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The iRAP Star Rating assessment has gained global recognition as an effective strategy for reducing fatalities caused by road crashes. As part of its road safety initiatives, Indonesia has also adopted the iRAP Star Rating methodology with the goal of achieving a 3-Star Rating or higher for over 75% of its road network, with a focus on prioritizing toll roads. However, it remains crucial to ascertain the effectiveness of the iRAP Star Rating methodology with regards to safety performance indicators such as crash and fatality rates and the number of crashes and fatalities. Unfortunately, there have been limited studies examining the relationship between safety performance indicators and iRAP Star Rating, with only a few conducted in Indonesia. Most of these studies only focused on iRAP Star Rating results and used a limited dataset without examining correlations to safety performance indicators. Thus, this study aims to estimate the relationship between the iRAP Star Rating Score (SRS) and safety performance indicators. The results indicate a positive correlation between SRS and safety performance indicators, with a higher SRS indicating a higher level of hazard and correspondingly higher safety performance indicators values. However, it is important to note that the R2 value was not particularly high (ranging from 0.2-0.7), suggesting that this relationship may not be accurately reflected, possibly due to factors unique to the Indonesian environment and human factors not specifically accounted for in the iRAP methodology.

This study examines the impact of toll roads on regional growth, specifically focusing on the Ciledug District, which has been crossed by the Palikanci Toll Road since 2009. The research identifies the typology of urbanization and assesses changes in the area's economic structure due to the toll road. A mixed method approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection, land change analysis via Google Earth and ArcGis 13.1, and field observations of land use. The findings reveal gentrification in the northern part of Ciledug, marked by the growth of business centers in Jatiseeng and rising land prices. This has led to the expansion of settlements toward the southern area, particularly in Jatiseeng Kidul. The toll road and the industrial estate in North Ciledug have accelerated the transformation of the local economy, with residents diversifying their livelihoods to adapt to urbanization. However, the study also notes a lack of improvement in essential infrastructure services, suggesting that regional development policies have not yet adapted to the gentrification, posing risks of urban sprawl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road congestion in Amman City has been increasing yearly, due to the increase in private car ownership and traffic volumes. This study aims to (a) evaluate the toll road's effects on society and the economy in Amman, Jordan, through a survey questionnaire using statistical software (SPSS), (b) assess the impact of the toll road on reducing congestion and delays using micro-simulation (VISUM), (c) identify the optimal toll price for a selected road using VISUM and (d) validate the simulated models with the optimal revenue. Traffic, geometric, and cost data about the toll technique of two sections on the Airport Highway (from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Madaba Interchange; and from the Madaba Interchange to the Queen Alia International Airport (QAIA) Interchange) were used for simulation purposes. The toll road (across seven different scenarios at different prices) was evaluated for optimal revenue. The survey questionnaire was made based on all scenarios, including the AM peak hour. The operation cost for the toll road was determined based on the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM). The best scenario was determined based on the value of revenue (JOD). The results indicate that higher acceptance is achieved when applying road pricing during the AM peak hour and that users prefer the charging method based on travelled distance (54.02%). Additionally, the total cost of the manual toll collection (MTC) method is 126,935 JOD. Road pricing can reduce traffic delay (or speed up traffic flow) by 4.61 min in the southbound direction and by 9.52 min in the northbound direction. The optimal toll value is 0.25 JOD (34.08%), with revenues of 1089.6 JOD for 2024 and 1122.6 JOD for 2025. Eventually, applying road pricing on the airport road is shown to be effective and economically feasible only when using the manual method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iRAP Star Rating assessment has gained global recognition as an effective strategy for reducing fatalities caused by road crashes. As part of its road safety initiatives, Indonesia has also adopted the iRAP Star Rating methodology with the goal of achieving a 3-Star Rating or higher for over 75% of its road network, with a focus on prioritizing toll roads. However, it remains crucial to ascertain the effectiveness of the iRAP Star Rating methodology with regards to safety performance indicators such as crash and fatality rates and the number of crashes and fatalities. Unfortunately, there have been limited studies examining the relationship between safety performance indicators and iRAP Star Rating, with only a few conducted in Indonesia. Most of these studies only focused on iRAP Star Rating results and used a limited dataset without examining correlations to safety performance indicators. Thus, this study aims to estimate the relationship between the iRAP Star Rating Score (SRS) and safety performance indicators. The results indicate a positive correlation between SRS and safety performance indicators, with a higher SRS indicating a higher level of hazard and correspondingly higher safety performance indicators values. However, it is important to note that the R2 value was not particularly high (ranging from 0.2-0.7), suggesting that this relationship may not be accurately reflected, possibly due to factors unique to the Indonesian environment and human factors not specifically accounted for in the iRAP methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tangerang-Merak Toll Road is a toll road connecting Tangerang and Merak Port, which includes Cikupa Toll Road, East Balaraja, West Balaraja, Ciakande, Ciujung, East Serang, West Serang, East Cilegon, West Cilegon, and Merak. With the more congested, will make the risk of car accidents also increased. In an effort to improve of road safety, especially toll roads, a Road Safety Audit (AKJ) is needed. Aspects examined and observed include geometric, traffic management, pavements, street furnitures and complementary buildings. As a result, it is concluded that in geometric aspect, in general has been designed in accordance with the provisions, but nevertheless there are parts that still require improvement. This research will discussed the existing condition of Tangerang-Merak Toll Road based on direct observation. The aspects reviewed are geometric, pavement, street furnitures and road complementary buildings such as Signs, Markings and Median roads. In the end, accident-prone areas will be obtained on tangerang- merak toll road with a comparison analysis of direct observation data, and traffic accident data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of vehicles is increasing rapidly, but this is different from the rise in the number and length of roads, so there is often a density of vehicles on the road, especially on toll roads during peak hours. The objective of this research is to examine the application of dynamic toll tariffs in reducing toll road congestion. This research used variables that determine the amount and timing of dynamic tariffs, including the level of toll road density, Ability to Pay (ATP), Willingness to Pay (WTP), and tariff sensitivity to traffic volume. The result shows that applying dynamic tariffs on toll roads can change users' patterns and travel time. In addition, this dynamic tariff can break down the density of toll road during peak hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the implementation of toll road construction projects, many problems and obstacles often occur, one of which is delays, where the implementation time does not match the planned time. This delay results in several losses for the contractor and the owner himself which will cause losses in the operational time of the project results, so that the use of project construction results is delayed or delayed. The aim of this research is to determine the dominant factors and ranking of factors and variables that influence delays in the Indralaya- Prabumulih Interchange Toll Road Construction Project. The research method used uses a quantitative approach by conducting factor analysis assisted by SPSS software version 26. The results of the research show that the factors causing delays in the Indralaya-Prabumulih Simpang Toll Road Construction Project are land acquisition that is not in accordance with the predetermined land acquisition schedule., removal or shifting of utility networks, equipment damage, lack of equipment to carry out the work, delays in handing over/providing land, shortage of materials and construction materials, failure to fulfill initial project planning, work method errors made by the implementing contractor, insufficient/inadequate number of workers in accordance with existing work activities, and road access to difficult projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A traffic accident is an event on the road that is unexpected and unintentional. Traffic accidents have an impact on the national economy as evidenced by the contribution of traffic accidents to economic losses in the form of a decrease in GDP by 2.9% - 3.1% or equivalent to USD 1.332 Billion - USD 1.465 Billion. So, to minimize accidents, an analysis is needed that is useful for anticipating accidents. This study intends to obtain the effect of the characteristics of intercity toll roads, as well as urban toll roads, on the accident rate. The stages conducted in this research are previous research studies, data collection, determining variables, and modeling. Based on the analysis that has been done in this study, a negative binomial distribution is used to determine the accident rate of inter-city toll roads and the Poisson distribution to determine the accident rate of toll roads within the city and the fatality rate of toll roads between cities and within cities. There are nine parameters used in this model, which can cover more things than similar studies that have been done before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Surabaya-Gresik toll road is a crucial infrastructure connecting Surabaya City with Gresik Regency. In industrial areas such as Gresik Regency, this toll road is indeed needed to expedite the flow of industrial goods distribution to Surabaya City. The toll road experiences frequent damage, such as alligator cracking, as it is traversed daily by heavy traffic. If the road, as a connecting infrastructure, is damaged, it will impede the flow of vehicles passing through it. Therefore, road maintenance is necessary to ensure optimal service for passing vehicles. In this research, an analysis of road damage on the Surabaya - Gresik toll road seeks solutions for addressing these issues utilizing the method of Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The method involves several stages, including a survey of road conditions, determination of severity levels, assessment of damage, and determination of pavement condition. The survey was conducted in 100-meter segments from KM 10 to KM 14, revealing various types of damage on the toll road, including alligator cracking, bleeding, corrugation, shoving, potholes, and more. Thereafter, an analysis of the severity level and damage assessment was carried out, resulting in an average PCI value of 68, categorized as a "Good" condition. Based on these findings, it is recommended to address this issue through routine maintenance, including repairing minor damage, patching potholes, sweeping, repairing pavement edge damage, sidewalk maintenance, side channel and complementary building drainage, road equipment, and roadside maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West Sumatra - Riau toll road is expected to generate a favourable influence on the local economy, thereby enhancing the overall wellbeing of society. However, this progress does not eliminate some of the potential negative impacts, because the construction of toll roads will divert some of the public's transportation movements, thereby posing a threat to business activities along the diverted transportation routes. To anticipate these potential impacts, it is important to conduct a study that focuses on anticipating the potential socio-economic impacts of the construction of the West Sumatra – Riau toll road. A Focus Group Discussion was conducted with delegates from several Payakumbuh Municipal Government. A total of nineteen participants, comprising ten males and nine females, participated in the focus group discussion. The discussion remarks were methodically categorised and analysed. The study findings elucidate many potential ramifications of the construction of the West Sumatra - Riau toll road on Payakumbuh City, as well as proposed measures that might be implemented to mitigate these ramifications. The research findings can serve as a foundation for developing a regional development strategy for Payakumbuh City. The objective is to optimise the effects of toll road construction on the social and economic well-being of the community, ensuring equitable and balanced outcomes.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis risiko lingkungan hidup pada tahap pra konstruksi proyek pembangunan Jalan Tol Jagat Kerthi Gilimanuk-Mengwi. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pekerja pada proyek pembangunan Jalan Tol Jagat Kerthi Gilimanuk-Mengwi dengan sampel sebanyak 30 orang. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan sumber data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dan angket. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis risiko dengan matriks probabilitas dan dampak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 11) Terdapat 15 risiko lingkungan hidup pada tahap pra konstruksi yang teridentifikasi pada proyek pembangunan Jalan Tol Jagat Kerthi Gilimanuk - Mengwi, yang meliputi a) topografi b) klimatologi c) lokasi lokasi pembangunan d) budaya e) kejeniusan lokal f) kekerabatan g) kebutuhan lahan h) aksesibilitas i) utilitas j) sumber hidrologi terdekat k) bangunan sekitar l) jangkauan listrik m) kesulitan yang tidak terduga n) spesifikasi keluaran yang tidak jelas o) kesalahan desain. 2) Berdasarkan penilaian risiko, sebanyak 6 risiko termasuk dalam kategori rendah dengan persentase sebesar 40%; 7 risiko yang termasuk dalam kategori sedang dengan persentase 46,67%; Sedangkan sebanyak dua risiko termasuk dalam kategori tinggi dengan persentase sebesar 13,33%. 3) Terkait dengan risiko lingkungan hidup pada tahap pra konstruksi yang termasuk dalam kategori dominan atau tinggi, maka pada proyek pembangunan Jalan Tol Jagat Kerthi Gilimanuk-Mengwi, risiko topografi dan risiko lokasi lokasi bangunan termasuk dalam risiko dengan kategori dominan atau tinggi.

The Government of the Republic of Indonesia through Presidential Regulation Number 100 of 2014 and Presidential Regulation Number 117 of 2015 aims the construction of the 2770 km Trans Sumatra Toll Road from Bakauheni to Banda Aceh to be fully constructed by 2024. There are two key stages in the project phase, i.e planning and construction stages. The planning stage is carried out using the Building Information Model (BIM), while the construction phase integrates BIM with 3D-Machine-Control. This study is conducted in Trans Sumatera Pekanbaru - Bangkinangs Toll Road with 40 kilometers long as a study case. The data acquisition methodology is conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods throughout the fields experiments. This study conducted the examination of the LiDAR UAV digital surveys accuracy, the BIM implementation on Level of Development (LOD) 200, 300, and 400, verification of the usage of Motor Grader with 3D-Machine-Control efficiency in elevation cutting works, and the application of Vibro Compactor with 3D-Machine-Control for improving the accuracy of soil compaction on the subgrade and base course. The results showed that the topographic data from UAV LiDAR are accurate within LE90 accuracy with 0.176 cm. The optimalization of 3D-Machine-Control could carry out the earthworks as similar as design also can be used as quality and quantity control. The time efficiency which obtained from implementing Motor Grader with 3D-Machine-Control for elevation cutting application is 47 percent.

We need to better understand Public-Private Partnership (PPP), since most people perceive PPP as a riskless solution for government, as it involves private sector funding. In Indonesia, infrastructure development is one of the top priority sectors for Joko Widodo’s administration, and PPP has become a viable option due to budgetary constraints. However, PPP is not an impeccable solution, as there are weaknesses and loopholes for corruption to be aware of. In this literature review, we combine our previous study on Indonesia’s toll road PPP with other PPP studies to identify the weaknesses and corruption loopholes in PPP practices in Indonesia. There is clear evidence that PPP projects could end up as “white elephants”,1 indicating misallocation of resources and poor planning. PPP could also be used to create “fiscal illusion”2 to deceive public by the government. We also discovered that toll road PPP contracts in Indonesia remain vulnerable, potentially creating room for loopholes and corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction is a crucial industry that drives a nation's economic growth, yet it often faces inherent challenges related to productivity and waste generation. Lean Construction (LC) has emerged as a promising approach to address these challenges. However, despite its success in various construction projects, some gaps in the practical adoption of LC hinder its widespread practitioner uptake. Therefore, to close the gap, the objective of this study is threefold: identify waste factors of construction activities, determine suitable lean tools for project performance improvement, and assess the impacts of the implementation of lean tools on project completion time and costs. A toll road project in Indonesia was investigated as the case study. A combined research method was employed by administering a questionnaire survey to pertinent project participants, conducting in-depth interviews, and analyzing relevant documents to achieve these objectives. This study discovered 15 non-value-added (NVA) activities that can be eliminated to enhance overall project performance. Most of these activities can be accommodated using coordination and collaboration, while some require a more comprehensive approach, including standardization, the Five S, crash programs, and overlapping techniques. Implementing lean tools resulted in a 19.17% reduction in project completion time, although it contributed to a 5.33% decrease in organizational profit compared to traditional approaches. The findings of this study hold the potential to benefit those facing similar issues, not only in emerging countries but also in developed economies grappling with similar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Highways or Toll roads play an important role in connecting different cities. They not only reduce traffic problems but also help to save fuel and precious time of the travellers . These National Highways are maintained and managed by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) . The NHAI has set up toll plazas which collect the toll taxes from the vehicle drivers who use the National High ways. Besides this, NHAI has kept SOS (save our soul) service boxes along the National Highways to help the toll road Users in case of Emergency. Keeping these in mind, the authors in this article have made an attempt to study the Behaviour of the toll road users in Gudiyattam town. The study has been conducted among 100 respondents who use the toll roads. The authors have adopted convenience sampling method to collect the primary data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel time is considered a main factor in travel demand modeling, taken almost exclusively in its objective form. Given that people base their decisions on perceptions rather than on objective attributes, this study aims to examine whether forecasting could benefit from the inclusion of subjective time. A second objective is to test and disentangle drivers' tendency to estimate toll trips as shorter than non-toll trips. In a field experiment, shoppers departing a mall described their intended route and an alternative route, one of which via a nearby toll road. Participants provided time estimates for the two routes. Objective times were collected via smartphone tracking apps and Waze. All 386 participants were paid 10 NIS. To test the effects of toll self-payment, some participants were told that this sum was to cover the toll payment, and others that it was a participation fee. Consequently, some participants who had not intended to drive via the toll road were paid to do so. Results showed that drivers who intended to drive via the toll road exaggerated their time savings compared to drivers who did not intend to drive it but eventually did, suggesting drivers' time estimates reflected an attempt to justify their route choice. Self-payment decreased estimated toll time savings. Drivers' toll-route choice was estimated using binomial logit models, revealing better fit for models based on estimated, rather than objective, time. We concluded that estimated time data entails unique valuable information regarding drivers' preferences, rendering its integration in toll-route modeling constructive and beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study would like to see the impact of toll road development on retail industry growth especially modern retail by taking the construction of the Trans Java toll road in Indonesia. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, this study analyzes the effect of the Trans Java Toll Road in 7.656 villages crossed by the toll road from 2006 to 2018. The result shows that, on average, after the Trans Java toll road program, the trend of increasing the number of minimarkets in villages crossed by the Trans Java toll road is 0.53 units larger compared to The villages that don't cross by the Trans Java toll road. But the results show that there is no significant effect of the Trans Java toll road on the number of traditional stores, namely the grocery store as traditional retail. It can be seen that toll road development programs tend to open up access to the growth of the modern retail industry in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia plans to build a new 2,500 km toll road based on the 2020-2024 Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN), of which 1,600 km (64%) is the Trans Sumatra Toll Road (JTTS). The Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) through the Toll Road Regulatory Agency (BPJT) in a letter from the Directorate General of Highways (DJBM) regarding "Construction Implementation using the Design and Build method". and implementation simultaneously so that it is more efficient in the use of time. Until 2022 JTTS is still experiencing delays in the completion schedule. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the stages of the Design and Build method in JTTS, to assess the risks that exist at these stages and provide recommendations for the dominant risk that causes delays. This research was conducted in several stages, namely: first, validate 58 indicators of delay obtained from previous research and obtained 53 valid variables by experts; secondly, distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents and getting 60 responses back, then processed by statistical tests of homogeneity, data adequacy, validity and reliability, then statistical test results followed by qualitative analysis of risk and obtained 37 high-risk indicators and 16 moderate-risk indicators; thirdly, identifying 37 high-risk indicators and obtaining the 5 largest high-risk indicators involving several parties in the process, so that being an option requires recommendations. The results of the recommendations are providing one-stop integrated services for the land acquisition process, allocation of project scheduling against the risk of bad weather, the final design approval mechanism using online meetings, giving more time for the procurement process (tender) and finally creating a special mechanism that is protected by law so that land can be secured. used on timebut the existence of social media can be a new weapon of complementary in communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of Patimban Port in West Java Province has a potential to increase the flow of exported and imported goods in West Java. The increase will have an impact on the rising traffic flow of vehicles to or from Patimban port. The government has included the construction of the Subang-Patimban toll road in the national spatial plan. This research analyzes stakeholders and the criteria that they expect in the selection of alternative routes to Patimban port. The Multi Actor Multi Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) methodology used aims to evaluate differences in criteria between stakeholders. The selection of alternatives for all stakeholders uses two calculation methods or scenarios, namely, the similarity of weight for all stakeholders as scenario I and weighting the number of criteria considered by stakeholders in determining the alternative chosen trace as scenario II. The result of the selected alternative calculation is different between scenario I and scenario II.

The purpose of the article is to assess the risks of a toll road operator arising in the event of traffic congestion at toll collection points. In the Russian Federation, in infrastructure projects, including toll road projects, the organizational and legal form of public-private partnership is often used. State authorities have the right to control the quality of the road management by the operator; the state can charge penalty points for low operational efficiency, leading to traffic congestion. The return on investment in infrastructure projects is of a long-term nature, therefore, the task of assessing the risks of possible losses by the toll road operator is quite relevant.Materials and methods. The main research tool is simulation modeling in the AnyLogic software environment, the analysis of the data obtained as a result of simulation was carried out in the environment of the statistical package R. The choice of tools is determined by a large number of subjective (sometimes technical) factors that significantly affect the road capacity at toll collection points, but do not lend themselves to strict formalization. Such factors include refusals to read electronic tolls, drivers changing lanes in the toll collection points, lack of money at the time of travel through the automatic toll lane, and others. All such factors are modeled in the AnyLogic environment as random variables with a rich choice of distribution functions and their parameters.Results. A simulation model of a toll collection point at an exit from a toll road has been created to analyze the throughput of a toll booth with various configurations of toll lanes, various levels of user behavior errors and the provision of drivers with electronic means of travel registration. Using the example of a toll collection point for the “Western High-Speed Diameter” motorway, the parameters of traffic congestion that occur when the number of operating toll lanes on the toll collection point decreases are estimated. In the event of congestion, for each configuration, estimates of the number of vehicles in the congestion, the length of the congestion, the waiting time in the queue at the entrance to the toll collection point at different times of the day, and the time of congestion are determined.Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, an assessment of the risks of non-compliance by the road operator with the standard for ensuring throughput can be carried out. To assess the risks of a toll road as a whole, it is advisable to use an individual simulation model for each toll collection point, taking into account the peculiarities of its geographical location, the composition of traffic at the facility, the regularity of user correspondence, as well as the impact of the surrounding transport, logistics and social infrastructure. In pronounced industrial and logistics areas of the city, in the border zones between the city and the region, an additional assessment of traffic intensity may be required to analyze the throughput of toll collection points, taking into account the daily, weekly and seasonal unevenness of the traffic flow.

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Until now, the slow process of land acquisition in toll road infrastructure development projects is still one of the obstacles to the completion of a infrastructure development project. The delay in the land acquisition process is detrimental to parties involved in PPP, especially investors. This study uses a normative juridical approach with analytical descriptive research specifications. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of literature study to obtain secondary data and interviews to obtain primary data, then the data obtained is analyzed using qualitative juridical methods, namely by taking inventory, systematically arranging, connecting with each other related to the problems studied with the enactment of the provisions of the regulations. one does not conflict with other regulations. The result of this research is a form of responsibility from the Government due to delays in land acquisition, namely compensation in the form of extension of the concession period on a toll road project with a PPP scheme, and consideration of additional initial tariffs on toll roads based on inflation, capital, construction time and increase. the concession period and also the imposition of fines in a business contract, and the last resort for resolving disputes over the PPP agreement through non-litigation or arbitration institutions based on Presidential Regulation Number 38 of 2015. How to cite item: Aulia, D. Z., Chandrawulan, AA., Trisnamansyah P. (2021). Government’s responsibility towards investor’s loss in toll development on PPP agreements due to delay in landa cquisitions. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 12(1), 21-31.doi:10.26905/idjch.v12i1. 4337.

Infrastructure planning ideally not only considers the geotechnical aspects and physical conditions of the infrastructure development location but also must be able to support regional development. One kind of spatial analysis technique which has capabilities to integrate various regional characteristics associated with its suitability for a particular use is spatial multi-criteria analysis. By using Bawen-Yogyakarta Toll Road Plan as a case study, this research is intended to apply route planning that takes into account regional characteristics, through the involvement of Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process, and Least Cost Path analysis. The analysis results then compared with the government preferred route to see its advantages and disadvantages. The results show that the generated route from the analysis has several advantages over the government preferred route, while also having some shortcomings. The advantages of route analysis results compared to government preference routes include: better able to avoid earthquake and landslide-prone areas, better support to the preservation of protected areas, has more areas with flat to gentle topography, and have smaller additional construction cost as the consequences of intersection with existing roads, rivers and railways, In terms of affected land-use, generated route also has minimum negative impacts on the sustainability of agricultural land in the study area. The shortcomings of the analysis result are: not yet able to avoid flood and volcanic eruptions-prone areas as well as government’s preferences route, higher land acquisition cost estimation, and less support for industrial and tourism activities in the research area. Improvement of analysis methods, data, and cost assessment strategy is needed to obtain better results and more appropriate modeling and analysis, in order to support regional infrastructure planning and development.

Land acquisition process in the Indonesian toll road project has a high level of uncertainty. Several previous studies mainly discuss the risks involved in toll road projects and their mitigation measures, but the effect of existing risks on land acquisition scheduling is rarely reviewed. This research aims to develop a model for land acquisition productivity performance for toll road projects. The performance of productivity was modelled based on a predefined duration mentioned in Indonesian Act. No. 2/2012, compared to the actual duration from 6 toll road projects using montecarlo simulation. The validity of model was tested using the Section II of Cisumdawu Toll Road project. The simulation productivity result was 23.13 km/year, with a standard deviation of 6.704 km/year. Meanwhile, the actual productivity was 20.50 km/year, which was still within the range of the simulation's standard deviation. Hence, the models could reasonably describe the reality of the project. The most important activities that could affect land acquisition productivity performance were payment of compensation, the determination of compensation value, settlement of claims for the forms of compensation, and the identification and inventory of land ownership data.

PPP scheme has stimulate increasing the volume of infrastructure development in Indonesia from the period of 2014 and planned until 2025, where the toll road business is carried out by business entities with a concession period. In the PPP scheme, various variables need to be considered, including project cost, project complexity, strong public support, and performance indicators in each phase of toll road concession. The construction phase in the PPP scheme in Indonesia is the responsibility of the business entity regulated in PP No. 43 of 2013. Determination of project delivery on toll road construction projects is a strategy of the business entity to control the performance of the toll road construction project it manages. In the complexity of the variables in PPP, a variable pattern with project delivery is needed to find an effective strategy in achieving good construction performance. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of achievement of construction performance on variations in project delivery in the toll road PPP scheme. The analytical approach QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) is taken, with 14 BUJT case studies in 4 toll road networks in Indonesia. From the results of the study, two project deliveries, design-bid-build and design & build, were identified, which identified that project delivery variations did not have a strong influence on the performance of toll road construction projects, where other toll road PPP concession, such as business scheme, project management maturity, construction cost, length of road, corporation relation between business entities and contractor contractor's financial scheme, and land acquisition scheme variables which is more powerful.

This research is motivated by the finding when the toll gates on the Cipali toll road do not provide transaction service satisfaction and services that are not in accordance with customer expectations such as the availability of substations at the gate which in reality cannot meet the surge in customers, especially during working hours and on holidays. In addition, the availability of ramps is also not proportional to the number of vehicles exiting the Cipali toll gate. This shows that there are problems regarding transaction services which have implications for the low transaction speed of toll road customers. To test these variables, researchers used hypothesis testing using simple regression and quantitative methods using correlational techniques. The data analysis technique uses a simple regression technique. The results showed that the influence of PT.Lintas Marga Sedaya's service quality on consumer satisfaction in using the E-Toll Card on the Cipali toll road was in the very strong category. This is based on the value of rcount = 0.937 which is in the correlation interval 0.800-1,000 with a very strong category. In order to determine the significance level at = 0.05 (5%) the value of tcount = 26,216 and ttable = 1.66105. Thus, tcount > ttable, which means that there is a significant effect between variable X on variable Y, where the contribution of service quality to satisfaction is large. consumers by 87.9% and the remaining 12.1% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is motivated by the finding when the toll gates on the Cipali toll road do not provide transaction service satisfaction and services that are not in accordance with customer expectations such as the availability of substations at the gate which in reality cannot meet the surge in customers, especially during working hours and on holidays. In addition, the availability of ramps is also not proportional to the number of vehicles exiting the Cipali toll gate. This shows that there are problems regarding transaction services which have implications for the low transaction speed of toll road customers. To test these variables, researchers used hypothesis testing using simple regression and quantitative methods using correlational techniques. The data analysis technique uses a simple regression technique. The results showed that the influence of PT.Lintas Marga Sedaya's service quality on consumer satisfaction in using the E-Toll Card on the Cipali toll road was in the very strong category. This is based on the value of rcount = 0.937 which is in the correlation interval 0.800–1,000 with a very strong category. In order to determine the significance level at = 0.05 (5%) the value of tcount = 26,216 and ttable = 1.66105. Thus, tcount > ttable, which means that there is a significant effect between variable X on variable Y, where the contribution of service quality to satisfaction is large. consumers by 87.9% and the remaining 12.1% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study.

A hazard prevention symbol is an essential safety communication tool in helping to indicate the various hazards present. The hazard prevention symbol warns against caution, providing needed safety information and instructions. This study aims to determine the understanding of symbols of danger and driving behavior on toll roads, especially the Tangerang-Merak toll road. The sampling method was carried out using a random sampling sample. Safety behavior will be assessed using the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ). The results obtained by car drivers on toll roads, on average, understand the symbol of hazard communication in horizontal alignment conditions, vertical alignment, and dangerous road warnings. However, many drivers need help understanding the communication hazard symbol on the lane separator construction. Based on the Driver Behavior Questionnaire, sequentially, the deviant behavior of car drivers on the Tangerang-Merak toll road, namely violations, lapses, and errors.

The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of the commissioned toll road running through the city’s residential areas on the market value of residential real estate. The article presents a review of non-traditional methods for assessing real estate value, mainly in foreign publications. The Western High-Speed Diameter (WHSD) is the most significant transport and infrastructure project of the current decade for St. Petersburg. The most inaccessible part of the city on Vasilievsky Island was analyzed, as the example of new and secondary real estate value changes, were examined from August 2015 to December 2017, by the time when the new transport interchange of WHSD in the western part of the island was constructed and put into commission. For the study, the authors used the data of the Real Estate Bulletin of St. Petersburg at the end of 2015 and 2017, the data of the cadastral assessment of residential real estate of St. Petersburg of 01.01.2015 and 01.01.2018. Main research method is the study of two-dimensional and conditional distributions of random values of bid prices and cadastral values, which allows obtaining estimates of the market value of the real estate that has passed cadastral registration, and estimates of growth rates. The comparison of prices of offers with cadastral values applied in the article, with a simple and natural speculation of logarithmically normal distribution, allows us to propose a method of assessing the market value for any property, even if the information about it is not available in the market data. The obtained numerical results showed a rise in the cost of a significant part of the mass-market for the study period up to 18% without discount on the auction, and up to 9% taking into account the discount on the auction. It turned out to be slightly higher than the general change in the prices of proposals that can be found in advertising publications. A significant change (from 50% to 73%) was found in business-class properties, located in the area with significantly changed species characteristics and improved transport accessibility, in the immediate vicinity of the exit from WHSD. The results, indicating the growth of market value, allowed us to make a general conclusion about the changes in the attractiveness of the area for different segments of the population of the city: both for the mobile middle class, focused on the mass-market, and for buyers of the premium segment, having increased requirements for the real estate. The authors believe that the growth of the market value of real estate in the area of transport interchanges of modern infrastructure projects could be higher in other macroeconomic conditions. At present, the effective demand of the population is obviously not sufficient.

The construction of Patimban Port in West Java Province has a potential to increase the flow of exported and imported goods in West Java. The increase will have an impact on the rising traffic flow of vehicles to or from Patimban port. The government has included the construction of the Subang-Patimban toll road in the national spatial plan. This research analyzes stakeholders and the criteria that they expect in the selection of alternative routes to Patimban port. The Multi Actor Multi Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) methodology used aims to evaluate differences in criteria between stakeholders. The selection of alternatives for all stakeholders uses two calculation methods or scenarios, namely, the similarity of weight for all stakeholders as scenario I and weighting the number of criteria considered by stakeholders in determining the alternative chosen trace as scenario II. The result of the selected alternative calculation is different between scenario I and scenario II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Toll road travel time and costs can affect residential location choice and travel behaviour. • Travel characteristics and socio-economic background play a role in demand to travel via the toll road. • Residential self-selection affects mode-route choice. • High-income respondents and car users were found to be the most sensitive toward increased travel costs. This paper provides insight into how variations in Level of Service (LoS) of a toll road, socio-economic attributes, and latent factors simultaneously affect residential location, route, and mode choices across population segments in the Jakarta – Bandung region in Indonesia. Three discrete choice models were developed based on a stated-revealed preference survey on residential location, route, and mode choices. Our analysis shows that toll road usage affects both residential location preferences and travel behaviour. This influence varies across income groups and used travel mode and also depends on trip characteristics. Overall, the respondents in our survey prefer toll road options, as also shown by positive attitudes towards the toll road, except for low-income respondents and bus users. Furthermore, we found a significant association between residential location preference and route and mode choices for frequent users of the toll road, low-income respondents and residents who live close to the toll road. It means that self-selection exists between residential location choice and mode-route choice, and it is linked to the distance to the toll gate and frequency of using the toll road. Furthermore, we found that high-income car users are the most sensitive to increased travel costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrastructure has been discovered to be the backbone of an economy due to its influence on business and productivity. However, a significant investment funding gap was observed in infrastructural projects, particularly regarding toll roads. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a solution to fill this gap through the use of a hybrid financing model with deep discount project bonds and land leases. Both Latin hypercube and system dynamics simulation methods were used for analysis due to their ability to handle large and complex systems. Moreover, a case study was used to accurately depict the concept. The simulation results showed it is possible to overcome the risk of the ramp-up at first operation by avoiding land acquisition delays, minimizing construction cost, and optimizing toll road tariff and deep discount bond yield interest instead of creating a new entity. Furthermore, it is also possible for the government to improve its revenue by renting the land along the toll road in order to reduce the dependence on land acquisition costs from the state budget allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is carried out to evaluate the efficacy of toll roads in reducing travel time and improving travel time reliability on links within its vicinity, using data for the Triangle Expressway in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. Various travel time reliability measures were computed for each link, referred to as Traffic Message Channel (TMC), by day-of-the-week and time-of-the-day. The travel time reliability of the links adjacent to the toll roads (both the parallel route and the cross streets) before construction, during phase 1 operation, during phase 2 operation, and after opening the toll road for complete service was examined. The statistical tests reveal a notable improvement in travel time reliability measures within the vicinity of the toll road after opening the toll road for complete service. The methodology and study results help transportation planners and engineers in comparing the performance or efficiency of toll roads/managed lane facilities in terms of travel time reliability and enhancing the sustainability of the transportation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll road projects in India have been facing the problem of overestimated revenue forecasts. Given the importance of toll road users' value of time (VOT) and consequently willingness to pay (WTP) on expected toll revenue, there is dearth of information regarding VOT of toll road users in India. This paper addresses this important gap in literature by providing a methodology to estimate VOT in the absence of primary survey data. Using 74 origin-destination pairs involving a toll road and an alternative non-tolled road, a unique database was prepared to estimate travel time saved (TTS) and VOT of seven different user categories of vehicles. Each of the seven user categories are found to be characterized by different VOT. The user heterogeneity in terms of VOT is an important finding which needs to be accounted for while conducting revenue estimates and economic feasibility analysis of proposed toll roads. Moreover, point estimates of VOT have limited application in conducting toll road feasibility analysis. Using stochastic TTS data, it is found that VOT of different user categories follow LogNormal distribution(s). The estimated projections on VOT can prove to be useful in improving the toll revenue forecasting in the context of India. The methodology can also be applied to other developing countries in the absence of primary data on VOT and WTP of potential toll road users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of road transport, Advanced Traveller Information Systems represent a relevant tool to manage road traffic, improve drivers' utility and make a more efficient use of transport infrastructure. Due to the growing sources of en-route information available nowadays, it is crucial to understand better its influence on drivers' behaviour, particularly with regard to route choice. Previous research in this field has mainly focused on the provision of en-route information in toll-free environments. However, few researches have explored its influence when a tolled alternative is available. This paper is aimed at exploring the influence of variable message signs (VMS) information on drivers' route choice, made between a free highway and a competing tolled alternative. To that end, we develop a binary logit analysis based on empirical data from the metropolitan area of Madrid, Spain. Results show that the type of information provided to drivers through VMS panels significantly influences their route choice when one of the alternatives is tolled. Furthermore, some combinations of messages, such as adding travel time estimates together with incident messages, greatly increase the diversion rate to the tolled route. The research also offers evidence that the influence of the information provided changes according to the type of day, which may be related to traffic conditions, and to the different types of user characteristic of weekday and weekend mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]