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Natural lycopene is in demand by food and drug industries, and tomato processing waste (TPW) holds promise as a valuable source. Previous research investigated supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) from TPW in a techno-economic context, but lacks understanding of how technical and economic factors impact profitability. This study fills the gap by establishing a hierarchy of significance for factors affecting SFE profitability. The investigation encompasses various parameters such as static and dynamic extraction times, extractor volume, CO 2 loss, project lifetime, interest rate, corporate tax rate, operator salary, cost of SFE equipment, and prices of CO 2 , electricity, and extract oil. The parameter boundaries are defined using well-sourced data from relevant literature. Our findings highlight that the SFE facility becomes profitable when the extractor capacity surpasses 42 L. The most influential factors on NPV include the price of the extract, the interest rate, the dynamic time of SFE, and the project lifetime. [Display omitted] • Techno-economic sensitivity analysis of SFE from tomato processing waste is performed. • This study carefully set bounds for technical and economic factors using literature data. • Two methods used for sensitivity analysis: equal fluctuation and real parameter ranges. • The net present value (NPV) is most significantly impacted by changes in the extract price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the removal performance of the Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) dye of the magnetized and non-magnetized industrial tomato solid waste (TW) from the aqueous medium was investigated. The properties of the prepared TW and magnetically modified TW (MTW) bio-sorbents were illuminated using XRD, BET, SEM, VSM, FT-IR and Boehm titration analysis techniques. The optimal conditions for sorption of RB19 by both sorbents were identified. The kinetics and equilibrium data of RB19 sorption by both sorbents were found to match the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively, with high correlation coefficients. The maximum RB19 sorption capacity under the optimum conditions determined by TW and MTW was determined as 38.76 and 58.14 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters calculated for RB19 sorption by both sorbents showed that the processes were spontaneous and exothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the methylene blue (MB) dye sorption performance of a new biomagnetic composite (MTNC) synthesized by modification with Fe3O4 nanoparticles of industrial tomato processing (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) processing solid waste (TW) was investigated. The XRD, BET, SEM, FT-IR and VSM analysis techniques were used in the characterization of MTNC. The specific surface area, total pore volume, micropore volume, mesopore volume, and mean pore diameter values of MTNC are 28.21 m2/g, 0.082 cm3/g, 0.003 cm3/g, 0.079 and 11.06 nm, respectively. Also, its saturation magnetization value was determined to be 24.80 emu/g. The maximum MB sorption capacity of the MTNC determined to be 90.09 mg/g under optimized conditions of the solution pH of 7.0, WPC dosage of 50 mg, contact time of 180 min, and solution temperature of 50 °C. The kinetics and isotherm data were well fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters calculated for the MTNC-MB sorption system proved that the process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene was simultaneously extracted from tomato processing waste and size reduced into nano-ranges from 36 to 150 nm, via ultrasonic assisted nanoprecipitation technique. The effects of main processing parameters namely, organic to aqueous phase ratio, ultrasonic amplitude and time were evaluated on mean particle size, polydispersity (PDI) and lycopene content of produced nanodispersions, using response surface method based on central composite design. All studied parameters affected the selected responses significantly (p-value < 0.05). The studied characteristics' changes were significantly (p-value < 0.05) fitted to second order polynomial regression models of studied independent parameters by quite high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.9). The most desirable lycopene nanodispersions with mean particle size of 66.3 nm, PDI of 0.245 and lycopene content of 52 mg/g waste, were produced at organic to aqueous phase ratio of 0.5, and ultrasonication for 20 min at amplitude of 70%. The resulted insignificant differences between experimental and predicted data, certified the suitability of suggested response surface models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a demand for natural lycopene in both nutraceutical and food industries. Tomato processing waste is a promising source to isolate high value lycopene. In recent years, there is a growing interest in green extraction methods such as supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO 2) extraction due to benefits of SC–CO 2 extraction and the drawbacks of the conventional solvent extraction methods. Lab scale SC–CO 2 extraction of tomato processing byproducts (TPBP) has been reported in the literature as a green extraction method; however, there is no reported study on the economic and technical feasibility of scaling up this process. Therefore, this paper presents an economic evaluation package for SC–CO 2 extraction of lycopene from TPBP and calculates its parameters one by one. The economic analysis was carried out for SC–CO 2 extraction plant with a 100 L extractor volume by testing 15 scenarios at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 °C, pressures ranging from 30 to 50 MPa, and peel mass fractions in the TPBP ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. The most promising condition for maximizing the manufacturing profit was 80 °C, 50 MPa, and feed with a peel mass fraction of 0.3, which leads to a net present value of 41.8 million USD and a payback period of 0.32 years. • A techno-economic analysis is conducted for SFE from tomato processing by-products. • The analysis is explained step by step, both technically and economically. • The techno-economic analysis is more tractable than the relevant software. • The most profitable operating conditions were 80 °C and 50 MPa. • Under this condition, the NPV was 41.8 million USD, and the PBP was 0.32 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tomato paste processing wastes, a significant paste industry by-product, is plentiful in conceivably health-supporting compounds, for instance, lycopene. Lycopene is an ultra-high content nutraceutical while its separation from food industrial waste is frequently appropriate to enhance proceeds. This exploration reports on the lycopene extraction from wastes of tomato processing based on an ultrasound-assisted performance exploiting sunflower oil as a green solvent with response surface methodology (RSM) while it was compared with conventional organic solvent extraction procedure. Three independent variables were ultrasonic intensity (30–70 W/m2), solid/oil ratio (3.18–36.82% w/v), and the extraction time (1.59–18.41 min) and the samples lycopene contents were assessed via spectrophotometric technique. According to the consequences, the optimum ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) situation was accomplished with 70 W/m2 ultrasonic intensity of and 10 min extraction time. The solid/oil ratio is not a substantial parameter on the yield of extraction. The current developed, UAE of lycopene from tomato wastes with the RSM assistance correspondingly developed the lycopene extraction yield by 87.25% contrasted to conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Sunflower antioxidant activity the oil containing extracts was assessed by the acid determination, peroxide and p-anisidine content during three weeks at 60 °C. Furthermore, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging was attained. The consequences exposed that most of the samples offered considerable recovers in acid dosage compared to sunflower oil without antioxidant. Instead, substantial reductions in peroxide and p-anisidine were apparent in the oil samples treated with the tomato extracts in comparing with the control. Highlights • Sunflower oil is used as a "green" substitute for petroleum solvents in extraction. • The green UAE performed under optimal extraction conditions. • Time and intensity, strongly influence the ultrasound-assisted extraction. • UAE technique enhanced the yield of lycopene extraction compared to CSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the potential use of activated carbon (TAC) produced under optimized conditions from tomato processing waste (TW) as an adsorbent for the removal of malachite Green (MG) dye from aqueous solution. Batch experiments tested the effects of TAC dosage, initial concentration, contact time, ionic strength and temperature on adsorption property of TAC at the natural pH of TAC-MG in the aqueous medium. The adsorption kinetics could be expressed well by the pseudo-second order model. Intra-particle diffusion model process shows that it is governed by several mechanisms. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity was found as 526.32 mg/g at pH 4.0 and 328 K. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was endothermic and spontaneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion is the most attractive technique for biogas production from organic materials. This research studies and models such production from anaerobic digestion of tomato processing wastes in a single-stage laboratory digester and the variation of pH of the process. The single-stage digester was designed and built on a laboratory scale and the tomato processing wastes used as feed materials for digestion were collected from the Zoshk Khorasan Company (Mashhad-Iran). Some properties of digested materials were determined. The results revealed that the tomato processing wastes could be an appealing option for production of biogas by anaerobic digestion process. The digester was controlled under mesophilic conditions (35 °C) with continuous mixing. Also, the percentage of total solids content was adjusted 8%. The amount of production of biogas from the waste was approximately 142.00 L (130.00 L in STP conditions) which is equivalent to 0.14 m per kilogram of volatile solids (m/kg vs). The methane content in the produced biogas was approximately 60.50% (about 86.00 L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to produce the activated carbon at optimum production conditions from the tomato processing waste by ZnCl 2 activation. The influences of the production variables, such as impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature, and carbonization time on the some pore characteristics of produced carbons have been investigated, and the best production conditions were determined. The optimal activated carbon which had the highest surface area and pore volume was obtained by these conditions as follows: 6:1 impregnation ratio, 600 °C carbonization temperature and 1 h carbonization time. The optimum conditions resulted in an activated carbon with a carbon content of 53.92% and a yield of 38.20%, while the surface area of 1093 m 2 /g, with the total pore volume of 1.569 cm 3 /g, mesoporosity of 91.78% and average pore diameter of 5.92 nm. It was characterized by some physical and chemical techniques. Its adsorptive performance was tested using methylene blue and metanil yellow dyes. The adsorption behavior was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, showing a maximum adsorption capacity for methylene blue and metanil yellow of 400 mg/g and 385 mg/g, respectively. The results revealed the potential use of optimal activated carbon for removal of cationic and anionic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to optimize the extraction of pure all- trans -lycopene from the pulp fractions of tomato processing waste. A full factorial design (FFD) consisting of four independent variables including extraction temperature (30–50 °C), time (1–60 min), percentage of acetone in n-hexane (25–75%, v/v) and solvent volume (10–30 ml) was used to investigate the effects of process variables on the extraction. The absolute amount of lycopene present in the pulp waste was found to be 0.038 mg/g. The optimal conditions for extraction were as follows: extraction temperature 20 °C, time 40 min, a solvent composition of 25% acetone in n-hexane (v/v) and solvent volume 40 ml. Under these conditions, the maximal recovery of lycopene was 94.7%. The HPLC–DAD analysis demonstrated that, lycopene was obtained in the all- trans -configuration at a very high purity grade of 98.3% while the amount of cis -isomers and other carotenoids were limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene, a nutraceutical compound, was extracted from tomato processing waste, an abundantly available food industry by-product in Italy. The extraction kinetics was mathematically described using the first order kinetic model, the mass transfer model and Peleg’s model to understand the physicochemical behaviour of the extraction. Samples were extracted using acetone/n-hexane mixtures at different ratios (1:3, 2:2 and 3:1, v/v) and at different temperatures (30, 40 and 50 °C) and simultaneously analysed using UV–VIS spectrophotometry. The lycopene yield was in the range 3.47–4.03 mg/100 g, which corresponds to a percentage recovery of 65.22–75.75. All kinetic models gave a good fit to the experimental data, but the best one was Peleg’s model, having the highest R Adj 2 and the lowest RMSE, MBE and χ 2 values. All the models confirmed that a temperature of 30 °C and solvent mixture of acetone/n-hexane 1:3 (v/v) provided optimal conditions for extraction of lycopene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-anoxic-aerobic system was used for treatment of tomato and bean processing wastewater. At various hydraulic retention times, ranging from 0.7 to 5 days, excellent removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen was achieved with final effluent BOD/TSS/NH4-N concentrations of less than 15/15/1 mg/L. Biogas yield in the UASB reactor varied from 0.33 to 0.44 m³/kgCOD,removed. The kinetics of anaerobic treatment were investigated. The yield coefficient was 0.03 gVSS/gCOD; maximum specific growth rate was 0.24 day-1; Monod half velocity constant was 135 mgCOD/L; and specific substrate utilization rate was 3.25 gCOD/gVSS-d. Nitrification and denitrification kinetics were studied in batch experiments, and the rates were comparable with those in the continuous flow system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]