, saving automaticity, and propensity to save money. A well-fitting variance-based structural equation model, goodness-of-fit index = 0.338, average path coefficient = .119, p < .001, accounted for statistically significant amounts of variance in the key dependent variables: intention to save, R² = .364, buying impulsiveness, R² = .232, and saving behavior, R² = .173. Self-control and saving habit were indirectly related to saving behavior through intention, and buying impulsiveness was directly related to behavior when saving habits were low. Findings indicate strong saving habits may help to protect against impulsive spending and offer several targets for interventions aimed at improving saving behavior. peerReviewed

TIIVISTELMÄ Miettinen, L. (2017). Tupakointitottumusten jatkuvuus ja muutokset aikuisuudesta keski-ikään sekä niiden yhteys elämäntapahtumiin. Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta. Jyväskylän yliopisto, Gerontologian ja kansanterveyden pro gradu -tutkielma. 39s. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää onko tupakointitottumuksilla jatkuvuutta var-haisaikuisuudesta keski-ikään. Lisäksi selvitettiin elämäntapahtumien yhteyttä tupakointiin ja tupakoinnin muutoksiin. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytettiin JYLS (The Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development) -pitkittäistutkimuksen aineistosta tutkittavilta 27, 36, 50 vuoden ikäisenä kerättyjä tietoja (N = 369-271). Tupakointitiedot oli koottu tutkitta-vilta postikyselyllä ja niitä oli täydennetty haastattelun yhteydessä. Elämäntapahtumia koskevat tiedot oli kerätty Elämänhistorian kalenterin avulla haastattelun yhteydessä tutkittavien ollessa 42 ja 50 vuoden ikäisiä. Analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin ristiintaulukointia. tupakoinnin muu-tosten merkitsevyyden testaamiseen käytettiin kahden riippuvan otoksen McNemarin testiä. Tupakoinnin ja elämäntapahtumien keskinäisten yhteyksien merkitsevyyttä testattiin Pearsonin χ²- testillä. Tupakointitottumusten havaittiin pysyvän samanlaisina varhaisaikuisuudesta keski-ikään lähes neljällä viidesosalla tutkituista. Tupakoinnissa oli myös tilastollisesti merkitseviä muutoksia 23 vuoden seurannan aikana. Noin joka viidennellä tupakointi väheni. Tupakoinnin 42–50 ikävuoden välillä lopettaneiden määrä oli lähes kolminkertainen samalla aikavälillä tu-pakoinnin aloittaneiden määrään verrattuna. Elämäntapahtumista ainoastaan parisuhteesta eroamisen havaittiin olevan yhteydessä tupakointiin. Ensimmäinen koettu ero oli yhteydessä sekä miesten runsaampaan tupakointiin että tupakoinnin lisääntymiseen 27–36 ikävuoden vä-lillä. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella elämäntapahtumilla ei näyttäisi olevan yhteyttä varhaisaikui-suuden ja keski-iän välillä tapahtuviin pysyviin tupakoinnin muutoksiin. Avainsanat: tupakointi, jatkuvuus, elämäntapahtumat ABSTRACT Miettinen, L. (2017). Continuity and changes in smoking habits from early adulthood to middle-age and connection between smoking and life events. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Gerontology and Public Health, Master’s thesis pp 39. Smoking is one of the biggest public health problems and major cause of many diseases. It also causes millions of premature deaths worldwide every year. Aim of this study was to examine if there is continuity in smoking habits from early adulthood to middle-age. In addition I ana-lyzed if there is association between life events and smoking habits or changes in them. Partic-ipants were drawn from an ongoing JYLS study when the participants were 27, 36, 42 and 50 years old (N=369–271). Data on smoking were collected with mailed Life Situation Question-naire when participants were 27- 50 years old and completed with interview. Data on life events were collected with Life History calendar at ages 42 and 50. Data were analysed with cross-tabulations, significance of changes in smoking was tested with two independent samples McNemar test and significance of connections between smoking and life events was tested with Pearson χ² test. Smoking habits remained stable among 80% of the participants but there were also some significant changes during a 23 year follow-up. A little more than 17% of the participants quitted smoking during follow-up. Marital separation was connected to smoking status and increased smoking of men between 27–36 years age. Smoking habits are embraced in adolescence and early adulthood, smoking initiation in adult-hood is rare. Life events do not seem to have association with permanent changes in smoking habits between early adulthood and middle-age. Key words: smoking, continuity, life events

Purpose By definition, interlibrary lending is a process involving two libraries. The digital revolution changed the method by which the scientific documents were disseminated during the past couple of decades. Nowadays, researchers can exploit several software applications that enable them to upload, save and deliver their documents from one peer to another without the need for a middle man. This paper reviews this change via a study conducted in two Finnish academic universities. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which researchers have adopted these new possibilities for document dissemination and how this change will affect the role of the libraries in document delivery in the future. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a survey conducted with the academic professors in two Finnish universities. The results were analyzed descriptively. Findings Academics mainly used digital resources when acquiring documents; library interlending (ILL) was the least widely used means. The majority of the academics usually transmitted their own documents to other persons by e-mail. Research limitations/implications This paper is based on data from two Finnish universities. Practical implications Libraries should be better aware of current peer-to-peer document delivery practices and evaluate how this will impact on their interlibrary loan services. Social implications Libraries should be more active in document delivery implemented through the various internet applications for academic document dissemination. Originality/value Peer-to-peer document exchange is an inadequately investigated topic, especially from a library perspective.

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan yhden neljännen luokan unitottumuksia ja oppimismotivaatiota koulussa. Lisäksi tutkitaan, onko nukkumistottumuksilla merkitystä oppilaiden motivaatioon. Tarkastelun taustalla on aikaisempaa tutkimustietoa unitottumuksista ja unen vaikutuksesta oppimismotivaatioon. Motivaatiota tarkastellaan erityisesti Decin ja Ryanin (1985, 1991, 2000) sisäiseen motivaatioon perustuvan itsemääräämisteorian pohjalta. Suomalaislapset nukkuvat keskimäärin liian vähän, ja sen seurauksia oppimismotivaatioon ei ole Suomessa vielä tutkittu. Motivaatio on kuitenkin merkittävä osa oppimista ja vaikuttaa vahvasti koulumenestykseen. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisesti päiväkirjamenetelmällä. Tutkittavat oppilaat arvioivat viikon ajan edellisen yön unensa määrää, laatua ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä, sekä omaa oppimismotivaatiotaan koulussa. Tulokset analysoitiin osittain laadullisin ja määrällisin menetelmin. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että luokan oppilaat nukkuivat keskimäärin 9-10 tuntia yössä, ja heidän oppimismotivaationsa oli hyvä. Oppilaiden motivaatio oli heikompi koulupäivien viimeisillä, kuin ensimmäisillä oppitunneilla. Vireystila, mieliala ja motivaatio olivat korkeimmillaan perjantaina, jota edeltävän yön uni oli riittävää ja laadukasta. Aineistosta erottui myös hyvin ja huonosti nukkuvia oppilaita, joista kahta tarkasteltiin lähemmin. Oppilas, joka nukkui unisuositusten mukaisesti, oli motivoituneempi koulutyöskentelyyn, kuin liian vähän unta saanut oppilas. Tulosten perusteella pääteltiin, että hyvillä unitottumuksilla oli positiivinen merkitys oppimismotivaatioon.