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Phytopythium genusu önceleri Pythium cinsi altında yer alan, taksonomik çalışmaların devam etmesiyle birlikte Pythium genusundan ayrılan, günümüzde ise Pythium genusuna göre daha farklı özellikleri ortaya konmuş ve daha yeni anlaşılmaya başlamış toprak kaynaklı bir patojen grubudur. Phytopythium cinsi içinde yer alan toprak kaynaklı organizmalar Phytophthora ve Pythium türleri ile yakından ilişkili, benzer morfolojik yapı ve biyolojiye sahip organizmalardır. Phytopythium genusunda yaklaşık olarak 20 tür bulunmakta ve çoğu tür konukçu bitkilerde saprofitik olarak yaşamını devam ettirmektedir. Patojen olan türler ise konukçu bitkiler için oldukça tehlikeli ve potansiyel tehdit oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu türler içinde özellikle Phytopythium vexans dikkat çekmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde Pp. vexans’ın kültür bitkilerinin yanı sıra odunsu bitkilerde ve süs bitkilerinde de ciddi zararlar meydana getirdiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Phytopythium genusunun genel özelliklerini tanıtabilmek, Phytophthora ve Pythium genusundan farklılaşan ve benzeşen özelliklerini ortaya koyabilmek, özellikle bitkilerde patojenik tür olan ve Türkiyede de son yıllarda çeşitli bitkilerde patojen olduğu saptanan ve önemi vurgulanan Pp. vexans hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi vermektir. Bu derlemede Phytopythium genusu hakkında genel bilgilendirmenin yanı sıra Pp. vexans’ın morfolojik özellikleri, konukçu bitkilerde meydana getirdiği hastalık belirtileri, tanılanmasında kullanılan yöntemler, dünyada ve Türkiye’de yürütülen çalışmalar ve savaşımına yönelik stratejilere yer verilecektir. Böylece toprak kaynaklı olan bu patojen grubunun tarımsal üretimde meydana getirdiği potansiyel tehdit hakkında fikir sahibi olunacaktır.

In this study, it is aimed to reveal the soil and land use of Sarıgöl district of Manisa province (Türkiye) with the help of Geographical Information Systems tools. For this purpose, General Directorate of Soil Water data were digitized and areal and proportional distribution maps and statistical data were obtained by means of ArcMap 10.3 software. The surface area of the study area is 431.525 km2 and it is located at the intersection of 4 provinces in the Aegean Region. While the slope value is between 0-2 % in 21.58% of the total land area of the district, whose elevation varies between 170 and 1338 meters, low slope lands are generally located in Sarıgöl and Afşar plains and intensive agriculture is carried out in these areas. The soil groups of the district are calcareous brown forest soils (202.2 km2), alluvial soils (102.2 km2), calcareous brown soils (96.8 km2), kolluvial (19.5 km2) and rendzinal (7 km2). Erosion occurring at severe and very severe levels is observed in 281.81 km2 area, which shows that 65% of the land in the study area is at risk of losing its soil resources. As a matter of fact, the soil depth is less than 50 cm in 282.796 km2 of the total land area. Concave slopes, where the erosion effect occurs more slowly than other slope types, are observed in 200.788 km2 (46%), flat areas 154.142 km2 and convex slopes 76.595 km2. Agriculture is practised in 48% of the total land area of the district. When we look at the other usage areas, forest occupies 29%, heathland 18%, pasture 3%, settlement areas and river floodplains 2%. Class I, II, III and IV lands of the district have a 35% share with 147.076 km2, while class V, VI, VII, and VIII lands correspond to 65% of the land area with an area of 278.398 km2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat & Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Turkiye Yazarlar Birligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, natural (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) and artificial (137Cs) radionuclide activity concentrations were determined seasonally in soil and sediment samples from the extension of the Tunca River in Edirne province of Turkey. Samples were analyzed using a gamma spectrometer system with a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe). The average 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs activity concentrations for soil samples were found to be 39.94±0.95 Bq/kg, 55.42±1.02 Bq/kg, 688.21±8.12 Bq/kg and 7.67±0.44 Bq/kg, respectively. The average 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs activity concentrations for sediment samples were determined as 40.32±1.39 Bq/kg, 46.90±1.11 Bq/kg, 651.43±7.95 Bq/kg and 7.92±0.41 Bq/kg, respectively. In order to determine the radiological effect; radium equivalent activity, terrestrial absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent and external hazard index were calculated. The average radium equivalent activity, terrestrial absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent and external hazard index for soil samples were calculated as 172.19 Bq/kg, 80.86 nGy/h, 99.16 µSv/y and 0.47, respectively. The average radium equivalent activity, terrestrial absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent and external hazard index for sediment samples were determined as 157.55 Bq/kg, 74.36 nGy/h, 91.19 µSv/y and 0.43, respectively. The obtained values were evaluated in terms of world averages and recommended values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that land connects a person to life and that the place a person will go to when life ends is that the concept of land should have discussed on a sociological axis. Land is also an important symbol in residential, neighborhood, city, and state boundaries. In some regions, when owning land is considered within a certain power axis, it can be stated that land is the only concept that integrates with political, economic, cultural, religious and sociological images. Individuals in society participate in social life on the axis of their relationship with the land on the axis of their relationship according to the bond they with the land. With digitalization, a person’s relationship with the land in social life has also changed. Death manifests itself social life with the disappearance of a person’s body and the burial of the body in the ground. However, digital immortality excludes a death approach based on burying one’s body in the ground and emphasizes the continuation of one’s physical existence in the virtual environment. For this reason, digital immortality tries to position itself within the framework of a landless life by cutting of the meaningful relationship between soil and death. As a matter of fact, in digital immortality studies, in case of physical death of a person, the person can continue person’s life on digital platforms. In this study, the relationship between digitalization and land has been tried to be analyzed in term of the concept of digital immortality. In this study, it is emphasized that society is intended to be integrated into a landless life with digital immortality studies and that this approach may have negative consequences in social life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Natural Hazards & Environment (JNHE) / Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi (DACD) is the property of Artvin Coruh University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beneficial bacteria are used as plant growth promoters in agriculture. The off-target effects of herbicides on beneficial bacteria are needed to be investigated. This study was carried out to determine the positive or negative effects of active compounds of herbicides on the reproduction of beneficial bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida. The herbicides used in this study contained active compounds such as Fluazifop-p-buthyl, Pendimethalin and Metribuzin. Effects of the active compounds were evaluated on the bacteria under in vitro, greenhouse and field conditions. Three doses of each active compound were used: the recommended dose (N), twice the recommended dose (2N) and three folds (3N) the recommended dose. It was observed that the increased dose of Pendimethalin, Fluazifop-p-buthyl, Metribuzin had significant effects on B. cereus and P. putida under in vitro conditions. Also, the increased dose of Pendimethalin, Fluazifop-p-buthyl significantly reduced the density of both bacteria. On the other hand, increasing doses of Pendimethalin decreased the density of P. putida, but did not affect that of B. cereus. Under greenhouse conditions, the density of B. cereus was not affected with increased doses of Fluazifop-p-buthyl and Metribuzin while the bacteria concentration were increased with doses of pendimethalin. As the doses of active substances increased, P. putida bacterial density also increased in greenhouse. Under field conditions, the recommended doses of Pendimethalin, Metribuzin did not inhibit B. cereus density, while the dose of Fluazifop-p-buthyl increased the bacterial concentration. Additionally, under similar conditions, Fluazifop-p-buthyl and Metribuzin did not affect P. putida, while Pendimethalin decreased concentration of P putida. In the present study results showed that increased active substances of Pendimethalin, Fluazifop-p-buthyl and Metribuzin are decreasing or increasing the densities of P. putida and B. cereus with dependent on experimental conditions. All these active substances are not eradicating the beneficial bacterial population in soil. It would be appropriate to give some quantitative values of the obtained results in the abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haji Bayram Veli is one of the undeniable figures of Anatolian Sufi tradition. Having different reflections on Sufi institutions and schools, he influenced different cultural instruments produced by Turks. His poems on land and city in the context of human, is a clear example of this aspect. It can be said that his knowledge is the manifestation of enlightenment overflowing from a cosmic consciousness when he brings together the time and space with people. While presenting the message of tawhid with correct information to people he shares the same geography, he engraves wisdom into hearts with simple expressions. Also, while addressing the hearts of human, he draws attention to their enemy which is the soul (nafs). His skillful use of the relationship between the soul and, the stone and soil, the main elements of the earth, in a metaphorical sense, shows that he is well-versed in the context of cosmology and metaphysic. For, man's struggle with stone and soil isn't independent from the world. The stonesoil connection of human being was established with the vitality of the big realm. He discovered these secrets and benefitted from the structural similarities of both realms so that people know and realize themselves. In this study, human dualism will be evaluated along with this relation in his poems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Yeni kurulan cumhuriyetin, siyasi, iktisadi ve sosyal meselelerde milletin rejimle olan bağlarını güçlendirmek amacıyla bir takım gelişmeler kaydettiği açıktır. İçeriği itibariyle siyasi, sosyal, iktisadi ve kültürel konuları bünyesinde barındıran ‘toprak meselesi’, önemini daha da arttırarak çözülmesi gereken öncelikli meselelerden biri olmuştur. 1930’lu yıllarda çıkarılan kanunlarla meselenin çözümüne yönelik adımlar atılsa da tam bir reformdan bahsetmek mümkün değildir. Dâhiliye, Sıhhat ve İçtimai Muavenet Vekâletleri tarafından hazırlanan toprak reformu tasarıları da muhalefetin ve büyük toprak sahiplerinin tepkisi, yaklaşan II. Dünya Savaşı gibi nedenlerle hayata geçirilememiştir. Bu çalışmada, toprak meselesinin çözümüne yönelik atılan adımlar yeni belgeler ışığında kısaca değerlendirilerek, Dâhiliye Vekâletinin 1937 tarihli toprak kanunu tasarısı incelenecektir. Çalışmamızda özellikle, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivlerinde bulunan belgelerden istifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi zabıt tutanaklarından, süreli yayınlardan, telif ve tetkik eserlerden faydalanılmıştır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, uygun koşullar altında katı organomineral gübre ile gübrelemenin toprağın azot prosesleri üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Organomineral gübre dozlarının azot süreçlerine etkisini değerlendirmek için, 100 g toprak örneği farklı miktarlarda (20 ve 40 g kg–1) organomineral gübre ile muamele edilmiştir. Örnekler daha sonra 15 ve 30 gün süreyle kontrollü koşullar altında karanlıkta 28° C'de inkübe edilmiştir. Alınan örneklerde NH4-N, NO3-N, arginin amonifikasyon oranı, nitrifikasyon potansiyeli belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, organomineral gübre uygulamasının toprak verimliliği üzerindeki etkisini belirlemede toprak azot proseslerinin biyoindikatör olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. 20 ve 40 g kg–1 organomineral gübre ile muamele edilmiş topraklarda amonyum azot seviyelerinin, sırasıyla %71 ve %73 oranında arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, amonifikasyon oranı, inkübasyon sonunda %61-80 oranında artmıştır. Topraklar nitrat içerikleri bakımından değerlendirildiğinde, her iki dozda yapılan organomineral gübre muamelesinin nitrat konsantrasyonlarını düşürerek nitrifikasyon potansiyelini baskıladığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, organomineral gübre kullanımı ile bitkilerin azot kullanım verimliliğini artırabileceğini, böylece karasal ekosistemlerin üretkenliğini geliştirebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Sürdürülebilir bir tarım için organomineral gübre kullanımı ile aşırı gübre kullanımının neden olduğu çevre sorunlarını azaltabileceği ve toprak kalitesini artırarak tarım verimliliğini artırabileceğini göstermektedir.

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the productivity level of agricultural lands in the central and district villages of Kilis province was investigated. For this purpose, texture, pH, EC, CaCO3, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium analyzes were made in the samples taken from 0-30 cm depth of the soil. To determine some physical and chemical analyzes of the soil, 40 soil samples were evaluated in terms of productivity. According to the findings, the agricultural soils of Kilis province have a slightly alkaline reaction, 55% are clayey, 30% are clay loam, 15% have loam texture, 12.5% of the soils are very low in terms of organic matter content. 50% were in the low, 32.5% moderate and 5% good class. It has been determined that the agricultural soils of Kilis province are generally unsalted, 2.5% lime, 67.5% moderately lime, 22.5% highly lime and 7.5% too high lime. It has been revealed that high lime content in agricultural soils limits the availability of some important nutrients such as phosphorus. Agricultural soils in Kilis province have sufficient potassium, 24% of them have very low phosphorus content, 14% are low and 2% are in the middle class. For a continuous and efficient plant production, the nutrient removed from the soil must be added to the soil again. Producers Kilis province produce in these soils with high lime and low organic matter without fertilization. Nutrients in the soil are consumed by plants over the years. As a result of this process, the fertility of the soil decreases and the product yield decreases. Producers of our province limit the use of mineral fertilizers for economic reasons. Due to the weed problem, farm manure is not preferred. According to the results of the soil analysis, the required amount of fertilizer should be applied during the periods when there are nutritional problems in the agricultural lands where field crops and vegetables are grown in Kilis and when the plants need it. In addition, importance should be given to the use of organic fertilizers and thus sustainable fertility of the soil should be ensured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biyobozunur polimerler, petrol türevli polimerlerin yerini almaya bir alternatiftir. Polilaktik asit (PLA), yenilenebilir kaynaklardan elde edilen ve biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen en yaygın kullanılan polimerdir. Kullanılan geleneksel atık yönetimi yaklaşımına göre, şimdiye kadar üretilen tüm plastiğin %60'ı, atık sahalarına veya doğal ortamlara atılmıştır. Bu da önemli bir çevre sorunu haline gelmiştir. Petrol bazlı plastiklere alternatif olan PLA’ların kullanım ömrü sonu seçenekleri, döngüsel ekonomi bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Biyobozunur özellikleri olan bu polimerlerin, atık haline geldikten sonra toprak içerisindeki davranışlarını anlamak oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada PLA numuneleri, ortam sıcaklığında, toprak içerisinde, ASTM 5988-18 standardına göre biyobozunmaya tabi tutulmuştur. 90 günlük inkübasyon süresinden sonra PLA’daki biyobozunma; fiziksel görünüş, kütle kaybı, FTIR ve SEM ile değerlendirilmiştir. Numunelerin, biyobozunmadan sonra ağırlık kaybı oranı %0,9’dur. PLA örneklerinin fiziksel görünüşleri, FTIR ve SEM sonuçları, PLA’nın toprakta ve ortam sıcaklığında biyobozunma hızlarının yavaş olduğunu ve bu ortamda tamamen bozunabilmeleri için daha uzun bir zamana ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir.

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Being an agricultural society Turkey Turkish dialect speakers have the concept of "soil" at the core of their lives both spiritually and materially. People of this society who work on soil in their daily lives and live intertwined with the soil have connected the creation, death, and earning of their "livelihood" to God through the soil due to their religious beliefs. Therefore, they expect it to come through the soil while praying, making good wishes, asking for divine grace for themselves or others. In this study, which made to understand how the relationship between Turkey Turkish dialect speakers and soil is expressed through words of prayer, prayer words about soil which were compiled from the transcribed dialect texts found in the works of dialect researchers were analysed through Thematic Content Analysis method by taking their contexts into consideration. First of all prayer words containing soil phrases were tagged and collected with their contexts by scanning transcribed dialect texts line by line. Afterwards eight common themes have detected by coding the data in the prayings in accordance with three identified research questions. The determined themes reveal in which situations, for whom and for what intentions prayers were said. Thematically categorized prayers have analyzed semantically and meanings and functions of soil phrases which are the focal point of the research are tried to be explained under relevant headings. It was evaluated within which themes the soil was mentioned in prayers, in which contexts which words were chosen when mentioning the soil, and which concepts were meant by these soil phrases. Thus, soil concept in the perception of the Turkey Turkish dialect speakers is tried to be enlightened over their soil related prayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elements found in nature; fire, water, mountain-stone, tree and soil. These elements are part of human life. People have placed these elements in nature at an important point in their lives as a result of their respect. Societies carry out different practices with the meanings they attach to the objects in nature, which they have used in many ways throughout their history. Therefore, as a result of its place in people's lives, it is reflected in many fields produced by them. These elements, which also have a place in literature, can be seen in the materials of many manufacturers. When 177 poems of Âşık Veysel were examined, it was determined that these elements were frequently used by Veysel. Among these elements in Veysel's poems, the most used are mountain-stone, then water, then earth, fire and tree. These elements are often used in poems with their real meaning and in order to beautify and reinforce the meaning in accordance with the theme of the poem. Veysel, who sometimes deals with the sanctity of these concepts, also produced poems that directly address these concepts. Elements of nature were used mostly in Veysel's poems to increase and reinforce aesthetic concern. In addition, he also has poems that evoke different meanings or symbolize different concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bursa Uludağ Journal of Economy & Society / Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Uludag Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of representative land use types and land cover (LUT/LC) of heavily deforested areas on soil properties in semi-arid region of Türkiye. Some of the soil properties have been measured on a grid with a 50 m sampling distance on the top-soil (0-15 cm depth). Data has been analyzed by using Ordinary Kriging/Spherical geostatistical model. Results indicated that the soil properties differed in terms of organic carbon (SOC), pH, bulk density, and the amount of sand, depending on the land uses in the study areas. The SOC concentration of top-soil layers has referred a significant difference (P

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of using solid organomineral fertilizers under optimal conditions on soil nitrogen processes. To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of organomineral fertilizers on soil nitrogen processes, 100g soil samples were treated with varying amounts (20 ve 40 g kg-1) of organomineral fertilizers. The samples were then incubated under controlled conditions in the dark at 28°C for 15 and 30 days. NH4-N, NO3-N, arginine ammonification rate, and nitrification potential were determined in the samples. The results showed that soil nitrogen processes can be used as a bioindicator to determine the effect of organomineral fertilizer application on soil productivity. A significant increase in ammonium nitrogen levels was observed in soils treated with 20 ve 40 g kg-1 Organomineral fertilizers, with increases of 71% and 73%, respectively. In addition, the ammonification rate increased by 61-80% after incubation. When the soils were evaluated for nitrate content, it was found that both doses of organomineral fertilizer treatment suppressed nitrification potential by reducing nitrate concentrations. The data obtained suggest that the use of organomineral fertilizers can increase nitrogen use efficiency in plants and improve the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. This indicates that the use of organomineral fertilizers can reduce environmental problems caused by excessive fertilizer use and improve soil quality, thus increasing agricultural productivity for more sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biodegradable polymers are alternatives to petroleum-derived polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources. According to the traditional waste management approach, 60% of all plastic ever produced ends up in landfills or natural environments. This has became an important environmental problem. End-of-life options for PLAs as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics are discussed in the context of circular economy. It is very important to understand the behaviour of these biodegradable polymers in soil after they become waste. In this study, the PLA samples were subjected to biodegradation in the soil at ambient temperature according to ASTM 5988 standard. Biodegradation in PLA after 90 days; physical appearances, mass loss, FTIR and SEM were evaluated. The weight loss rate of the samples after biodegradation was 0.9%. The physical appearances of PLA samples, FTIR and SEM results showed that the biodegradation rates of PLA in soil and ambient temperature are slow and it takes a longer time to fully degrade in this environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, according to the land use around Erzurum Province Kuzgun Dam Lake hydrological function of forests, meadows and pasture lands determined the some physical and chemical characteristics. Research area is located Erzurum Province Aziziye (Ilıca) district 60 km north-west and located within the boundaries of the Upper Fırat basin was carried out around Kuzgun Dam Reservoir. The research on the existing land use map for the group of slope 0-5% according to the forest, meadow and pasture areas, and 15 units designated sites will open profile opened. After delineating the profiles of soil samples taken from layers impaired, the physical analysis (soil texture, aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity) and chemical analysis (soil reaction, lime content, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations and electrical conductivity) was conducted on these samples. pH, ratio of aggregate stability, organic matter content and in terms of the EC values of soil samples, taken from meadow area were higher than forest and pasture areas. Forest and meadow soils of pH, organic matter and the EC.content was found to be indistinguishable from each other in terms of values Organic matter in soil profiles decreased regularly with depth from the surface layer was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The co-contamination of soils with heavy metals and organic contaminants is a problem that requires a different and innovative approach to remediate these kinds of sites. The different nature of these two contaminant groups makes the problem complicated. Recently, zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) application has been integrated with bioremediation to be used for the remediation of halogenated organics. However, the use of this process for the remediation of co-contaminated soils has not been investigated. In this study, nZVI application integrated with bioremediation approaches (bioattenuation and biostimulation) was applied to Pb and naphthalene spiked soils in laboratory-scale reactors. Soil Pb fractions and naphthalene concentrations were monitored for 90 days. The nZVI decreased the mobility and bioavailability of Pb significantly by reducing exchangeable and carbonate bound fractions from 66.2 % to 25.8 – 37.2 % range. The nZVI also caused naphthalene degradation in the range of 38.8 – 58.5 %. Significant biodegradation of naphthalene occurred at samples subjected to nZVI and biostimulation. The highest overall naphthalene degradation (76.7 %) was obtained from the nZVI application which was integrated with biostimulation.

Son yıllarda, artan trafik yükü ile birlikte lastik tozu, toprak ortamındaki kirlenmeye önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu inkübasyon çalışması, sürtünme sonucu toz haline gelerek yol kenarlarındaki topraklara karışan araç lastik tozlarının, toprak verimliliğinde önemli bir indikatör olan azot dönüşüm süreçlerine etkisini ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Farklı lastik tozu seviyelerinin (%1,%5 ve %10) toprak azot proseslerine etkisini belirlemek için 100 g toprak örneği ve ıslah amacıyla kirletilen topraklara 100 ton ha-1 (40 g kg-1) dozunda uygulanan atık su arıtma çamurlu örnekler 15, 30 ve 45 gün boyunca inkübe edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, lastik tozunun neden olduğu antropojenik stresin belirlenmesinde topraktaki azot proseslerinin biyoindikatör olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. İnkübasyonun sonunda arginin amonifikasyon oranı, nitrifikasyon potansiyeli, amonyum azotu, nitrat azotu seviyeleri yüksek orandaki (%10) lastik tozu ile kirlenmesi sonucunda %48, %40, %47 ve %33 oranında azalmıştır. Organik azotun mineralizasyonu değerlendirildiğinde, temiz toprağın organik azot mineralizasyon değeri inkübasyon sonunda %90 olarak hesaplanırken, %10 lastik tozu ile kirlenen toprakta ise %22 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu durum lastik tozu kirliliğinin, toprakların azot mineralizasyonunu önemli ölçüde azalttığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmayla, lastik tozu kirliliğinin bitkilerin azot kullanım verimini sınırlayabileceği ve böylece toprak ekosistemlerinin verimliliğini azaltacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ottoman historiography has a modern branch of study is growing leaps and bounds, but still has a long way to go before reaching maturity. One area it needs to focus on is the Ottoman timar system, namely the Ottoman "zeâmet," or "middle class," and the who it was comprised of. The zaims were some of the most active actors in this system - which also happened to form the foundation of the Ottoman economy and military structure, and was welcomed by the viziers. Some attempted to gain financial and political influence by increasing their territorial holdings over earning and losing zeâmet. Others succeeded or failed to gain local influence. Alas, few have examined either topic in any length. This article will study of the representatives of rural and urban zaims in the Turkish province [then "sanjak"] of Amasya between and 1700 and 1740. We have looked at Tapu Tahrir, Muhimme, and Şeriyye Defters, retail documents obtained from the General Directorate of State Archives of the Republic of Turkey, and the domestic and foreign research on the subject. Eighty one (81) zeamet records reveal that a significant part of the zaims owned lands in the Amasya, and that they were state officials. What we can infer from that is that it central government used them as part of a broader "controlled growth" policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Seljuk Sultan Malik-Shah fully embraced the Turkish idea of world domination and successfully preserved his father's auspicious legacy. Alparslan trusted Malik-Shah since his childhood. Malik-Shah who made his mark in history with glorious conquests, embarked on an expedition to Antioch in 1086, taking his first steps into the Mediterranean on the shores of Seleucus (Suveydiye). The Sultan's arrival here mainly aims to solve a political issue. However, his encounter with the Mediterranean and the behavior he exhibited here with the excitement he felt were considered worthy of examination and became the subject of our study. The sultan first rode his horse into the sea, then dipped his sword into the water three times, prayed on the seashore and took the soil he had taken from the shore to his father's grave. Considering the importance of traditional practices in keeping the national identity alive, each of these behaviours that Malik-Shah, who was the owner of the most brilliant period of the Great Seljuk State, showed as if he remembered his Central Asian ancestor is important in terms of Turkish cultural history. In our study, it is aimed to show that the Seljuk sultans dominated and continued the old Turkish traditions with the incident, which is tried to be examined within the framework of horse, sword and earth symbols, which are important elements of Turkish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on common cultural elements in the poems of two poets, one of whom is Turkish and the other Irish within the framework of transmission of cultural memory and construction of cultural identity. The ways in which the passage from personal to cultural memory takes place are interrogated with close scrutiny of the themes and the verbal/poetic features that underlie the poems of Seamus Heaney, an Irish poet who was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1995, and the prominent Turkish modern poet Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca. Heaney's bog poetry and Dağlarca's poems in Toprak Ana (1950) particularly revolve around the theme of land. It is discerned in Heaney's Digging, a poem from his collection called Death of a Naturalist (1966), in which a personal memory gradually gives way to the expression of cultural memory. Likewise, Dağlarca's poems Buğdayın Sesleri and İstek are characterized by a similar passage and temporal fluidity. To reflect their conception of cultural memory as well as cultural identity, both poets resort to imagery of land and agricultural life in their poetry. In the poetry of both authors, the function of land, land as livelihood and a source of living in their societies as well as labour in dealing with the land are all celebrated and idealized. The poems' role in the transmission of culture as well as the construction of self, and their celebratory approaches to land stand as a justification to the symbiotic relationship between poetry and cultural memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty / ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When it comes to the earth, which is the thinnest but most crucial crust of the world we live on every day, its history is older than humanity. Although the emergence of man from soil is primarily a philosophical and historical phenomenon, it is an undeniable fact that living life may be sustained with soil, and this fact will not change in the future. Although this is self-evident, there are several instances of how anthropocentric authority often mistreats this crucial aspect. It is difficult to demonstrate that research on this topic address the soil problem, independent of economic goals. Almost all studies and investment plans, in particular, are based on economic calculations. Naturally, the goal of plans designed with economic considerations is economic profit. In other words, a phenomenon that lacks a price, market, or buyer does not represent "value." The significance of the soil is underlined in this study by viewing it as a living and metaphysical value, other than an economic commodit, that cannot be priced in and of itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences / Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Cografi Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tarım sahalarının çevresinde, sulama amaçlı yapılan göllerin rezervuar alanlarında biriken ağır metallerin kökeninin belirlenmesi ve toksik etkisinin anlaşılmasında, veri analizinin yapılması önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı, Akkaya Gölü rezervuar sahasındaki toprakların kimyasal içeriklerinde çok değişkenli istatistik analizler kullanılarak Akkaya Gölü rezervuar sahasında tespit edilen ağır metallerin kendi arasındaki davranışlarını bunlar arasındaki ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi ve bu metallerin olası kökeninin açıklanması şeklindedir. Kimyasal analiz içeriklerinin bollukları Mg > Al > Fe > S > Ti > Zn > V > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co > Mo > Sn > Cd > Hg olarak sıralanmıştır. Fe ile Mg, Si, K, Co, V, Cu, As, Ni, Zn ve Pb arasında yüksek pozitif korelasyon bulunur. Faktör analizine göre toplam varyans 72.080 (% kümülatif) olup, 3 (üç) faktöre ayrılmıştır. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizine göre 3 grup ve elementlerin kümeleme analizine göre 4 grup oluşmuştur. Bu grupların kendi aralarında benzer özellik sundukları anlaşılmıştır. Çok değişkenli istatistik analizleri bu çalışma için başarılı olmuştur.

Until now, very few of microorganisms in the biosphere have been detected and defined via cultivation methods. Microorganisms which, can not be cultured or haven't been cultured, make up of significant part of microbial diversity. Metagenomic analysis provides information about genetic diversity, population structure and ecological roles that affect human life of these microorganisms after DNA isolation of environmental samples without culturing. Metagenomics plays a significant role as discipline auxiliary to various different fields such as medicine, biofuels, biotechnology, agriculture, ecology. Metagenomics, which is started to be widely used in paleomicrobiology studies as well, contributes to microbial evolution studies in human history and gives us a perspective to understand ancient micro ecosystem. In this thesis, DNA isolation of microorganisms in culture-independent soil samples taken directly from Balıkesir/Antandros Ancient City Necropolis was performed and afterwards V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA were multiplied by using PCR method. Replicated regions were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq system. Metagenomic analysis of these sequences was performed using QIIME 1.9.1 and microbial diversity was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the areas and volumes of erosion zones in Thrace peninsula using geographical information systems (GIS). Measurements made with remote sensing both save time and prevent excess workforce. In addition, it is less costly than satellite images that can be purchased for areas where drones can be shot. For this purpose, 13 erosion sites with different environmental characteristics were examined and images were obtained with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in the study area. To calibrate the UAV data, the boundaries were determined using nature-friendly white paint. Then, all measurements (lengths, angles, etc.) of these areas were calculated from various altitudes. Volume of the determined areas then processed using GIS software and a graphic program named "Autodesk Inventor". All of the UAV tasks were taken under suitable weather condition in order to avoid any difference in the images. Furher, the UAV images to be combined were obtained under similar weather conditions to ensure that factors such as light and shadow do not cause any deviation in the calculations and create visual differences. Images were taken from a total of 13 erosion areas and WGS 1984 (World Geodetic System 1984) was used as the coordinate system in the present study. Orthomosaic images of these areas were created by combining the images. In addition to the areas and volumes of the regions in the images, calibration analyzes were also made. Using a small area for calibration in the study increased the accuracy of area measurement rate above 90%, while this rate was found between 60 - 78% in volume measurement depending on the flight altitude. 12 photos were used in the image taken from a height of 100 meters and 103 from a height of 10 meters in the calibration from approximately 100 m². Accordingly, the volumetric accuracy rate was found to be 78.57% in the image taken from a height of 10 meters from the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]