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Sarcoptic mange is a debilitating disease affecting free‐living/wild bare‐nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). The disease causes thickening of the skin, pruritus, alopecia and deep fissures in the skin of infected animals, and ultimately death if left untreated. In Australia, there are approvals from the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to use moxidectin for treating sarcoptic mange in bare‐nosed wombats; however, few published literatures document the success of treatment regimens. Two adult male bare‐nosed wombats presented with dermatitis, erythema and crusting of the skin. Evaluation of skin scrapings confirmed the presence of live Sarcoptes scabiei. Both wombats were treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin topically poured on to the dorsal backline approximately 7 days apart. Both animals showed improvement, with skin becoming clear of crusting and dermatitis, and no S. scabiei mites were present on either animal after 2 weeks. Here, we presented two clinical scenarios of sarcoptic mange in wombats that were successfully treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin applied topically. We recommend this treatment be used where wombats can be identified and monitored throughout their recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is indispensable for the regulation of biological metabolism. Previous studies have revealed its role in aging and degenerative diseases, while crucially showing that supplementation with NAD+ or its precursors could ameliorate or reverse the progression of aging. Despite extensive evidence for the role and action of NAD+ in aging, its pharmacological activity on the skin, or even its mechanism, has not been elucidated. In this study, we established a novel approach to effectively utilize NAD+ for skin anti-aging by enhancing the pharmacological efficacy of exogenous NAD+ using a phytochemical complex consisting of quercetin, and enoxolone through inhibition of CD38. Through the comprehensive in vitro experiments based on human fibroblasts, we observed that exogenous NAD+ could exert protective effects against both extrinsic aging induced by ultraviolet light exposure and intrinsic aging. Additionally, we found that its effects were significantly boosted by quercetin and enoxolone. In this in-depth study, we demonstrated that these beneficial effects are mediated by improved sirtuin activation, autophagy, and mitochondrial functionality. Our approach is expected to verify the applicability of the topical application of NAD+ and offer more effective solutions for the unmet needs of patients and consumers who demand more effective anti-aging effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this research was to develop a topical formulation containing nanoparticles of zinc iodide for enhanced wound healing. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of zinc iodide increased drug stability, solubility, drug release and enhance the wound healing action of drug. This is the reason behind of selection of this formulation concept designing. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of zinc iodide were prepared using a modified emulsification-diffusion technique and optimized through Box-Behnken statistical design. The formulation involved lipid-soluble excipients, including glycerol monostearate, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, with polysorbate 80 as the surfactant. The optimized SLN formulations were characterized based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. The optimized SLN formulations exhibited desirable characteristics in terms of particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and sustained drug release. In vitro release studies demonstrated that SLNs provided a prolonged release of the drug compared to the zinc iodide solution, with release kinetics fitting the Higuchi model, indicating a time-dependent diffusion process. The SLNs loaded with zinc iodide showed enhanced wound healing when applied topically to rat wounds, maintaining drug release for up to 24 hours. The reduction in wound area was significant, indicating improved healing. Stability studies further confirmed that the SLN formulations remained stable over time, with no significant changes in their critical parameters. The study concludes that SLN formulations of zinc iodide are effective in promoting wound healing by providing controlled drug release and improved skin permeation. These findings highlight the potential of SLNs as an advanced delivery system for wound care, offering enhanced therapeutic outcomes through sustained drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcones are phenolic compounds with biological properties. This study had the aim to evaluate the effects of topical administration of a new synthetic chalcone, Chalcone T4, in an animal model of periodontitis induced by ligature. Forty rats were distributed in the following experimental groups: negative control (without periodontitis and topical application of distilled water), positive control (periodontitis and topical application of distilled water), chalcone I and II (periodontitis and topical application of 0.6 mg/mL and 1.8 mg/mL, respectively). Chalcone or distilled water was administered into the gingival sulcus of the first molars daily for 10 days, starting with the ligature installation. The following outcomes were evaluated: alveolar bone loss (µCT and methylene blue dye staining), quantification of osteoclasts (histomorphometry), cell infiltrate and collagen content (stereometry), gene expression of mediators (Nfact11, Tnf-α, Mmp-13, iNos, Sod and Nrf2) by (RT-qPCR); expression of BCL-2 and Caspase-1 (immunohistochemistry). Chalcone T4 inhibited bone resorption and prevented collagen matrix degradation. Reduction in the expression of inflammatory markers (Nfact11, Tnf-α, Mmp-13, and Caspase-1), attenuation of oxidative stress (iNOS reduction, and increase in Sod), and pro-apoptotic effect of the compound (BCL-2 reduction), were associated its effects on periodontal tissues. Topical application of Chalcone T4 prevented bone resorption and inflammation, demonstrating potential in the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosvitin shows chelating abilities, an affinity for ACTH (corticotropin), growth factors, antioxidant properties, and acidic nature. An attempt was made to use this protein in hydrogels as a transporter of other protein substances: somatotropin (STH) and (ACTH). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of phosvitin on the permeation of ACTH and STH from semi-solid forms of the drug applied to the skin. Four hydrogel substrates were prepared using natural polymers: sodium alginate, methylcellulose, and starch. Based on the evaluation of physicochemical parameters, the hydrogel with the most favorable properties was selected and loaded with the active substances STH and ACTH, followed by the addition of phosvitin. A study of the permeation of STH and ACTH through the artificial cellulose membrane and through porcine skin was carried out without and with the addition of phosvitin. The effect of protein substances on rheological and textural parameters was studied. The evaluation of physicochemical parameters showed a favorable effect of STH and Phosvitin on the stability of the hydrogel with 4% methylcellulose and no effect of ACTH. All prepared formulations showed a reaction close to the natural pH of human skin. In the porcine skin permeation study, the addition of Phosvitin to the hydrogel with STH caused a slight increase in the amount of STH permeated and an increase in the time for STH to permeate porcine skin by 30 min. Phosvitin caused an increase in the amount of ACTH permeated through porcine skin almost twofold. Phosvitin may prove to be a promising permeation promoter for model protein-peptide substances when applied to the skin surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a catastrophic disease that causes huge yield losses in papaya cultivation around the world. Yield losses in severely infected plants can be upto 100%. Because of this disease, papaya cultivation has been shifted to other crops in some areas of the world. Many conventional methods and breeding approaches are used against this disease, which turns out to be less effective. Considering the yield loss caused by PRSV in papaya, it is high time to focus on alternative control methods. To implement effective management strategies, molecular approaches such as Marker Assisted Breeding (MAS) or transgenic methods involving post-transcriptional gene silencing targeting the genome viz., coat protein, replicase gene, or HC Pro can be pursued. However, the public's reluctance to widely accept the transgenic approach due to health and environmental concerns necessitates a consideration of non-transgenic alternatives. Prioritizing safety and ensuring efficient virus control, non-transgenic approaches which encompass cross-protection, genome editing, and topical applications of dsRNA to induce gene silencing within the host, can be adopted. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights of various molecular tools used in managing PRSV which in turn will help in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of nanoemulgel and phytochemistry has resulted in several recent discoveries in the field of topical delivery systems. The present study aimed to prepare nanoemulgel based on turmeric (Curcuma longa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against microbial infection as topical drug delivery. Olive oil (oil phase), Tween 80 (surfactant), and PEG600 (co-surfactant) were used for the preparation of nanoemulsion. Carbopol 934 was used as a gelling agent to convert the nanoemulsion to nanoemulgel and promote the control of the release of biological properties of turmeric and neem. The nanoemulsion was characterized based on particle size distribution, PDI values, and compatibility using FTIR analysis. In contrast, the nanoemulgel was evaluated based on pH, viscosity, spreadability, plant extract and excipient compatibility or physical state, in vitro study, ex vivo mucoadhesive study, antimicrobial properties, and stability. The resulting nanoemulsion was homogeneous and stable during the centrifugation process, with the smallest droplets and low PDI values. FTIR analysis also confirmed good compatibility and absence of phase separation between the oil substance, surfactant, and co-surfactant with both plant extracts. The improved nanoemulgel also demonstrated a smooth texture, good consistency, good pH, desired viscosity, ex vivo mucoadhesive strength with the highest spreadability, and 18 h in vitro drug release. Additionally, it exhibited better antimicrobial properties against different microbial strains. Stability studies also revealed that the product had good rheological properties and physicochemical state for a period of over 3 months. The present study affirmed that turmeric- and neem-based nanoemulgel is a promising alternative for microbial infection particularly associated with microorganisms via topical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drug delivery through the eye has been challenging due to the complex physiology of the eye. The ocular region is commonly considered the most advantageous site for the topical application of medicines for management of eye disorders. The effectiveness of this approach is commonly impeded by the strong protective mechanisms of eye, leading to restricted access of the drugs. Ocular fungal infections are commonly reported as one of the predominant eye illnesses caused by various fungal species like Fusarium species, Candida glabrata, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Liposomes are biocompatible lipid nanocarriers which have emerged as innovative therapeutic technologies in ophthalmology to overcome ocular obstacles, provide targeted drug delivery along with enhancement of drug's safety margin. This review elucidates about causes of ocular fungal infection, fungal evasion by host immune system, pharmacological profile of drug used for treatment of ocular fungal infections, and challenges of existing formulations in management of ocular infections. This article focused upon the current advancements in domain of topical applications of liposomes of ophthalmic medicines in management of ocular fungal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As our understanding of dermatological conditions advances, it becomes increasingly evident that traditional pharmaceutical interventions are not universally effective. The intricate balance of the skin microbiota plays a pivotal role in the development of various skin conditions, prompting a growing interest in probiotics, or live biotherapeutic products (LBPs), as potential remedies. Specifically, the topical application of LBPs to modulate bacterial populations on the skin has emerged as a promising approach to alleviate symptoms associated with common skin conditions. This review considers LBPs and their application in addressing a wide spectrum of dermatological conditions with particular emphasis on three key areas: acne, atopic dermatitis, and wound healing. Within this context, the critical role of strain selection is presented as a pivotal factor in effectively managing these dermatological concerns. Additionally, the review considers formulation challenges associated with probiotic viability and proposes a personalised approach to facilitate compatibility with the skin's unique microenvironment. This analysis offers valuable insights into the potential of LBPs in dermatological applications, underlining their promise in reshaping the landscape of dermatological treatments while acknowledging the hurdles that must be overcome to unlock their full potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is the main enzyme catalysing the esterification of retinol to retinyl esters and, hence, is of central importance for retinol homeostasis. As retinol, by its metabolite retinoic acid, stimulates fibroblasts to synthesize collagen fibres and inhibits collagen‐degrading enzymes, the inhibition of LRAT presents an intriguing strategy for anti‐ageing ingredients by increasing the available retinol in the skin. Here, we synthesized several derivatives mimicking natural lecithin substrates as potential LRAT inhibitors. By exploring various chemical modifications of the core scaffold consisting of a central amino acid and an N‐terminal acylsulfone, we explored 10 different compounds in a biochemical assay, resulting in two compounds with IC50 values of 21.1 and 32.7 μM (compounds 1 and 2), along with a simpler arginine derivative with comparative inhibitory potency. Supported by computational methods, we investigated their structure–activity relationship, resulting in the identification of several structural features associated with high inhibition of LRAT. Ultimately, we conducted an ex vivo study with human skin, demonstrating an increase of collagen III associated with a reduction of the skin ageing process. In conclusion, the reported compounds offer a promising approach to boost retinol abundance in human skin and might present a new generation of anti‐ageing ingredients for cosmetic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramides are a family of lipids constituted by a sphingoid base and a fatty acid. In the skin, they are mainly present in the stratum corneum where, with cholesterol and free fatty acids, they constitute the inter‐corneocyte lipids. With the other lipid groups, they play a key role in the formation of dense lamellar structures between adjacent corneocytes, collectively ensuring the vital efficient barrier to water evaporation and protection from foreign agents´ penetration. Changes in ceramide level and relative composition, with potential impairment of lipid arrangement, have been evidenced in different skin conditions and skin diseases. Therefore, use of suitably formulated ceramides has been proposed for topical treatment to help re‐structure damaged lipid arrangement and repair impaired skin barrier function. Nonetheless, the formulation of ceramides in products necessitates specific processes such as heating to high temperature before their introduction in the final formula. In this review on the structure, the role and the potential of ceramides for skincare, we point out the necessity of rigorous process when formulating ceramides into the final product. We demonstrate the counterproductive effects of undissolved ceramides on skin barrier repair capacity of the formulas, when assessed in different in vitro models of disrupted skin barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to improve metformin skin administration by creating solid lipid microparticles (SLMs). To obtain optimal metformin delivery, SLMs were created using a double emulsion hot homogenization technique with a rotor‐stator. The effects of the two surfactants and homogenization time on particle characteristics and performance were studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Tween 60 concentration had the most significant effect on particle size. The simple effects of the studied factors did not significantly affect encapsulation efficiency. However, the interactions between these parameters influenced this response. Moreover, the particle size was affected more by the surfactant concentration. After optimizing the three factors, the results showed an optimum encapsulation efficiency of 82% and a particle size of 2 µm with a desirability of 0.915. The topical drug release profile of lipid microparticle suspensions is characterized by an early burst, followed by sustained drug release. The release of metformin from solid lipid particles followed the Higuchi release model, whereas it followed the Weibull model for release from the gel formulation. Based on the in vitro drug release results, we can conclude that the particles containing the drug are in the shape of a matrix. Practical Applications: The SLM formulation produces a film on the cutaneous surface, retaining the active component in the skin's superficial layer. Furthermore, owing to their micron size, SLM increases the contact surface of the encapsulated drug with the stratum corneum, which might improve cutaneous delivery and provide sustained release of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UV) rays damage DNA, causing adverse effects such as photoaging and cancer on the skin. For the well-being of individuals, there is a need to develop innovative skin products with high effectiveness using protective and therapeutic agents. In our study, a nanoemulsion (NE) formulation containing Ylang-ylang essential oil (YO), which has many biological active properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer, was produced by the ultrasonic emulsification method and characterized. The thermodynamic stability was evaluated, and its release profile determined the dialysis membrane technique. The cytotoxic effect of YO-NE was examined with the in vitro method on the HacaT cell line using the MTT method and in silico method using the ADMET profile. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results showed that the average droplet size of the YO-NE formulation was 184.1±2.307 nm, the polydispersity index (PdI) was 0.151±0.006, and the Zeta potential (ζ) -10.8 ± 0.400 mV. As a result of release studies, it was observed that 99.98± 1.00% of YO release from NE occurred within 5 hours. Based on the thermodynamic stability test results, it was determined that the developed formulation did not show sedimentation or phase separation. Cytotoxicity results revealed that the YO-NE formulation was safe. All the results indicated that the YO-NE formulation might be considered a non-toxic product candidate with physicochemical properties suitable for topical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Sarcoptic mange is a debilitating disease affecting free‐living/wild bare‐nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). The disease causes thickening of the skin, pruritus, alopecia and deep fissures in the skin of infected animals, and ultimately death if left untreated. In Australia, there are approvals from the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to use moxidectin for treating sarcoptic mange in bare‐nosed wombats; however, few published literatures document the success of treatment regimens. Two adult male bare‐nosed wombats presented with dermatitis, erythema and crusting of the skin. Evaluation of skin scrapings confirmed the presence of live Sarcoptes scabiei. Both wombats were treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin topically poured on to the dorsal backline approximately 7 days apart. Both animals showed improvement, with skin becoming clear of crusting and dermatitis, and no S. scabiei mites were present on either animal after 2 weeks. Here, we presented two clinical scenarios of sarcoptic mange in wombats that were successfully treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin applied topically. We recommend this treatment be used where wombats can be identified and monitored throughout their recovery.

Background: Selective activator protein (AP)-1 inhibitors are potentially promising therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis (AD) because AP-1 is an important regulator of skin inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the effect of topical application of AP-1 inhibitors in treating inflammatory skin disorders. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect phosphorylated AP-1/c-Jun expression of skin lesions in AD patients. In the in vivo study, 1 % T-5224 ointment was topically applied for 8 days to the ears of 2,4 dinitrofluorobenzene challenged AD-like dermatitis model mice. Baricitinib, a conventional therapeutic agent Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was also topically applied. In the in vitro study, human epidermal keratinocytes were treated with T-5224 and stimulated with AD-related cytokines. Results: AP-1/c-Jun was phosphorylated at skin lesions in AD patients. In vivo, topical T-5224 application inhibited ear swelling (P

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. The high prevalence of fungal skin infections motivates expanding the range of sertaconazole products for external use.AIM. The study was a preclinical comparison of the safety, antifungal activity, and pharmacokinetics of Sertaverin® 2% medicated shampoo (VERTEX JSC, Russia) with those of Sertamicol® 2% solution for external use (Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India) and Nizoral® 2% shampoo (Janssen Pharmaceuticals N.V., Belgium) approved in the Russian Federation.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In the toxicity study, the medicinal products were applied to the skin of male and female outbred rats at doses of 0.5 or 1.5 mL/animal for 28 days. The authors evaluated the pharmacokinetics of two sertaconazole formulations (shampoo and solution) following a single administration to adult male rats at the same dose. Nizoral® was not used in the pharmacokinetics study because it contains a different active substance, ketoconazole. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the serial microdilution method in a wide range of concentrations.RESULTS. The medicinal products did not exhibit any significant toxic effects in laboratory animals after 28 days of repeated dermal application. Plasma sertaconazole concentrations were negligible. Sertaconazole was intensively distributed in the liver, which is a highly vascularised organ, and in the target organ (skin at the site of application). The relative bioavailability of sertaconazole from the shampoo relative to that from the solution for external use was approximately 30% in liver tissues and approximately 363% in skin tissues at the application site. Sertaverin® was comparable to sertaconazole in the active substance form in terms of inhibiting the growth of Malassezia furfur strains. The MICs calculated on the active substance basis were ≤16–64 μg/mL.CONCLUSIONS. With its synergistic dual mechanism of action, broad-spectrum antifungal activity, lipophilic properties, and low systemic absorption, Sertaverin® may provide a more effective and safe alternative to marketed medicinal products for scalp diseases.

Fungal infections are of major concern all over the globe, and fluconazole is the most prevalently used drug to treat it. The goal of this research work was to formulate a fluconazole-embedded transfersomal gel for the treatment of fungal infections. A compatibility study between fluconazole and soya lecithin was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Transfersomes were formulated by a thin-film hydration technique using soya lecithin and Span 80. A central composite design was adopted to prepare different formulations. Soya lecithin and Span 80 were chosen as independent variables, and the effect of these variables was studied on in vitro drug diffusion. Formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug diffusion. The results of in vitro drug diffusion were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Optimized formulation was prepared based on the overlay plot and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, DSC, vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and in vitro drug diffusion studies. An optimized formulation was loaded into xanthan gum gel base and evaluated for pH, viscosity, in vitro and ex vivo drug diffusion, and antifungal activity. DSC studies revealed compatibility between fluconazole and soya lecithin. Entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug diffusion of various formulations ranged between 89.92% ± 0.20% to 97.28% ± 0.42% and 64% ± 1.56% to 85% ± 2.05%, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between in vitro drug diffusion and Span 80; conversely, a negative correlation was noted with soya lecithin. Entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, PDI, and drug diffusion of optimized formulation were 95.0% ± 2.2%, 397 ± 2 nm,-38 ± 5 mV, 0.43%, and 81 % ± 2%, respectively. SEM images showed well-distributed spherical-shaped transfersomes. In vitro, ex vivo drug diffusion and antifungal studies were conclusive of better diffusion and enhanced antifungal potential fluconazole in transfersomal formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is an inflammatory, autoimmune disorder characterized by thick and silvery lesions of the skin. Beyond its physical dimension, this disease has a significant adverse effect on quality of life and represents a huge social health burden. Based on symptoms, psoriasis may be characterized from mild to severe. A range of therapeutic agents are available to treat the disease, but none is able to provide permanent cure of the disease. The most commonly used medicines for treatment of psoriasis include anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, biological and immunosuppressants. Though these drugs cure the disease to an extent, they are associated with many contra-indicative manifestations. Hence, an alternative system of medicine could be an excellent approach in the management of this disease, and numerous studies proved that bio-actives derived from natural sources have potential anti-psoriatic activity. Further, the therapeutic actions of these natural products can be enhanced by incorporating them in nano-formulations. The present era of medicine is focusing on implementation of natural product based nanotechnology to overcome the drawbacks of conventional treatment. This review primarily aims to focus on the recent advances in the field of natural product based nanomedicines for the effective management of psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective activator protein (AP)-1 inhibitors are potentially promising therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis (AD) because AP-1 is an important regulator of skin inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the effect of topical application of AP-1 inhibitors in treating inflammatory skin disorders. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect phosphorylated AP-1/c-Jun expression of skin lesions in AD patients. In the in vivo study, 1 % T-5224 ointment was topically applied for 8 days to the ears of 2,4 dinitrofluorobenzene challenged AD-like dermatitis model mice. Baricitinib, a conventional therapeutic agent Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was also topically applied. In the in vitro study, human epidermal keratinocytes were treated with T-5224 and stimulated with AD-related cytokines. AP-1/c-Jun was phosphorylated at skin lesions in AD patients. In vivo , topical T-5224 application inhibited ear swelling (P < 0.001), restored filaggrin (Flg) expression (P < 0.01), and generally suppressed immune-related pathways. T-5224 significantly suppressed Il17a and l17f expression, whereas baricitinib did not. Baricitinib suppressed Il4, Il19, Il33 and Ifnb expression, whereas T-5224 did not. Il1a, Il1b, Il23a, Ifna, S100a8, and S100a9 expression was cooperatively downregulated following the combined use of T-5224 and baricitinib. In vitro, T-5224 restored the expression of FLG and loricrin (LOR) (P < 0.05) and suppressed IL33 expression (P < 0.05) without affecting cell viability and cytotoxicity. Topical T-5224 ameliorates clinical manifestations of AD-like dermatitis in mice. The effect of this inhibitor is amplified via combined use with JAK inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis is an Autoimmune disease, can be categorized by painful joints with limited treatment option. An Oral administration of Leflunomide for longer duration might lead to the Liver Toxicity. Hence, site specific delivery of an Immunomodulatory drug can be proposed for symptomatic relief of pain. Materials and Methods: Present study is focused on the formulation of Leflunomide using Pluronic Lecithin Organogel as a platform to enhance permeation through skin, bypass hepatic metabolism and to achieve local action. Prepared formulation was optimized by using 32 full factorial design and characterized for various parameters such as viscosity, physical form, pH, drug content, Spreadability, in vitro drug release profile and stability. Results: Optimized formulation of organogel showed (%) drug release up to 8 hr. Further, anti-inflammatory activity and Histopathology study of developed formulation confirmed safe and effective use for topical application. Conclusion: The study concluded that developed formulation is effective for topical treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The study would be extended to assess the clinical application of preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to formulate and characterize a hesperetin formulation to achieve adequate deposition and retention of hesperetin in the epidermis as a target for some cosmetic/dermatological actions. To derive the final emulgel, various formulations incorporating different proportions of Polysorbate 80 and hyaluronic acid underwent testing through a Box–Behnken experimental design. Nine formulations were created until the targeted emulgel properties were achieved. This systematic approach, following the principles of a design of experiment (DoE) methodology, adheres to a quality-by-design (QbD) paradigm, ensuring a robust and purposeful formulation and highlighting the commitment to a quality-driven design approach. The emulsions were developed using the phase inversion method, optimizing the emulgel with the incorporation of hyaluronic acid. Physically stable optimized emulgels were evaluated for their globule size, surface charge, viscosity, pH, electrical conductivity, and hesperetin content. These assays, along with the temperature swing test, were used to select the optimal formulation. It was characterized by a droplet size, d[4,3], of 4.02 μm, a Z-potential of −27.8 mV, an O/W sign, a pH of 5.2, and a creamy texture and proved to be stable for at least 2 months at room temperature. Additionally, in vitro release kinetics from the selected emulgel exhibited a sustained release profile of hesperetin. Skin assays revealed adequate retention of hesperetin in the human epidermis with minimum permeation. Altogether, these results corroborate the promising future of the proposed emulgel in cosmetic or dermatological use on healthy or diseased skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Traditional cosmetics play a significant role in the cultural practices and personal hygiene of many ethnic groups worldwide. The Oromo, an indigenous community in Ethiopia, has a rich history of utilizing local plants for cosmetic purposes. However, the use of plants as traditional cosmetics has only been poorly investigated as more emphasis was given to traditional medicines. The study thus aimed to identify and document plant species, and parts used in traditional cosmetics and associated knowledge, and practices among Oromo women in the Madda Walabu district, Southeastern Ethiopia. A total of 150 Oromo women were interviewed to gather ethnobotanical information including the plant species used for cosmetics, their preparation methods, and their applications. Ethnobotanical indices were computed to determine the most important species used by the women. A total of 48 plant species belonging to 31 families used as sources of traditional cosmetics were recorded. Most of these plants were trees. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part in traditional cosmetics, and maceration and decoction were the most common preparation methods applied to prepare traditional cosmetics. Topical application of traditional cosmetics was the most common, while oral infusions were rarely reported type of administration. All categories had high informant consensus factor (ICF) values, ranging from 0.80 to 0.98. The highest ICF value was found for skin treatment, followed by the hair, and face mask. Overall, Commiphora habessinica, Gnidia stenophylla, Kalanchoe lanceolata, Mimusops kummel, Sesamothamnus rivae, Terminalia brownii, T. laxiflora, Acacia drepanolobium, A. mellifera, and Aloe citrina were the most frequently cited and culturally important plants by Oromo women for traditional cosmetics in the area. The study highlights the importance of local plant resources for maintaining cultural practices and personal hygiene. However, the cultural heritage associated with traditional cosmetics is facing threats from various factors. Therefore, a continuous effort to document and disseminate knowledge about traditional cosmetics practices to ensure their preservation and transmission and awakening younger generations about the importance of traditional cosmetics and their role in cultural heritage is crucial.

Abstract Introduction Involvement of the scalp is common in psoriasis and severely affects the quality of life of those affected. It is difficult to treat and places special demands on the galenics of a drug formulation. Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor and is approved as an ointment formulation for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. The efficacy and safety of topically applied tacrolimus have also been studied and proven for psoriasis. However, no proprietary pharmaceutical product is currently approved for this indication. Methods A multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled phase 3 study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus microemulsion when applied topically twice daily in 128 patients independently of sex with scalp psoriasis. Results The primary efficacy analysis showed a scalp Investigator Global Assessment (s-IGA) of 0 (absence of disease) or 1 (very mild disease) at 8 weeks in 28.6% of subjects in the tacrolimus group, indicating a significantly better response (p = 0.0476, chi-square test) versus 12.7% of subjects in the placebo group (difference of 15.9%-points). The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) improved over time and was more pronounced in the group treated with tacrolimus-containing microemulsion than in the placebo group, but showed no statistically significant difference after 8 weeks of use (p = 0.193, ANCOVA). The safety analysis revealed no evidence of cutaneous side effects other than those known. Toxicologically relevant serum levels of tacrolimus could be excluded. Conclusion The study data show that 0.1% tacrolimus microemulsion has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of scalp psoriasis.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is indispensable for the regulation of biological metabolism. Previous studies have revealed its role in aging and degenerative diseases, while crucially showing that supplementation with NAD+ or its precursors could ameliorate or reverse the progression of aging. Despite extensive evidence for the role and action of NAD+ in aging, its pharmacological activity on the skin, or even its mechanism, has not been elucidated. In this study, we established a novel approach to effectively utilize NAD+ for skin anti-aging by enhancing the pharmacological efficacy of exogenous NAD+ using a phytochemical complex consisting of quercetin, and enoxolone through inhibition of CD38. Through the comprehensive in vitro experiments based on human fibroblasts, we observed that exogenous NAD+ could exert protective effects against both extrinsic aging induced by ultraviolet light exposure and intrinsic aging. Additionally, we found that its effects were significantly boosted by quercetin and enoxolone. In this in-depth study, we demonstrated that these beneficial effects are mediated by improved sirtuin activation, autophagy, and mitochondrial functionality. Our approach is expected to verify the applicability of the topical application of NAD+ and offer more effective solutions for the unmet needs of patients and consumers who demand more effective anti-aging effects.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disorder, prevalent globally. The disease is associated with frequent flare ups and the available therapies such as corticosteroids show short time cure. In this study, we have investigated the use of natural green compound, fisetin in the oxazolone induced AD model of mouse. Though different route of administration has been used for therapeutic use, not much studies have been done on topical administration in AD. As the topical application of any drug is the most convenient mode of application in case of skin disorder, we have explored the therapeutic potential of topically administered fisetin in this study. The inflammatory parameters were checked at the tissue level, cellular level and, at the molecular level. The ear thickness, as assessed during the treatment regimen was significantly increased in the disease group and significant restoration was observed in the fisetin treated group. Fisetin also restored the infiltration of cells at the inflammatory site and systemic circulation. Other parameters such as increased number of eosinophils, T cells, B cells, neutrophils and macrophages, elevated serum IgE, upregulation in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling molecules, were significantly restored on topical application of fisetin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to prolonged forced positioning, the incidence of intraoperative pressure injuries is high. This study aimed to explore the impact of small-molecule antiplatelet drugs on pressure injuries by locally applying them before an injury occurs. In the first part of this study, water-soluble tracers with different molecular weights were applied to normal and early-stage pressure-injured skin. Through digital cameras, spectrophotometers, and histological observations, the penetration of tracers into the epidermis was clarified. In the second part of this study, a water-soluble antiplatelet drug called Trapidil (molecular weight = 205 Da) was applied to the left side of the back of a rat before, during, and after compression, and the contralateral side served as a non-intervention control group. The differences in pressure injuries between the two groups were observed through a digital camera, an ultraviolet camera, and temperature measurement, and skin circulation and perfusion were assessed via an intravenous injection of Evans Blue. The first part of this study found that water-soluble tracers did not easily penetrate normal skin but could more easily penetrate pressure-damaged skin. The smaller the molecular weight of the tracer, the easier it penetrated the skin. Therefore, in the next step of research, water-soluble drugs with smaller molecular weights should be selected. The second part of this study found that, compared with the control group, the occurrence rates and areas of ulcers were lower, the gray value was higher, and the skin temperature was lower in the Trapidil group (p < 0.05). After the intravenous Evans Blue injection, skin circulation and perfusion in the Trapidil group were found to be better. In conclusion, this study found that the topical skin application of a small-molecule antiplatelet agent may have significant effects against pressure injuries by improving post-decompression ischemia, providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of intraoperative pressure injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Involvement of the scalp is common in psoriasis and severely affects the quality of life of those affected. It is difficult to treat and places special demands on the galenics of a drug formulation. Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor and is approved as an ointment formulation for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. The efficacy and safety of topically applied tacrolimus have also been studied and proven for psoriasis. However, no proprietary pharmaceutical product is currently approved for this indication. Methods: A multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled phase 3 study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus microemulsion when applied topically twice daily in 128 patients independently of sex with scalp psoriasis. Results: The primary efficacy analysis showed a scalp Investigator Global Assessment (s-IGA) of 0 (absence of disease) or 1 (very mild disease) at 8 weeks in 28.6% of subjects in the tacrolimus group, indicating a significantly better response (p = 0.0476, chi-square test) versus 12.7% of subjects in the placebo group (difference of 15.9%-points). The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) improved over time and was more pronounced in the group treated with tacrolimus-containing microemulsion than in the placebo group, but showed no statistically significant difference after 8 weeks of use (p = 0.193, ANCOVA). The safety analysis revealed no evidence of cutaneous side effects other than those known. Toxicologically relevant serum levels of tacrolimus could be excluded. Conclusion: The study data show that 0.1% tacrolimus microemulsion has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of scalp psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound care in horses, particularly chronic non-healing lesions, pose a major medical challenge for equine practitioners and can result in considerable financial loss as well as missed training goals for owners. The lower equine limb is particularly susceptible to damage due to the lack of protective muscling and superficial synovial and tendinous structures. This paper presents the treatment of a non-healing distal leg wound in a horse by topical application of a Chinese herbal medicine decoction using a traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) approach. The patient had sustained damage to the palmar aspect of the flexor tendons on the left thoracic limb caused by jumping off a transport vehicle. This injury was initially treated by cleaning the area, topical erythromycin antibiotic ointment and intramuscular injection of penicillin for 3 days. Over a 2-month period the initial trauma progressed to a chronic non-healing wound. Medical management of the wound was then changed to topical application of a Chinese herbal decoction which was applied 3 times daily. Over a 29-day period, this treatment encouraged normalization of the wound healing process with epithelization, tissue remodeling and normal scar formation. The clinical results achieved in this horse suggest topical treatment with Chinese herbal medicine can decrease complications and speed the healing process of chronic wounds. The use of the topical herbal formula in this case was convenient, simple to use, and cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Revamp of liposomal preparation inimical ageing by using a splendid treasure of herbal drugs includes non-prescription and prescription upshot. Liposomal therapy stands at the forefront of cutting-edge cosmeceutical innovation. It involves a sophisticated, bi-layered delivery system designed for the precise infusion of walnut oil and tamarind seed oil into the skin. This innovative approach effectively combats the signs of ageing, whether they are the result of a sedentary lifestyle or genetic factors within one's family history. Purpose: The current study focuses on exploring the area of traditional systems of medicine in the field of pharmaceuticals to achieve the combined effect of walnut oil [F1] and tamarind seed oil [F2] in the form of liposomal preparation against ageing. Methods: Liposomes of walnut oil and tamarind seed oil were developed by using a rotary vacuum evaporator, and microscopy of the formulated liposomes was done using a Digicam microscope, which provided a microscopic view that both formulated liposomes are spherical, but F1 liposomes are more dense and tactile than F2, and the F2 liposomal formulation has more vesicles than F1. In-vitro drug release studies of F1 and F2 were done by diffusion cells while using a dialysis membrane with buffer medium 6.8. Further characterization techniques like SEM and FTIR were used to investigate the size range with the clear shape of the particles and to obtain a clear peak that matched the pure drug, which shows that it has retained its pharmacological properties. The final step was directed towards the preparation of topical anti-ageing cream by combining F1 and F2 to obtain the synergistic effect, and the formulation cream was successfully visualised under a projection microscope at a magnification of 10x, which reveals that spherically droplet vacuoles are present with a soft texture and a creamy, whitish colour. Last but not least, a 14-day animal study was conducted on female Swiss mice from the authorised animal laboratory departmental animal house at Integral University. The studies were conducted in 3 groups: G1 was given saline as a control, G2 was given Olay as a topical application, and G3 was given the test cream. The anti-ageing potential of the formulated cream was evaluated by skin compliance studies using UV exposure. Results: Walnut oil and tamarind seed oil-based liposomes were formulated after placebo selection, i.e., F1 and F2, and the microscopic view of F1 sphere-shaped vesicles is larger, brighter, and more dense than F2, and the sphereshaped vesicles of F1 and F2 contain phospholipid bilayers composed of soyalecthin, which helps to deliver drugs at a specific site. The pH of two formulations, F1 and F2, was determined by storing them at different temperatures, 350[C and 450[C. The pH resultant values were in the range of 5.8 to 6.9, which means that the formulated liposomes are ideal for skin function. In-vitro drug release studies of F1 and F2 data revealed that F1 shows less drug release than F2 at 35 min, which is less than 100%. This specified study was done to identify the time that was taken to release the drug. The structural analysis of liposomes F1 and F2 was done by the highly characterised technique of SEM, and the result revealed that F1 and F2 were in a spherical shape. F1 liposome was 5 μm in diameter, while F2 liposome was 1 μm in diameter, which means that they lie in the bilayer liposomal range. FTIR is an important parameter to analyse the functional group and also to identify the peak of the pure drug that is similar to the excipient for retaining the pharmacological action, so here F1 and F2 liposomes are similar to the pure drug. The topical preparation of liposomes F1 and F2 was decided to formulate cream that is easy to use and store. The combining anti-ageing creams of F1 and F2 were visualised under a projection microscope, and the view of the liposomal cream revealed sphere-shaped vesicles. As a result of skin compliance studies, **G3 is significantly more significant than G1 and *G2 is significantly more significant than G1. The antiageing evaluation study stated that **G3 is much more significant than G2, and *G2 is much more significant than G1. Conclusion: The present study indicates that walnut oil and tamarind seed oil were successfully entrapped in a liposomal formulation in the form of cream. The characterization studies reveal that they are potent against ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) was proposed as a part of the postoperative multimodal analgesic regimen to improve pain management after posterior spinal surgery. However, ESPB might cause more surgical incisional wound exudate and poor wound healing, which might be improved after topical lyophilized thrombin application. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective study on patients who received posterior spinal surgery between January 2018 and December 2021. These patients were assigned into three groups: group A (general anesthesia), group B (general anesthesia with ESPB), and group C (general anesthesia with ESPB and topical 1000-unit thrombin application). Postoperative outcomes, including times of dressing changes, duration of suture removal, and incisional wound healing, were compared among these groups. Results: Our study included 89 patients, with 48, 20, and 21 patients in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Baseline demographics, height, weight, comorbidities, and operation duration were comparable among the three groups. Group B required statistically significantly more dressing changes and had a prolonged duration of suture removal than group A (9.4 ± 4.7 versus 6.5 ± 2.0 times, 16.2 ± 3.7 versus 14.2 ± 1.4 days, respectively), which could be statistically significantly improved after the thrombin application in group C. Group B also had more frequent poor wound healing (25.0 %), which could also be improved after the thrombin application (0.0 %). Conclusions: ESPB could cause more dressing changes and poor surgical wound healing after posterior spinal surgery, which could be improved by topical lyophilized thrombin powder application.

In connection with the problem of formation of strains of pathogenic microflora resistant to antibacterial drugs, research on the use of nanoparticles, namely quantum dots, has been actively conducted recently. Quantum dots can be used as an anti-infective agent, a means for visualization of intraocular structures, drug delivery, as well as a means for electrical stimulation of the retina. Successful application of quantum dots as an anti-infective agent necessitates the study of their penetrating ability into the anterior chamber. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate the penetration ability of InP/ZnSe/ZnS 650 QDs in the anterior chamber of the eye at topical application. The object of the study was InP/ZnSe/ZnS 650 quantum dots. The study was carried out on laboratory rabbits (#6), which were divided randomly in pairs into groups. In rabbits #1 and #2 the eyes remained intact, #3 and #4 — a bandage soft contact lens was placed on the cornea of the right eye, #5 and #6 the cornea of the right eye was de-epithelialized. All experimental rabbits during the day 6 times instillation of 10 % solution of InP/ZnSe/ZnS 650 quantum dots was performed, and at the end 0.2 ml of moisture was taken from the anterior chamber of the right eye. The left eyes in all individuals were the control group. Identification of quantum dots into the anterior chamber was performed using a highly sensitive spectrophotometer UV-3600 (Shimadzu). The experimental study of the ability of InP/ZnSe/ZnS 650 quantum dots at topical application to penetrate into the intraocular cavity by the claimed detection methods did not allow their detection in the anterior chamber moisture even in minimal concentration.

Vitiligo is a common skin disease with acquired depigmentation, seriously impacting patients′ physical and mental health. With the acceleration of life rhythm and the increase in psychological stress, the incidence of vitiligo increases. Because of the complicated pathogenesis, the treatment of vitiligo is still one of the most difficult challenges in dermatology. At present, the therapeutic efficacy for vitiligo is limited although various treatment methods are available. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches still need to be explored. Psoralea corylifolia injection, a proprietary Chinese medicine, can stimulate the synthesis and transport of melanin, and promote the division and proliferation of surviving melanocytes in the epidermis and hair follicles. Hence, the Psoralea corylifolia injection-based combination therapy is expected to provide a new safe and effective treatment for vitiligo. In this paper, we review literature on Psoralea corylifolia injection for vitiligo in respect of the mechanisms, usage and adverse reactions.

Jianfen Liang,1,&ast; Jun Liu,1,&ast; Zhuolin Qiu,1 Guoliang Sun,1 Ping Xiang,2 Ziqing Hei,1 Xiang Li1 1Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Medical Quality Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiang Li, Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-20-85253132, Fax +86-20-85252297, Email lixiang27@mail.sysu.edu.cnBackground: Postoperative sore throat is a frequent adverse event after double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) intubation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether esketamine gargle has a preventive effect on the incidence of postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing DLT intubation.Methods: This trial included 140 patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery at the third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University. Patients were randomly allocated into the following two groups of 70 patients each: the control group, gargling with saline of 30 mL, and the esketamine group, gargling with an esketamine solution of 30 mL (2 mL/50 mg esketamine in 28 mL saline), 5 min prior to anaesthesia induction. The primary outcome was the incidence of sore throat 24 h after surgery. The main secondary outcomes included the incidence of sore throat and hoarseness at 1 h and 48 h after surgery, as well as the intraoperative haemodynamic responses.Results: The incidence of sore throat was significantly higher in the control group (47.1%, 33/70 patients) compared with the esketamine group (12.9%, 9/70 patients) at 24 h after surgery (RD, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.26– 0.57; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the incidence of sore throat at 1 h (p = 0.027), 24 h (p = 0.019), and seventh day (p = 0.031) as well as hoarseness at 1 h (p = 0.027), 24 h (p = 0.019), and 48 h (p = 0.031) after surgery were reduced in the esketamine group. Significant differences were seen in the peak levels of systolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate between the groups during the intubation (p < 0.05). Besides, no patient developed an adverse reaction to esketamine.Conclusion: Preoperative gargling of esketamine can provide an effect against sore throat after DLT intubation without adverse side effects and effectively inhibit sharp elevations in heart rate and blood pressure during double-lumen intubation procedures.Keywords: esketamine, topical application, postoperative sore throat, double-lumen endobronchial tubes, intubation

Chalcones are phenolic compounds with biological properties. This study had the aim to evaluate the effects of topical administration of a new synthetic chalcone, Chalcone T4, in an animal model of periodontitis induced by ligature. Forty rats were distributed in the following experimental groups: negative control (without periodontitis and topical application of distilled water), positive control (periodontitis and topical application of distilled water), chalcone I and II (periodontitis and topical application of 0.6 mg/mL and 1.8 mg/mL, respectively). Chalcone or distilled water was administered into the gingival sulcus of the first molars daily for 10 days, starting with the ligature installation. The following outcomes were evaluated: alveolar bone loss (µCT and methylene blue dye staining), quantification of osteoclasts (histomorphometry), cell infiltrate and collagen content (stereometry), gene expression of mediators (Nfact11, Tnf-α, Mmp-13, iNos, Sod and Nrf2) by (RT-qPCR); expression of BCL-2 and Caspase-1 (immunohistochemistry). Chalcone T4 inhibited bone resorption and prevented collagen matrix degradation. Reduction in the expression of inflammatory markers (Nfact11, Tnf-α, Mmp-13, and Caspase-1), attenuation of oxidative stress (iNOS reduction, and increase in Sod), and pro-apoptotic effect of the compound (BCL-2 reduction), were associated its effects on periodontal tissues. Topical application of Chalcone T4 prevented bone resorption and inflammation, demonstrating potential in the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis.

The combination of nanoemulgel and phytochemistry has resulted in several recent discoveries in the field of topical delivery systems. The present study aimed to prepare nanoemulgel based on turmeric (Curcuma longa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) against microbial infection as topical drug delivery. Olive oil (oil phase), Tween 80 (surfactant), and PEG600 (co-surfactant) were used for the preparation of nanoemulsion. Carbopol 934 was used as a gelling agent to convert the nanoemulsion to nanoemulgel and promote the control of the release of biological properties of turmeric and neem. The nanoemulsion was characterized based on particle size distribution, PDI values, and compatibility using FTIR analysis. In contrast, the nanoemulgel was evaluated based on pH, viscosity, spreadability, plant extract and excipient compatibility or physical state, in vitro study, ex vivo mucoadhesive study, antimicrobial properties, and stability. The resulting nanoemulsion was homogeneous and stable during the centrifugation process, with the smallest droplets and low PDI values. FTIR analysis also confirmed good compatibility and absence of phase separation between the oil substance, surfactant, and co-surfactant with both plant extracts. The improved nanoemulgel also demonstrated a smooth texture, good consistency, good pH, desired viscosity, ex vivo mucoadhesive strength with the highest spreadability, and 18 h in vitro drug release. Additionally, it exhibited better antimicrobial properties against different microbial strains. Stability studies also revealed that the product had good rheological properties and physicochemical state for a period of over 3 months. The present study affirmed that turmeric- and neem-based nanoemulgel is a promising alternative for microbial infection particularly associated with microorganisms via topical application.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical application of botanical (TAB) adjuvants in the treatment of melasma and provide evidence-based medical evidence for their clinical application. Methods: Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, and SinoMed, databases were searched to identify all randomized controlled clinical trials on TAB adjuvant treatment for melasma from inception to May 2023. The primary outcomes included clinical efficacy, adverse effects, recurrence rate, and melanin index. Subgroup analyses were performed using the Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI) scores. Results: This study included 16 randomized trials with 1386 participants. Eligible trials demonstrated that topical phytomedicine adjuvant treatment for melasma increased clinical effectiveness (RR = 1.14, 95% CI (1.10, 1.19), P ＜0.00001), decreased recurrence rate (RR = 0.28, 95% CI (0.13, 0.59), P = 0.0009), and decreased melanin index (MI) (MD = −22.2,95% CI (−31.79, −12.61), P

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease, which has seriously affected human health. Berberine is a plant alkaloid with significant anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, we aimed to determine whether topical application of berberine could ameliorate skin inflammation in psoriasis and explore the potential molecular mechanism. Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice was firstly used to reveal the potential pathogenic mechanism. The transcriptome analysis showed that Janus kinase (JAK)-Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway was significantly enriched in IMQ-induced dermatitis, which included the key genes such as Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), Interleukin-2 (IL2), Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA), Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform (PIK3CB) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Network pharmacology and molecular docking then predicted that topical berberine may treat psoriasis by JAK-STAT signaling pathway, especially act on JAK1, IL2, PIK3CA and PIK3CB. Experimental studies in vivo further demonstrated that topical application of berberine could ameliorate IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation by suppressing JAK-STAT signaling pathway. In addition, experimental studies in vitro showed that berberine could directly act on and enter into human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Meanwhile, berberine may inhibit the hyperproliferation and proinflammatory functions of HaCaT cells induced by Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) via suppressing JAK1/STAT1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study suggested that berberine may be a promising topical agent to ameliorate skin inflammation in psoriasis.

Organogels have importance for topical applications because they can be used to deliver drugs in a controlled and prolonged fashion. These are materials consisting of a three-dimensional network of organic molecules dispersed in a solvent. Recent studies have demonstrated that the solvent could be replaced by oils from non-conventional biologic sources. There is a diversity of not-explored species in the Amazon that are promising sources of vegetable oils with a promising composition. This study developed an organogel with buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.f) and cacay (Caryodendron orinocense Karst.) oils, using cetostearyl alcohol as an organogelator due to its compatibility, stability, security, affordability, and it is readily available. The oils were characterized, and the organogels were synthesized by studying their crystal evolution and oil-binding capacity. The microstructure was evaluated with polarized light microscopy, fractal dimension, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and thermal and rheological analyses. It was found that the critical gelation concentration was higher for cacay oil as it possessed a higher amount of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols. The crystals of the buriti organogel had a smaller lamellar shape, a greater surface area, and physical and thermal stability; although, it presented a slower crystal evolution due to the low number of minor compounds and a greater number of saturated triacylglycerols. The polar fraction of the organogelators as well as triacylglycerol and minor polar compounds are important in forming crystallization nuclei. The study showed that Amazonian oils in crystallization processes form microstructures with differentiating physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diaper Dermatitis (DD) is a prevalent skin condition among infants. In recent times, various complementary skin-care approaches have been recommended, including alternatives like sunflower oil and human breast milk. Despite these natural options, certain chemical formulations persist in use, posing potential harm or providing little benefit. Aim: To evaluate the effect of topical application of mothers' breast milk versus barrier cream on healing of diaper dermatitis in infants. Design: A Randomized Controlled Trial design was used. Subjects: A purposive sample of 62 infants and their mothers were included. Setting: The study was conducted at the Pediatric Clinic affiliated to El-Fardoos Primary Health Care Center at Mansoura city, Egypt. Tools of data collection: Two tools were used for data collection: A structured questionnaire sheet for infants and their mothers and severity scale for DD were used for data collection. Results: Mild to moderate pre-lesion scores were comparable between both groups with no statistically significant difference. The post-lesion scores on the 7th day for the breast milk group were significantly different from the barrier cream group (p=0.005). Conclusion: Breast milk delivers more effective results than barrier cream, in the treatment of infants with mild to moderate DD. Recommendations: The study recommends developing a standardized protocol for the application of breast milk, for the prevention and treatment of DD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperpigmentation disorders are characterized by dark spots on the skin. Treatment for hypermelanosis involves the application of tyrosinase inhibitors, chemical peels, or lasers therapy, although they may cause skin irritation and other side effects. Potential natural alternatives for skin hyperpigmentation are quercetin (QT) and olive oil (OL) due to their antioxidant activity and anti-tyrosinase property. However, QT usage drawback is its low water solubility and high chemical instability that may be overcome with nanoencapsulation. To understand if QT and OL could be used as alternative to improve hypermelanosis, we evaluated the physical-chemical and biological properties of quercetin-loaded olive oil nanoemulsion (QT-NE). QT-NE was prepared by the highenergy emulsification method and, through the Box-Behnken design, we analyzed different concentrations of OL, surfactant mixture, and the agitation speed in relation to diameter and polydispersity index (PdI). The optimized formulation was characterized in terms of size, PdI, zeta potential, pH, electrical conductivity, stability and encapsulation efficiency. Besides, we evaluated in vitro antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and in vitro toxicity. The optimized QT-NE showed a size of 183.43 ± 9.53 nm with low PdI (0.19), zeta potential of 17.13 ± 0.61 mV, pH around 7, conductivity of 163.96 ± 8.92 mS/cm, and high encapsulation efficiency (99%). The QTNE exhibited high antioxidant activity (92%) and inhibited 56% of tyrosinase activity, indicating its potential for free radical scavenging and reducing skin hyperpigmentation. Furthermore, no irritation was observed by HET-CAM. Thus, this nanoemulsion (NE) is a promising alternative for hypermelanosis and could substitute the current treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: We report the size dependent uptake of dsRNA loaded MSNPs into the leaves and roots ofNicotiana benthamianaplants and accessed for their relative reduction in Tomato leaf curl New Delhi viral load. A non-GMO method of RNA interference (RNAi) has been recently in practice through direct delivery of double stranded RNA into the plant cells. Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a bipartitie begomovirus, is a significant viral pathogen of many crops in the Indian subcontinent. Conventional RNAi cargo delivery strategies for instance uses viral vectors and Agrobacterium-facilitated delivery, exhibiting specific host responses from the plant system. In the present study, we synthesized three different sizes of amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (amino-MSNPs) to mediate the delivery of dsRNA derived from the AC2 (dsAC2) gene of ToLCNDV and showed that these dsRNA loaded nanoparticles enabled effective reduction in viral load. Furthermore, we demonstrate that amino-MSNPs protected the dsRNA molecules from nuclease degradation, while the complex was efficiently taken up by the leaves and roots of Nicotiana benthamiana. The real time gene expression evaluation showed that plants treated with nanoparticles of different sizes ~ 10 nm (MSNPDEA), ~ 32 nm (MSNPTEA) and ~ 66 nm (MSNPNH3) showed five-, eleven- and threefold reduction of ToLCNDV in N. benthamiana, respectively compared to the plants treated with naked dsRNA. This work clearly demonstrates the size dependent internalization of amino-MSNPs and relative efficacy in transporting dsRNA into the plant system, which will be useful in convenient topical treatment to protect plants against their pathogens including viruses. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with FITC, checked for its uptake into Nicotiana benthamiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop novel topical formulations based on a natural component (0.5% of Siberian pine essential oil) and to assess its wound-healing capacity through macroscopic, histopathological, and biochemical examination. The phytochemical profile of Pinus sibirica essential oil (PSEO) and rheological analysis and safety potential of formulations were determined. The wound-healing effect was evaluated on an excision wound model in diabetic Wistar albino rats randomly divided into the following groups topically treated with (1) untreated, (2) 1% silver sulfadiazine, (3) ointment base, (4) gel base, (5) PSEO ointment, and (6) PSEO gel. Formulations containing PSEO were stable and safe for skin application. Three weeks of treatment with both PSEO formulations (ointment and gel) led to a significant reduction in wound size (98.14% and 96.28%, respectively) and a remarkably higher level of total hydroxyproline content (9.69 µg/mg and 7.26 µg/mg dry tissue, respectively) relative to the control group (65.97%; 1.81 µg/mg dry tissue). These findings were in correlation with histopathological results. Topically applied PSEO formulations were associated with a significant reduction in most of the measured pro-oxidants and enhanced activity of the antioxidant defense system enzymes (p < 0.05). Our findings showed that gel and ointment with PSEO demonstrated significant wound-repairing capabilities in the excision wound model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mammary glands, production of antimicrobial components and formation of less-permeable tight junctions (TJs) are important for safe milk production. Previously, we reported that local heat treatment of udders using disposable heating pad enhances the components of innate immunity in lactating goat mammary glands. Gingerol is a polyphenol present in ginger that can induce heat-like effects. However, oral administration of polyphenols causes a decrease in biological activity through conjugation and metabolic conversion. Here, we investigated the effects of gingerol on antimicrobial components and TJs by topically applying it to lactating goat udders. Gingerol application increased the somatic cell count, cathelicidin-2 concentration, and proportion of polymorphonuclear cells in the milk and interleukin-8 production. Moreover, gingerol treatment enhanced β-defensin-1 production in milk, cultured mammary epithelial cells, and cultured somatic cells. Contrastingly, gingerol treatment did not affect the concentrations of blood-derived components (Na+, albumin, and IgG) in the milk or the TJ barrier function of cultured mammary epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the topical application of gingerol, similar to local heat treatment, to udders enhances the components of innate immunity in mammary glands. These findings may be useful for the prevention of mastitis in milk-producing animals and, hence, safe and stable dairy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitiligo is a common skin disease with acquired depigmentation, seriously impacting patients′ physical and mental health. With the acceleration of life rhythm and the increase in psychological stress, the incidence of vitiligo increases. Because of the complicated pathogenesis, the treatment of vitiligo is still one of the most difficult challenges in dermatology. At present, the therapeutic efficacy for vitiligo is limited although various treatment methods are available. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches still need to be explored. Psoralea corylifolia injection, a proprietary Chinese medicine, can stimulate the synthesis and transport of melanin, and promote the division and proliferation of surviving melanocytes in the epidermis and hair follicles. Hence, the Psoralea corylifolia injection-based combination therapy is expected to provide a new safe and effective treatment for vitiligo. In this paper, we review literature on Psoralea corylifolia injection for vitiligo in respect of the mechanisms, usage and adverse reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeybee venom (HBV) is a product of natural origin with an extremely complex composition. It exhibits several beneficial pharmacological properties, for example anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, and anti-tumour activities. On the other hand, HBV contains highly allergenic components, including melittin, which makes up more than 50% of its dry weight. Despite many studies conducted, HBV's components and mechanism of action are not yet fully known and understood. Therefore, to enhance the safety of its therapeutical applications, it is essential to establish HBV's composition and biological properties. Many analytical techniques and methods have been reported as potentially useful for the determination of new HBV constituents. Studies focus mainly on the analyses of the HBV proteome and metabolome. Also, properties of its components when applied to the skin, as well as its allergenicity, are being studied. Currently, the most commonly used methods for HBV analysis include high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Choosing the correct and most applicable method for HBV analysis is of great importance in order to obtain in-depth results crucial for the understanding of its mechanism of biological action. The diversity of chemical compounds in HBV also entails an appropriate sample preparation at the pre-analytical stage. In order to summarise the latest knowledge on techniques for the analysis of complex natural products, on the example of HBV, this review paper discusses the modern analytical tools of HBV characterisation, focusing on metabolomic and proteomic studies, topical applications, investigation of venom allergies, and the prospects for future research.