Search

Skin inflammatory and allergic conditions often result in symptoms such as erythema, edema, and pruritus, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Traditional treatment approaches target either the inflammatory or allergic components individually, leaving the accompanying itch inadequately addressed. This study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of a combination therapy using diphenhydramine and lidocaine for managing inflammatory and allergic skin conditions with coexisting itch. Diphenhydramine, a first-generation antihistamine, exhibits potent antiallergic properties by inhibiting histamine receptors (H1). Lidocaine, a local anesthetic, possesses analgesic effects and alleviates pruritus by blocking sensory neurons and reducing capillary permeability. The synergistic effects of diphenhydramine and lidocaine hold promise in providing a comprehensive treatment option for individuals with inflammatory and allergic skin conditions. In this study, the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with diphenhydramine and lidocaine will be evaluated through its effects on symptom relief, inflammatory markers and patient satisfaction. Furthermore, we will analyze dermatoses where the combination therapy used had the best results. The study will also focus on market analysis and formulation availability. This investigation into the diphenhydramine and lidocaine combination therapy represents an innovative approach in dermatology, offering a unique solution for addressing both the underlying inflammation and the troublesome itch associated with inflammatory and allergic skin conditions.

This study aimed to analyze the formulation of an aromatherapy balm composed of the essential oils O. basilicum L. and C. citratus DC. Experimental research design involving the compilation of five balm formulations at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. For four months, balm formulations were made, and physical, chemical, and microbiological tests were carried out, which were further analyzed descriptively. The findings showed that the yield of essential oils obtained from distillation reached 0.19% w/v (O. basilicum L.) and 0.24% w/v (C. citratus DC). All formulations at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% passed the organoleptic tests for topical dosage balms. This means that they were semisolid, smelled like essential oils, and were yellowish-brown based on the raw materials. The balm is completely homogeneous; there are no granules, and the color is evenly spread throughout the smear. The pH for the topical preparations ranged from 6–7, the dispersion power ranged from 5.02–6.10, and the adhesion ratio ranged from 2–6 depending on the concentration. Microbiological testing revealed that the aromatherapy balm was free of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria.

Skin and soft tissue infections are common. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause most bacterial skin infections. Yemen's alum is a natural mineral with potent antibacterial and antifungal activity. The current study aimed to verify Yemen alum's antibacterial activity against chosen bacterial strains to formulate a valuable topical preparation. We formulated twenty-three formulations involving four non-adjusted aqueous solutions, eight adjusted pH aqueous solutions, three Oil/Water cream formulations, and eight glycerin solutions, all with different alum concentrations. After that, we evaluated the antibacterial efficacy against the selected bacterial strains. Additionally, we performed stability testing (almost six weeks) to determine the chosen preparations' estimated shelf life (t90). Alum showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Finally, it was concluded that Oil/Water cream (10% alum) is viable preparation for large-scale production.

Objectives: Pyrolytic oil of coconut shell was obtained by the fast pyrolysis method. This research aimed to identify the use(s) of pyrolytic oil in topical pharmaceutical formulations. The study included extraction of bio-oil by pyrolysis, physicochemical characterization, screening the oil for microbial activity, preformulation studies, formulation into suitable topical preparations like ointment, gel and cream, evaluation studies of the formulation and stability studies. Materials and Methods: The extracted pyrolytic oil was subjected to diversified physicochemical evaluation tests like specific gravity, acid/saponification/ ester values, viscosity, moisture content, pH, thin layer chromatography, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis. It was then screened for its potential for antibacterial/antifungal activity. Various topical formulations were prepared using the pyrolytic oil. Preformulation studies of the pyrolytic oil were carried out. This was formulated into suitable topical preparations like ointment, gel and cream and subjected to physicochemical evaluations which include appearance, pH, spread ability, viscosity and antimicrobial activity. Also, the formulations were evaluated for its stability. Results: The stability studies results showed no change in pH, spreadability and viscosity, thus indicating good stability of the formulations. The prepared formulations displayed good antibacterial and antifungal activity. Conclusion: The use(s) of pyrolytic oil have not been explored to its full potential for its pharmaceutical application. In this study, the pyrolytic oil showed good antimicrobial activity due to the presence of polyphenols. Hence it could be used as an effective topical formulation to cure various topical infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review aimed to determine the impact of topical preparations on the incidence of skin tears in older people. Method: A systematic search of publications using PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Cochrane and EMBASE databases was conducted in February 2021. A total of 11 records were returned, seven satisfying the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a predesigned data extraction tool and initially, a narrative synthesis was undertaken, followed by meta-analysis. Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias using RevMan. Results: The included studies (n=7) were conducted between 1997 and 2017. The mean sample size was 275 participants (SD= ±399.3). In total, six different interventions were employed, ranging from moisturising lotions, body wash, norinse skin cleanser and emollient soap. In the usual care groups, 41% (n=333/812) of participants developed a skin tear, whereas 27% (n=217/841) of participants in the different treatment groups developed a skin tear. The odds ratio of skin tear development was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.67 to 2.63; p=0.00001). This indicates that the control care group is twice as likely to develop a skin tear. All included studies were at risk of bias in one or more domains. Conclusion: The use of topical preparations reduces the incidence of skin tears in older people. However, due to the risk of bias seen in these studies more high-quality research is needed in the area to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds that estimate apple extracts with multifaceted biological effects are potentially valuable for protection against skin disorders. The purpose of our research was to formulate gels and emulgels containing a complex of phenolic compounds of apple extracts and to perform a biopharmaceutical evaluation of semi-solid pharmaceutical forms, determining their antioxidant activity in vitro. HPLC analyses of phenolic compounds were performed. The total amount of phenolic compounds found in the sample of apples from the ‘Paprastasis antaninis’ cultivar was 1455.5 ± 72.8 µg/g. The release of phenolics from gels and emulgels was assessed by Franz-type diffusion cells. The in vitro release test revealed that phenolic compounds were released from the gel (G1–G6) formulations (70.6–73.8%) compared to the amounts (77.2–83.9%) released from the emulgel (E1–E6) formulations. The largest amount (83.9%) of phenolic compounds was released from the E5 formulation, while the smallest amounts (70.6%) were released from the formulations G3 and G5. The antioxidant activity evaluated by the DPPH and FRAP methods observed in all gel (G1–G6) and emulgel (E1–E6) formulations after 6 h were the strongest, compared to the activities observed in the formulations after 2 or 4 h. Gels and emulgels, which are rich in apple extracts, have strong antioxidant properties and may be promising choices for the development of new, innovative pharmaceutical forms or cosmetics.

Herbal remedies like the Thymus serpyllum L. is useful in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases especially congestion, and bronchitis. The purpose of this study was to formulate a micro-emulsion, a gel and an ointment containing the plant hydro distilled thymus oil extracted from Thymus serpyllum L. collected from Ziarat, Balochistan. The prepared formulations were subjected to in-vitro and ex vivo study release, High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), to justify their suitability for topical use. The in-vitro and ex-Vivo release was studied using Franz Cells and using two different kinds of membrane synthetic dialysis cellulose membrane and natural rabbit skin, and the amount of drug released was determined by HPLC at λ 274nm. The three formulations result obtained through dialysis cellulose membrane showed the faster release than the natural rabbit skin. However, the micro-emulsion, gel formulation showed the same release except ointment. The release from the above mentioned formulation can be arranged in the following descending order. micro-emulsion > Gel > Ointment. The best fit of release kinetics was achieved by Krosmeyer- Peppas, the TLC and HPLC identifies the Thymol, isolation and quantification of the marker. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to assess the impact of release and permeability pattern of different formulations. In vitro and ex-vivo diffusion cell experiments can be utilized to develop formulations of traditional medicines identifies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the following work was a preliminary assessment of the possibility of producing a topical preparation containing dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and amino acids, encapsulated separately in polysaccharide capsules. The color reaction between the DHA and amino acids would be possible after mixing of the two components triggered with mechanical disruption of the capsules on application. Such preparation could be used in patients suffering from vitiligo, by masking the symptoms of the disease. Several capsule compositions were evaluated in terms of appearance, dimensions and mechanical parameters. In addition, the reactions of various amino acids with DHA were carried out and obtained colors were analysed. The results indicate that formation of the dual-phase formulation of encapsulated DHA and amino acids is possible. It was also found that certain amino acids vary in color resulting from reaction with DHA. This feature can be potentially utilized to better design the color resulting from application of the prepared composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uremic xerosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated pruritus (CKD-ap) are the most commonly occurring dermatological problems faced by most of the CKD patients on hemodialysis which are not only annoying and draining to the patients but also have an intense effect on patients' quality of life. The PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases were searched for the literature with the following search terms: uremic xerosis OR CKD-ap OR uremic pruritus AND topical therapy OR topical ointment OR natural oil from the year 2002 -2022, and finally, 22 articles were chosen to write this review. Out of 22 studies, six used pharmacological preparations and remaining 16 studies used natural oils and components. All the articles were experimental studies (Pre/Quazi/RCT/True experimental) focusing on managing itch and xerosis associated with CKD and hemodialysis by topical application. The topical agents tried in various research studies are effective in managing itch and xerosis associated with CKD. They are safe, easy to use, and without allergic reactions. Natural oils like almond, chia seed, clove, glycerin, paraffin, and virgin coconut oil are readily available in home-care settings and can be used as a nurse-led intervention. Topical preparations for uremic xerosis and pruritus are effective, safe, and easy to apply on large body surface areas without systematic side effects. Natural oil-based topical preparations are cost-effective, safe, and easy to use., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Verma et al.)

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, which results from androgen-induced increased sebum production, altered keratinisation, and inflammation by Propionibacterium acnes. Topical therapies are a common starting point for treatment. However, there is a lack of data and evidence on the comparative effectiveness of common topical and systemic acne therapies. Topical therapies including benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, and antibiotics--when used in combination--usually improve control of mild to moderate acne. This article will discuss the topical therapies currently available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Beekeeping & Bee Products is the property of Association for Nutrition & Dietetics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The topical delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as Ibuprofen has been explored as a potential method of avoiding the first pass effects and the gastric irritation, which may occur when used orally. Ibuprofen is formulated into many topical preparations to reduce the adverse effects and simultaneously avoid the hepatic first-pass metabolism as well. However, it is difficult to obtain an effective concentration through topical delivery of Ibuprofen due to its low skin permeability. The aim of this study was to develop two types of nanoemulsions formulations and focused on the screening of Ibuprofen-loaded nanoemulsions and evaluating the influence of these types of nanoemulsions on the skin permeability of the drug. In both nanoemulsion formulations, oil was similar, but the surfactant and co-surfactant were different. The effect of independent variables on skin permeability parameters was evaluated using full factorial design. Results demonstrate that novel formulations were more effective as skin enhancer than traditional formulation. In case of the novel formulation, any increase in percentage of surfactant and co-surfactant had increasing effect on flux (Jss). On the other hand, the proportion of surfactant/co-surfactant (S/C) demonstrated reverse correlation with Jss. While, in traditional formulations, direct correlation was found between both variables, and Jss. Comparison between two types of nanoemulsion formulations revealed that, novel formulations were more effective as topical Ibuprofen carrier in contrast to traditional type due to lower amounts of surfactant and co-surfactant and less irritating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Advances in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, including new biological agents and related drugs, are reviewed. Summary. Most patients with psoriasis have mild disease that can be treated with topical agents alone; however, over one third of patients have more-extensive disease, called moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Although effective, traditional therapies, including methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, and phototherapy, have serious adverse effects that limit both the initiation and duration of treatment, necessitating sequential treatment regimens. With the increasing knowledge of the immune nature of the disease, biological agents that target T lymphocytes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-23 have been used successfully in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab are also highly effective in the treatment of moderate-tosevere plaque psoriasis. Ustekinumab, a new agent that targets IL-12 and IL-23, was approved for marketing in 2009 and offers similar efficacy and safety profiles to the anti-TNF agents. While the rapid onset and apparent lack of long-term toxicity of biological agents make them major advances in the treatment of more severe forms of psoriasis, the lack of extensive experience with these agents in patients with psoriasis leaves several unresolved issues that must be addressed before their exact place in therapy can be determined. Conclusion. With the development of biological therapies over the past 10 years, health care providers have a much broader choice of highly effective agents with which to treat patients suffering from moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Though costly to use, biological agents offer considerable advantages over previously available systemic therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cyclodextrins are promising, but using them as an excipients can sometimes be difficult. The aim of this review is to summarize the results of recent studies on the application of parent cyclodextrins (α-, β-, γ-) and some of their derivatives in topical formulations. General properties, current legal status, and toxicological aspects of cyclodextrins are briefly described. The goal of using cyclodextrins to create new formulations with well-known actives, advantages, and limitations in topical formulations is presented, and possible applications in such preparations are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The main aim of pharmacotherapeutics, is the attainment of an effective drug concentration at the intended site of action for a sufficient period of time to elicit the response. In this study a trial was made to formulate atenolol, which is a beta-adrenergic blocker in a topical ophthalmic gel. Two polymers were used in this study, carboxymethylcellulose and sodium alginate in different concentrations. Atenolol was used in concentrations 0.5, 1, and 1.5% w/v. The in vitro release study was carried out. The results showed that the release rate of atenolol from gel preparations decreased as an inverse function of polymer concentration, while the release rate of the drug increased as the initial concentration increased. The data of drug release from the two polymers in different concentrations was plotted against the square root of time, and the diffusion coefficients (D), were calculated from the slope of the equation. Intra-ocular pressure (IOP) measurements of the rabbit's eye treated with 1% w/v atenolol solution, and 1% w/v atenolol in two gel formulations with different concentrations of the polymer were determined. The two gel formulations showed that these polymers extended the duration of pressure reducing effect to 8 hr, when compared with atenolol solution. Area above the curve (AAC), maximum response, maximum time of response (tmax), and the duration of action were calculated. The overall results of this study indicated that the gel formulations of atenolol could be used for the development of a long-acting ophthalmic formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and rapid densitometric method has been developed for determination of mometasone furoate in the topical pharmaceutical preparations. After extraction of the analyte with 96% ethanol, the extracts were spotted on pre-coated silica gel plates, which were then developed with a mixture of dichloromethane-diethyl ether (3 : 1). Quantitative evaluation was performed by measuring the absorbance reflectance of the analyte spots at 260 nm. The densitometric method is selective, precise, and accurate and can be used for routine analysis of the topical preparations in pharmaceutical industry quality control laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background There is clinical uncertainty about the appropriate use of first-line topical treatments for psoriasis. Objectives To assess the relative effectiveness and tolerability of topical treatments for psoriasis suitable for use both in primary and secondary care. Methods All major medical databases of published literature were searched electronically; references of trial reports and recent reviews were searched; authors and companies were contacted for missing data from published reports. The study selection comprised: (1) randomized placebo-controlled trials of topical treatments for psoriasis; and (2) randomized head-to-head studies of the new vitamin D3 derivative treatments for psoriasis that reported clinical outcome using a Total Severity Score (TSS), Psoriasis Area Severity Index or Investigator Assessment of Global Improvement. Eligibility and validity were assessed and data extracted independently by two authors. Clinical outcomes were pooled using a random effect standardized weighted mean difference (SWMD) metric, including 3380 patients randomized in 41 placebo (vehicle)-controlled trials and 4898 patients randomized in 28 head-to-head studies. Results There was a significant benefit in favour of active treatments against vehicle, SWMD: -1·06 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1·26 to -0·86), approximately a 2-point improvement on a 12-point TSS after 6–8 weeks of treatment. The only significantly different benefit was for very potent corticosteroids: SWMD: -1·51 (95% CI: -1·76 to -1·25), approximately a 3-point improvement on a 12-point TSS. Head-to-head studies support these findings, except that calcipotriol was estimated to be more effective than dithranol, coal tar and other vitamin D3 derivatives. Polytherapy, using a potent steroid and calcipotriol, was more effective than calcipotriol alone: SWMD 0·42 (95% CI: 0·12–0·72) approximately a 0·8-point improvement... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive anaerobe that is found on the dermis and epidermis of the shoulder and is the most commonly identifiable cause of periprosthetic shoulder joint infection. Various topical strategies have been investigated to reduce the prevalence of P acnes , with several demonstrating efficacy in reducing the positive culture. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to review the literature to assess the effectiveness of topical preparations in reducing the prevalence of P acnes in shoulder surgery., Methods: The study protocol was designed and registered prospectively on PROSPERO (International prospective register for systematic reviews). Databases used for the literature search will include MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of any topical preparation against placebo, in all types of shoulder surgery, will be included. Our primary outcome is the number of colony forming units of P acnes. Secondary outcomes will include adverse events such as skin irritation, wound dehiscence, and the incidence of revision surgery due to infection. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0 and Jadad score will be used to assess the quality of methodology of the studies. Statistical analysis will be used to assess inconsistency and bias across included studies. Comparable outcome data will be pooled and analysed quantitatively or qualitatively as appropriate., Ethics and Dissemination: No ethical clearances required for this study. This systematic review and meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal., Highlights: Various topical strategies have been investigated to reduce the prevalence of P acnes, the most common identifiable cause of periprosthetic shoulder joint infection, with several demonstrating efficacy in reducing the positive culture.This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness of topical preparations in reducing the prevalence of P acnes in shoulder surgery.Our primary outcome is the number of colony forming units of P acnes., Registration: PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022310312., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s).)

Phenolic compounds that estimate apple extracts with multifaceted biological effects are potentially valuable for protection against skin disorders. The purpose of our research was to formulate gels and emulgels containing a complex of phenolic compounds of apple extracts and to perform a biopharmaceutical evaluation of semi-solid pharmaceutical forms, determining their antioxidant activity in vitro. HPLC analyses of phenolic compounds were performed. The total amount of phenolic compounds found in the sample of apples from the 'Paprastasis antaninis' cultivar was 1455.5 ± 72.8 µg/g. The release of phenolics from gels and emulgels was assessed by Franz-type diffusion cells. The in vitro release test revealed that phenolic compounds were released from the gel (G1–G6) formulations (70.6–73.8%) compared to the amounts (77.2–83.9%) released from the emulgel (E1–E6) formulations. The largest amount (83.9%) of phenolic compounds was released from the E5 formulation, while the smallest amounts (70.6%) were released from the formulations G3 and G5. The antioxidant activity evaluated by the DPPH and FRAP methods observed in all gel (G1–G6) and emulgel (E1–E6) formulations after 6 h were the strongest, compared to the activities observed in the formulations after 2 or 4 h. Gels and emulgels, which are rich in apple extracts, have strong antioxidant properties and may be promising choices for the development of new, innovative pharmaceutical forms or cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emulgels appeared to be the remarkable drug delivery system through topical preparations. The main purpose of these formulations is to provide an alternative drug delivery system for the hydrophobic drugs (like Chloramphenicol) to be in systemic circulation through skin. In current research, Chloramphenicol Palmitate was formulated as topically applied emulgel. Then the prepared emulgel was evaluated for physical appearance, rheological behavior and stability studies. Results reveals that topical emulgel is formulated and developed in good yield and showed acceptable physical properties concerning color, homogeneity, consistency, and pH value. Rheological studies revealed that the developed formulation exhibited a shear thinning behavior with thixotropy. Further these properties were evaluated for 3 months by placing the emulgel in stability chamber and the prepared emulgel is found stable and required parameters were in acceptable limits. Here Chloramphenicol emulgel is formulated for its intended uses with more advantages i.e. non-greasy, spreadable easily, removable easily from the skin, emollient, long shelf life, transparent and bio-friendly with a pleasant appearance and thixotrophic in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]