7 results on '"top-down estimation"'
Search Results
2. Anthropogenic NO x Emission Estimations over East China for 2015 and 2019 Using OMI Satellite Observations and the New Inverse Modeling System CIF-CHIMERE.
- Author
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Savas, Dilek, Dufour, Gaëlle, Coman, Adriana, Siour, Guillaume, Fortems-Cheiney, Audrey, Broquet, Grégoire, Pison, Isabelle, Berchet, Antoine, and Bessagnet, Bertrand
- Subjects
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EMISSION inventories , *AIR travel , *AIR pollution , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *EMISSION control , *CHEMICAL models , *TRANSSHIPMENT , *ARTIFICIAL satellites - Abstract
The Chinese government introduced regulations to control emissions and reduce the level of NOx pollutants for the first time with the 12th Five-Year Plan in 2011. Since then, the changes in NOx emissions have been assessed using various approaches to evaluate the impact of the regulations. Complementary to the previous studies, this study estimates anthropogenic NOx emissions in 2015 and 2019 over Eastern China using as a reference the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP) v2.2 emission inventory for 2010 and the new variational inversion system the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) interfaced with the CHIMERE regional chemistry transport model and OMI satellite observations. We also compared the estimated NOx emissions with the independent Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) v1.3, from 2015. The inversions show a slight global decrease in NOx emissions (in 2015 and 2019 compared to 2010), mainly limited to the most urbanized and industrialized locations. In the locations such as Baotou, Pearl River Delta, and Wuhan, the estimations in 2015 compared to 2010 are consistent with the target reduction (10%) of the 12th Five-Year Plan. Comparisons between our emission estimates and MEIC emissions in 2015 suggest that our estimates likely underestimate the emission reductions between 2010 and 2015 in the most polluted locations of Eastern China. However, our estimates suggest that the MEIC inventory overestimates emissions in regions where MEIC indicates an increase of the emissions compared to 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Anthropogenic NOx Emission Estimations over East China for 2015 and 2019 Using OMI Satellite Observations and the New Inverse Modeling System CIF-CHIMERE
- Author
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Dilek Savas, Gaëlle Dufour, Adriana Coman, Guillaume Siour, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Grégoire Broquet, Isabelle Pison, Antoine Berchet, and Bertrand Bessagnet
- Subjects
top-down estimation ,inverse modeling ,NOx emissions ,air quality ,CIF ,CHIMERE ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
The Chinese government introduced regulations to control emissions and reduce the level of NOx pollutants for the first time with the 12th Five-Year Plan in 2011. Since then, the changes in NOx emissions have been assessed using various approaches to evaluate the impact of the regulations. Complementary to the previous studies, this study estimates anthropogenic NOx emissions in 2015 and 2019 over Eastern China using as a reference the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP) v2.2 emission inventory for 2010 and the new variational inversion system the Community Inversion Framework (CIF) interfaced with the CHIMERE regional chemistry transport model and OMI satellite observations. We also compared the estimated NOx emissions with the independent Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) v1.3, from 2015. The inversions show a slight global decrease in NOx emissions (in 2015 and 2019 compared to 2010), mainly limited to the most urbanized and industrialized locations. In the locations such as Baotou, Pearl River Delta, and Wuhan, the estimations in 2015 compared to 2010 are consistent with the target reduction (10%) of the 12th Five-Year Plan. Comparisons between our emission estimates and MEIC emissions in 2015 suggest that our estimates likely underestimate the emission reductions between 2010 and 2015 in the most polluted locations of Eastern China. However, our estimates suggest that the MEIC inventory overestimates emissions in regions where MEIC indicates an increase of the emissions compared to 2010.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Field Study: Influence of Different Specification Formats on the Use Case Point Method
- Author
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Frohnhoff, Stephan, Engeroff, Thomas, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Dumke, Reiner R., editor, Braungarten, René, editor, Büren, Günter, editor, Abran, Alain, editor, and Cuadrado-Gallego, Juan J., editor
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. A review of bottom-up and top-down emission estimates of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in different parts of the world
- Author
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Flerlage, Hannah, Velders, Guus, de Boer, Jacob, Flerlage, Hannah, Velders, Guus, and de Boer, Jacob
- Abstract
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are widespread alternatives for the ozone-depleting substances chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons. They are used mainly as refrigerants or as foam-blowing agents. HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, but they are very potent greenhouse gases, already contributing to global warming. Since 2019 HFCs are regulated under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which demands reliable emission estimates to monitor the phase-down. Quantification of emissions is performed with two methods: bottom-up from product inventories or data on chemical sales; or top-down, inferred from atmospheric measurements by inverse modelling or interspecies correlation. Here, we review and compare the two methods and give an overview of HFC emissions from different parts of the world. Emission estimates reported by the different methods vary considerably. HFC emissions of developed countries (Annex I) are reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. These bottom-up estimates add up to only half of global emissions estimated from atmospheric data. Several studies with regional top-down estimates have shown that this gap is not owed to large-scale underreporting of emissions from developed countries, but mostly due to emissions from developing countries (non-Annex I). China accounts for a large fraction of the emissions causing the gap, but not entirely. Bottom-up and top-down estimations of emissions from other developing countries that could identify other large emitters are largely unavailable. Especially South America, West-, Central- and East-Africa, India, the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Australia are not well covered by measurement stations that could provide atmospheric data for top-down estimates.
- Published
- 2021
6. A review of bottom-up and top-down emission estimates of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in different parts of the world.
- Author
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Flerlage H, Velders GJM, and de Boer J
- Subjects
- Climate Change, Global Warming, Rwanda, Chlorofluorocarbons analysis, Ozone
- Abstract
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are widespread alternatives for the ozone-depleting substances chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons. They are used mainly as refrigerants or as foam-blowing agents. HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, but they are very potent greenhouse gases, already contributing to global warming. Since 2019 HFCs are regulated under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which demands reliable emission estimates to monitor the phase-down. Quantification of emissions is performed with two methods: bottom-up from product inventories or data on chemical sales; or top-down, inferred from atmospheric measurements by inverse modelling or interspecies correlation. Here, we review and compare the two methods and give an overview of HFC emissions from different parts of the world. Emission estimates reported by the different methods vary considerably. HFC emissions of developed countries (Annex I) are reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. These bottom-up estimates add up to only half of global emissions estimated from atmospheric data. Several studies with regional top-down estimates have shown that this gap is not owed to large-scale underreporting of emissions from developed countries, but mostly due to emissions from developing countries (non-Annex I). China accounts for a large fraction of the emissions causing the gap, but not entirely. Bottom-up and top-down estimations of emissions from other developing countries that could identify other large emitters are largely unavailable. Especially South America, West-, Central- and East-Africa, India, the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Australia are not well covered by measurement stations that could provide atmospheric data for top-down estimates., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Inventario de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero para la región Cundinamarca – Bogotá
- Author
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Pulido Guio, Ana Derly and Jiménez Pizarro, Rodrigo
- Subjects
Análisis de incertidumbre ,Emission inventory ,36 Problemas y servicios sociales, asociaciones / Social problems and social services ,Gases efecto invernadero ,Estimación Bottom-up ,Top-down estimation ,Bogotá ,Bottom-up estimation ,Cundinamarca ,Categoría de fuente ,Source category ,Inventario de emisiones ,Greenhouse gases ,66 Ingeniería química y Tecnologías relacionadas/ Chemical engineering ,Estimación Top-Down ,Uncertainty analysis ,Desagregación sectorial ,by sector disaggregation - Abstract
Diferentes organizaciones internacionales, tales como los programas de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), han recientemente reconocido la importancia de empoderar a niveles sub-nacionales, regionales y municipales, en materia de gobernabilidad climática, según el principio de subsidiaridad1. Las autoridades regionales y locales tienen a su cargo responsabilidades en materia de reglamentación y ordenación del territorio de muchos sectores emisores de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y/o vulnerables al impacto climático, y que por su proximidad con la población favorecen los procesos de búsqueda de compromisos, sensibilización y educación ciudadana. La presente investigación se desarrolla en el marco del “Plan Regional Integrado de Cambio Climático Región Capital PRICC (Bogotá - Cundinamarca)”, una iniciativa de integración del cambio climático a la toma de decisiones regionales y locales. La investigación aquí reportada sirve dos propósitos: a) determinar metodologías apropiadas al contexto colombiano para la regionalización de inventarios de emisiones GEI, y b) estimar el inventario de emisiones de GEI en la Región Cundinamarca-Bogotá, desagregado sectorialmente como herramienta orientadora de planes de mitigación. Las emisiones totales de GEI en el año 2008 en la región Cundinamarca-Bogotá se estiman en 22,96±1,25 (1-sigma) Tg de CO2 equivalente (CO2-e), de las cuales 10,46±0,93 Tg CO2-e corresponden a Cundinamarca, y 12,51±0,83 Tg CO2-e a Bogotá. Del total de emisiones en Cundinamarca, el 56% corresponde al módulo de energía, el 35% agricultura, 6% residuos y 3% procesos industriales. El 63% de las emisiones en Cundinamarca tienen su origen en el transporte por carretera, suelos agrícolas, fermentación entérica y uso de combustibles en la industria cementera. En Bogotá la distribución de emisiones por módulo es la siguiente: 73,3% energía, 24,8% residuos, 1,6% procesos industriales y 0,3% agricultura. El transporte por carretera y la disposición de residuos sólidos aportan el 62% de las emisiones en Bogotá. Estos sectores en Bogotá y Cundinamarca son considerados estratégicos para la evaluación de opciones de reducción de emisiones GEI. Para el cálculo de emisiones se empleó metodología de nivel 1 IPCC 1996, dado que no se cuenta con factores de emisión propios para la región o el país. Para la estimación de la actividad regional en las categorías uso de combustibles en industria manufacturera, comercial y residencial (excepto para gas natural y gas licuado de petróleo), uso de sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono (SAO) y sustitutos, y uso de fertilizantes (para el total de emisiones de suelos agrícolas), se desarrollaron y emplearon metodologías de regionalización Top-Down (TD), basadas en indicadores nacionales y regionales de intensidad energética, consumos per cápita e intensidad de uso de fertilizantes. Para las restantes 22 categorías se emplearon metodologías Bottom-Up (BU) dada la disponibilidad de información regional. Abstract. Several international organizations, such as the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), have recently recognized the importance of empowering sub-national decision levels, regional and municipal, on climatic governance, according to the subsidiarity principle2. Regional and local authorities are responsible for land use management and for regulating economic sectors that emit greenhouse gases (GHG) and/or that are vulnerable to climate change, and are in close proximity to the population, which make them better suited for educating the public, and for achieving commitment among various stakeholders. This investigation was developed within the frame of the Regional Integrated Program on Climate Change for the Cundinamarca-Bogota Region (PRICC), an initiative aimed at incorporating the climate dimension into the regional and local decision making. The investigation here reported serves two purposes: a) to determine Colombian context adapted methodologies for estimating regional GHG emissions, and b) to estimate an economic sector disaggregated GHG emission inventory for the Cundinamarca-Bogota region as a mitigation decision-making tool. The total GHG emissions in the Cundinamarca-Bogota Region on 2008 are estimated at 22.96±1.25 (1-sigma) Tg of CO2 equivalent (10.46±0.93 Tg CO2-e from Cundinamarca and 12.51±0.83 Tg CO2-e from Bogota). Cundinamarca’s lumped emissions are distributed as follows: 56% energy, 35% agriculture, 6% waste disposal and 3% industrial processes. A more detailed disaggregation reveals that 63% of Cundinamarca’s GHG emissions are due to road transportation, agricultural soil management, enteric fermentation, and fuel use in the cement industry. Lumped emissions in Bogota are shared as follows: 73.3% energy, 24.8% waste disposal, 1.6% industrial processes and 0.3% agriculture. The road transportation and waste disposal sectors share 62% of emissions in Bogota. The activity sectors in Bogota and Cundinamarca above are considered the main GHG mitigation assessment targets. GHG emissions were calculated using IPCC 1996 – Tier 1 methodologies, as there are no regional- or country-specific emission factors available for Colombia. Top-Down (TD) methodologies, based on national and regional energy use intensity, per capita consumption and fertilizer use, were developed and applied to estimate activities on the following categories: fuel use in industrial, commercial and residential sectors (excepting natural gas y liquefied petroleum gases), use of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and substitutes, and fertilizer use (for total emissions of agricultural soils). The emissions from the remaining 22 categories were calculated using Bottom-Up (BU) methodologies given the availability of regional information It is expected that the developed and applied methodologies, and the systematic compilation of the gathered information, will facilitate the development of GHG inventories for other regions of Colombia. Maestría
- Published
- 2012
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