Search

Objective: This study evaluated the influence of melatonin supplementation on tissue's response of endodontic sealers in Wistar rats. Methodology: Forty-eight rats received subcutaneous implants of four polyethylene tubes: one empty (control) and three filled with endodontic sealers (AH Plus, Endofill and Sealapex). Half of the animals were supplemented with melatonin (ME) and the remaining treated with water (WA) for 15 days before the implantation until euthanasia, forming the groups: control-WA, AH Plus-WA, Endofill-WA, Sealapex-WA, Control-ME, AH Plus-ME, Endofill-ME and Sealapex-ME. After 5, 15 and 30 days, (n = 8) tubes were removed and evaluated in H&E., immunohistochemistry, PSR, VK and POL. The results were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Results: In animals treated with water, Endofill-WA evoked more intense inflammatory infiltrate compared to AH Plus-WA and Control-WA in a 30-day period (p < 0.05). In animals supplemented with melatonin, there was any difference among endodontic sealers' response in any period of analysis (p > 0.05). Comparing the individual response of each sealer, over a 30-day period, Endofill-ME and Sealapex-ME showed less inflammatory infiltrate compared to Endofill-WA and Sealapex-WA, respectively (p < 0.05). Immunostaining for IL-6 and TNF-α was less intense for all groups in animals supplemented with melatonin, in most periods, except for the Endofill sealer (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Endofill-ME at 5 days and AH-Plus-ME at 30 days showed a higher percentage of mature collagen fibers compared to the Endofill-WA and AH Plus-WA, respectively (p < 0.05). Positive structures for von Kossa staining and birefringent to polarized light were observed only for Sealapex-WA and Sealapex-ME in all periods. Conclusions: It can be concluded that melatonin influences the tissue response to endodontic sealers, modulating the inflammatory and reparative process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the morphological and histological characteristics of the fibrous capsule formed around a novel biodegradable glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implant made of oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) after 1 and 3 months of its implantation. Methods: It was a prospective, interventional, preclinical experimental study using New Zealand white rabbits. All animals underwent GDD implantation with a novel biodegradable device. The device’s body was made of ORC and attached to a silicone tube, connecting the body to the anterior chamber. Histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin/Masson’s trichrome staining) and immunohistochemistry (Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin expression) characteristics of the bleb formed around the novel device were noted at 1 and 3 months. Results: One month post implantation, the biodegradable material produced a significant foreign body type of reaction evidenced by the exuberant infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. The granulomatous response subsided by 3 months with disorganized collagen deposition on Masson’s trichrome staining. The silicone tube was an internal control, and histopathology demonstrated well-organized collagen deposition around it at 3 months. Immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin also demonstrated more myofibroblast transformation at the site of the tube than the biodegradable implant. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the tissue response around a biodegradable GDD was different from the response to conventional devices. A diffuse, loose vascularized mesh was observed to develop, which may be more compatible with sustained IOP control over a longer period, in contrast to the usual thick and dense capsule formed around the non-biodegradable devices.

Purpose: To study the morphological and histological characteristics of the fibrous capsule formed around a novel biodegradable glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implant made of oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) after 1 and 3 months of its implantation. Methods: It was a prospective, interventional, preclinical experimental study using New Zealand white rabbits. All animals underwent GDD implantation with a novel biodegradable device. The device's body was made of ORC and attached to a silicone tube, connecting the body to the anterior chamber. Histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin/Masson's trichrome staining) and immunohistochemistry (Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin expression) characteristics of the bleb formed around the novel device were noted at 1 and 3 months. Results: One month post implantation, the biodegradable material produced a significant foreign body type of reaction evidenced by the exuberant infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells. The granulomatous response subsided by 3 months with disorganized collagen deposition on Masson's trichrome staining. The silicone tube was an internal control, and histopathology demonstrated well-organized collagen deposition around it at 3 months. Immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin also demonstrated more myofibroblast transformation at the site of the tube than the biodegradable implant. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the tissue response around a biodegradable GDD was different from the response to conventional devices. A diffuse, loose vascularized mesh was observed to develop, which may be more compatible with sustained IOP control over a longer period, in contrast to the usual thick and dense capsule formed around the non-biodegradable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen, as the main structural protein in mammals, fulfils the fundamental requirements to be a ssuitable biomaterial component used in tissue engineering. Due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, collagen can be utilized in various forms for guided soft and bone tissue regeneration. Collagen-based membranes, frequently used for both soft and hard tissue regeneration, can differ in their origin (porcine, bovine, equine), physicochemical characteristics such as architecture, porosity, absorption ability, and manufacturing processes which may influence tissue response and final outcome. In this study, we examined and compared tissue response to the two implanted collagen membranes of different origins: porcine vs. equine. The subcutaneous implantation model in BALB/c mice was used, and tissue response was evaluated 3, 10 and 30 days after implantation. Tissue was analyzed by histological and histomorphometric methods. Our study revealed variations in subcutaneous tissue response, patterns of cell infiltration into collagen membranes, and changes in membrane thickness and resorption that may be attributed to the differences in membrane origin but also to the differences in the manufacturing process. We can conclude that both membranes are suitable for application in guided tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the reinforcing effect and operability of DNV-1929 in canine lungs so as to provide scientific basis for its clinical application by observing its characterisation during surgical resection. Methods Fifteen Beagles of 10- to 15-month-old, randomly assigned to three experimental groups, were used in this study for implantation experiments with DNV-1929 and negative control material. The experimental animals were housed in a defined environment and detailed clinical observations were made before and after the experiments. By using specific surgical techniques, the materials were implanted into different parts of the left lung of the dogs and their pressure resistance was assessed by airway pressure tests. The handling properties of the implanted materials were also evaluated. At weeks 2 and 4 after implantation, macroscopic visual observations and pathological examinations were performed on three sites of the canine left lung, the posterior anterior anterior lobe, the anterior posterior lobe, and and the posterior posterior lobe, in order to compare the tissue response of DNV-1929 with that of the negative control material. In addition, all experimental animals were evaluated for safety, including monitoring of clinical signs, food intake, and body weight. Results At airway pressure levels up to 35 hPa, both DNV-1929 and the negative control material showed similar pressure resistance with no gas leakage at the implantation site. During the procedure, DNV-1929 showed similar manoeuvrability to the negative control material, with no significant abnormalities observed. As seen by visual pathological observation after 2 and 4 weeks of implantation, both materials formed an encapsulation around the implantation site and underwent different degrees of adhesion with the thoracic organs, but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). There were more residual implants in the DNV-1929 group at 2 weeks and almost disappeared at 4 weeks of implantation, whereas a small amount of implanted material was still present in the negative control group, but residual material did not differ significantly between the two groups(P>0.05). Histological evaluation showed that the subtotal score of inflammatory condition of DNV-1929 in the 2-week implantation group was slightly higher than that of the negative control substance(P=0.016), while the subtotal score of inflammatory condition in the 4-week implantation group was not statistically different compared with that of the negative control substance(P>0.05). In terms of safety evaluation, the experimental dogs did not show any clinical abnormality or reduction in food intake during the study period, and there was no death on the day of implantation of DNV-1929 and the negative control substance. There was no significant change in body weight of the experimental dogs during the study cycle(P>0.05). Conclusion DNV-1929 demonstrated a strengthening effect and good manoeuvrability in canine lungs with no toxic effects on surrounding tissues. This provides preliminary evidence for the use of DNV-1929 in surgical treatment of the lung, establishes scientific basis for its use in clinical practice, and demonstrates its potential value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intraoperative trauma leading to bleeding during cochlear implantation negatively impacts residual hearing of cochlear implant recipients. There are no clinical protocols for the removal of blood during implantation, to reduce the consequential effects such as inflammation and fibrosis which adversely affect cochlear health and residual hearing. This preclinical study investigated the implementation of an intra‐cochlear flushing protocol for the removal of blood. Methods: Three groups of guinea pigs were studied for 28 days after cochlear implantation; cochlear implant‐only (control group); cochlear implant with blood injected into the cochlea (blood group); and cochlear implant, blood injection, and flushing of the blood from the cochlea intraoperatively (flush group). Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in addition to tissue response volumes were analyzed and compared between groups. Results: After implantation, the blood group exhibited the highest ABR thresholds when compared to the control and flush group, particularly in the high frequencies. On the final day, the control and blood group had similar ABR thresholds across all frequencies tested, whereas the flush group had the lowest thresholds, significantly lower at 24 kHz than the blood and control group. Analysis of the tissue response showed the flush group had significantly lower tissue responses in the basal half of the array when compared with the blood and control group. Conclusions: Flushing intra‐cochlear blood during surgery resulted in better auditory function and reduced subsequent fibrosis in the basal region of the cochlea. This finding prompts the implementation of a flushing protocol in clinical cochlear implantation. Level of Evidence: N/A Laryngoscope, 134:1410–1416, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of root canal therapy is the complete cleansing and sealing of the entire root canal system, encompassing all of its elements. This current study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of postoperative pain in the patients during single-session RCT. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 maxillary central incisor teeth from 55 patients, representing both genders, were chosen for a one-session root canal procedure. Postoperative discomfort was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at the following time intervals: 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours following the treatment. Results: Among the 55 patients, there were 35 males and 20 females. The average VAS scores at various time points were as follows: 6 hours (7.4), 12 hours (5.2), 24 hours (3.4), and 48 hours (2.5). These differences were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The authors observed a significant reduction in postoperative pain following a one-session RCT.

In the setting of pronounced inflammation, changes in the epithelium may overlap with neoplasia, often rendering it impossible to establish a diagnosis with certainty in daily clinical practice. Here, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms driving tissue response during persistent inflammatory signaling along with the potential association with cancer in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, extrahepatic bile ducts, and liver. We highlight the histopathological challenges encountered in the diagnosis of chronic inflammation in routine practice and pinpoint tissue-based biomarkers that could complement morphology to differentiate reactive from dysplastic or cancerous lesions. We refer to the advantages and limitations of existing biomarkers employing immunohistochemistry and point to promising new markers, including the generation of novel antibodies targeting mutant proteins, miRNAs, and array assays. Advancements in experimental models, including mouse and 3D models, have improved our understanding of tissue response. The integration of digital pathology along with artificial intelligence may also complement routine visual inspections. Navigating through tissue responses in various chronic inflammatory contexts will help us develop novel and reliable biomarkers that will improve diagnostic decisions and ultimately patient treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is a significant health concern for men, emphasizing the need for effective treatment strategies. Dose-escalated external beam radiotherapy shows promise in improving outcomes but presents challenges due to radiation effects on nearby structures, such as the rectum. Innovative techniques, including rectal spacers, have emerged to mitigate these effects. This study comprehensively assessed tissue responses following the implantation of the Bioprotect biodegradable fillable balloon as a rectal spacer in a rat model. Evaluation occurred at multiple time points (4, 26, and 52 weeks) post-implantation. Results revealed localized tissue responses consistent with the expected reaction to biodegradable materials, characterized by mild to moderate fibrotic reactions and encapsulation, underscoring the safety and biocompatibility of the balloon. Importantly, no other adverse events occurred, and the animals remained healthy throughout the study. These findings support its potential clinical utility in radiotherapy treatments to enhance patient outcomes and minimize long-term implant-related complications, serving as a benchmark for future similar studies and offering valuable insights for researchers in the field. In conclusion, the findings from this study highlight the safety, biocompatibility, and potential clinical applicability of the Bioprotect biodegradable fillable balloon as a promising rectal spacer in mitigating radiation-induced complications during prostate cancer radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The load and stress distribution on cartilage and meniscus of the knee joint in typical lower limb movements of Chen-style Tai Chi (TC) and deep squat (DS) were analyzed using finite element (FE) analysis. The loadings for this analysis consisted of muscle forces and ground reaction force (GRF), which were calculated through the inverse dynamic approach based on kinematics and force plate measurements obtained from motion capture experiments. Thirteen experienced practitioners performed four typical TC movements, namely, single whip (SW), brush knee and twist step (BKTS), stretch down (SD), and part the wild horse's mane (PWHM), which exhibit lower posture and greater lower limb force compared to other TC styles. The results indicated that TC required greater lower limb muscle strength than DS, resulting in greater knee joint forces. The stress on the medial cartilage in SW and BKTS fell within a range conductive to maintaining the balance between anabolism and catabolism of cartilage matrix. This was due to the fact that SW and BKTS reduce the medial to total tibiofemoral contact force ratios through knee abduction, which may effectively alleviate mild medial knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, the greater medial contact force ratios observed in SD and PWHM resulted in great contact stresses that may aggravate the pain of patients with KOA. To mitigate these effects, practitioners should consider elevating their postures appropriately to reduce knee flexion angles, especially during the single-leg support phase. This adjustment can decrease the required muscle strength, load and stress on the knee joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devices capable of recording or stimulating neuronal signals have created new opportunities to understand normal physiology and treat sources of pathology in the brain. However, it is possible that the tissue response to implanted electrodes may influence the nature of the signals detected or stimulated. In this study, we characterized structural and functional changes in deep layer pyramidal neurons surrounding silicon or polyimide-based electrodes implanted in the motor cortex of rats. Devices were captured in 300 µm-thick tissue slices collected at the 1 or 6 week time point post-implantation, and individual neurons were assessed using a combination of whole-cell electrophysiology and 2-photon imaging. We observed disrupted dendritic arbors and a significant reduction in spine densities in neurons surrounding devices. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents, a reduction in sag amplitude, an increase in spike frequency adaptation, and an increase in filopodia density. We hypothesize that the effects observed in this study may contribute to the signal loss and instability that often accompany chronically implanted electrodes. Implanted electrodes in the brain can be used to treat sources of pathology and understand normal physiology by recording or stimulating electrical signals generated by local neurons. However, a foreign body response following implantation undermines the performance of these devices. While several studies have investigated the biological mechanisms of device-tissue interactions through histology, transcriptomics, and imaging, our study is the first to directly interrogate effects on the function of neurons surrounding electrodes using single-cell electrophysiology. Additionally, we provide new, detailed assessments of the impacts of electrodes on the dendritic structure and spine morphology of neurons, and we assess effects for both traditional (silicon) and newer polymer electrode materials. These results reveal new potential mechanisms of electrode-tissue interactions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islet transplantation (IT) offers the potential to restore euglycemia for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Despite improvements in islet isolation techniques and immunosuppressive regimes, outcomes remain suboptimal with UK five-year graft survivals (5YGS) of 55% and most patients still requiring exogenous insulin after multiple islet infusions. Native islets have a significant non-endocrine component with dense extra-cellularmatrix (ECM), important for islet development, cell survival and function. Collagenase isolation necessarily disrupts this complex islet microenvironment, leaving islets devoid of a supporting framework and increasing vulnerability of transplanted islets. Following portal venous transplantation, a liver injury response is potentially induced, which typically results in inflammation and ECM deposition from liver specific myofibroblasts. The impact of this response may have important impact on islet survival and function. A fibroblast response and ECM deposition at the kidney capsule and eye chamber alongside other implantation sites have been shown to be beneficial for survival and function. Investigating the implantation site microenvironment and the interactions of transplanted islets with ECM proteins may reveal therapeutic interventions to improve IT and stem-cell derived beta-cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prototype reusable large-volume (2 mL) autoinjector (LVAI) was designed to compare injection performance of a novel 27 gauge ultra-thin wall (UTW) pre-filled syringe (PFS) cannula (8 mm external cannula length, 14.4 mm total needle length) against an existing 27 gauge special thin wall (STW) PFS cannula (12.7 mm external cannula length, 19 mm total needle length) across a range of injectate viscosities (2.3–30 cP) in a series of in vivo feasibility studies in swine. The UTW cannula had an approximately 30% greater cross-sectional lumen area than the STW cannula. The target exposed needle length was adjusted to ensure appropriate needle penetration depth and achieve injectate deposition in the subcutaneous (SC) tissue. Delivery time and volume, injection site leakage, injectate depot location, and local tissue effects were examined. The STW and UTW cannulae both provided effective SC delivery of contrast placebo solutions, and were able to accommodate injectate viscosity up to 30 cP without quantifiable leakage from the tissue and with minor tissue effects which resolved within 1–2 hours. Delivery times at each viscosity were significantly different between PFS types with the UTW PFS producing faster delivery times. In a histological substudy of the UTW cannula using injectate viscosities up to 50 cP, injection site reactions were rare and, when present, were of minimal severity. This series of studies demonstrates the feasibility of LVAI SC injection and informs autoinjector and PFS design considerations. Use of a UTW cannula may enable more rapid LVAI injections with minimal tissue effects, especially for higher viscosity formulations.

Background: The objective of root canal therapy is the complete cleansing and sealing of the entire root canal system, encompassing all of its elements. This current study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of postoperative pain in the patients during single-session RCT. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 maxillary central incisor teeth from 55 patients, representing both genders, were chosen for a one-session root canal procedure. Postoperative discomfort was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at the following time intervals: 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours following the treatment. Results: Among the 55 patients, there were 35 males and 20 females. The average VAS scores at various time points were as follows: 6 hours (7.4), 12 hours (5.2), 24 hours (3.4), and 48 hours (2.5). These differences were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The authors observed a significant reduction in postoperative pain following a one-session RCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islet transplantation (IT) offers the potential to restore euglycemia for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Despite improvements in islet isolation techniques and immunosuppressive regimes, outcomes remain suboptimal with UK five-year graft survivals (5YGS) of 55% and most patients still requiring exogenous insulin after multiple islet infusions. Native islets have a significant non-endocrine component with dense extra-cellular matrix (ECM), important for islet development, cell survival and function. Collagenase isolation necessarily disrupts this complex islet microenvironment, leaving islets devoid of a supporting framework and increasing vulnerability of transplanted islets. Following portal venous transplantation, a liver injury response is potentially induced, which typically results in inflammation and ECM deposition from liver specific myofibroblasts. The impact of this response may have important impact on islet survival and function. A fibroblast response and ECM deposition at the kidney capsule and eye chamber alongside other implantation sites have been shown to be beneficial for survival and function. Investigating the implantation site microenvironment and the interactions of transplanted islets with ECM proteins may reveal therapeutic interventions to improve IT and stem-cell derived beta-cell therapy.

A prototype reusable large-volume (2mL) autoinjector (LVAI) was designed to compare injection performance of a novel 27 gauge ultra-thin wall (UTW) pre-filled syringe (PFS) cannula (8mm external cannula length, 14.4mm total needle length) against an existing 27 gauge special thin wall (STW) PFS cannula (12.7mm external cannula length, 19mm total needle length) across a range of injectate viscosities (2.3-30 cP) in a series of in vivo feasibility studies in swine. The UTW cannula had an approximately 30% greater cross-sectional lumen area than the STW cannula. The target exposed needle length was adjusted to ensure appropriate needle penetration depth and achieve injectate deposition in the subcutaneous (SC) tissue. Delivery time and volume, injection site leakage, injectate depot location, and local tissue effects were examined. The STW and UTW cannulae both provided effective SC delivery of contrast placebo solutions, and were able to accommodate injectate viscosity up to 30 cP without quantifiable leakage from the tissue and with minor tissue effects which resolved within 1-2 hours. Delivery times at each viscosity were significantly different between PFS types with the UTW PFS producing faster delivery times. In a histological substudy of the UTW cannula using injectate viscosities up to 50 cP, injection site reactions were rare and, when present, were of minimal severity. This series of studies demonstrates the feasibility of LVAI SC injection and informs autoinjector and PFS design considerations. Use of a UTW cannula may enable more rapid LVAI injections with minimal tissue effects, especially for higher viscosity formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stage 3 grade C periodontitis (S3GCP) has always been a challenge for clinicians. However, it is proposed that the use of lasers in addition to periodontal therapy can result in a more efficient therapy outcome. Objective: The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effects of additional application of diode laser (DL, 810 nm -5) on clinical and microbiological values during Modified Widman Flap (MWF) periodontal surgery in the S3GCP patients. Methods: A total of 18 patients were randomly assigned to the test site (MWF + activeDL) and the control site (MFW alone). Clinical parameters and microbial samples were taken preoperatively, and postoperatively at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Visual analog scale (VAS), tissue edema (TE), tissue color (TC), and pain medication (PM) consumption, were evaluated postoperatively at 10th day. Results: All bacteria were significantly decreased at follow-up times compared with preoperative amounts in both therapy sites (p < 0.05). Bacterial amounts of Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at 6 weeks, Porphyromonas gingivalis and T. denticola at 3 months, T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans at 6 months were statistically lower in the test site than the control site. All clinical parameters significantly improved after MWF surgery at follow-up times compared with preoperative values in intragroup comparisons, but a significant difference was not detected in the intergroup comparison. No differences were found in terms of VAS, PM, TE, and only TC was statistically more pink in the test site than the control site. Conclusions: The present study findings suggest that the use of DL together with MWF may have positive effects in the therapy of S3GCP patients by reducing the microbial load. Clinical Trial.org: NCT05108727. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the vascular and tissue response of Pakistani manufactured novel drug eluting stent (called N-DEAVOUR®) on a swine model and compare the results with XIENCE PRO™. Methodology: A total of 10 animals were used for the study and assigned randomly to each time-point group. The test articles were administered percutaneously and each animal was implanted with one stent in each one of the coronary arteries (3 in total) LCA (left circumflex artery), LAD (left anterior descending coronary artery), and RCA (right coronary artery). Additionally, a second test stent was implanted in some animals (4 in total). QCA (Quantitative Coronary Angiography) technique was used for measurements of the vessel at the target site. OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) was performed only at follow up time-points which were 30, 90 and 180 days. Results: At 30 DFU, parameters for N-DEAVOUR® were comparable to those of both control (XIENCE PROTM and VISION) stents. At 90 days follow-up N-DEAVOUR® showed no statistically significant difference in performance for values of lumen area, stent area, area stenosis, and neointimal area against XIENCE PRO™. With reference to stent area, at 90 DFU, N-DEAVOUR® performed better than XIENCE PRO™ (p=0.0056). For neo-intimal area, area stenosis and lumen area, the differences between XIENCE PRO™ and N -DEAVOUR® were non-significant (p=0.13; p=0.9; p=0.086) respectively. These results indicate the positive potential of N-DEAVOUR® to be successfully implanted in clinical settings after necessary randomized clinical trials are executed. Conclusion: This study proved that the drug eluting stent examined in the present study is both safe and feasible. This study supports that this stent can move forward for human trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insights into the underlying immunological mechanisms of prophylactic sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) may support the development of new strategies for improved prevention and treatment of food allergy. Here, we investigated the humoral, regulatory and sublingual tissue immune response to prophylactic SLIT administration of a single purified peanut allergen in Brown Norway (BN) rats. BN rats received daily sublingual administration of peanut allergen Ara h 6 for three weeks. Suppression of sensitisation was evaluated by subsequent intraperitoneal administration of Ara h 6. Ara h 6-specific IgE, IgA, IgG1 and IgG2a-c levels were measured in serum. The frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells was analysed using flow cytometry. The sublingual tissue response to Ara h 6 was analysed by transcriptional profiling using mRNA-sequencing. Ara h 6 SLIT protected rats from subsequent sensitisation without inducing a detectable humoral immune response (Ara h 6-specific IgE, IgA, IgG1 and IgG2a-c) in serum. SLIT furthermore promoted the relative expansion of induced Helios - Treg cells within the conventional CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg population in sublingual draining lymph nodes and blood. In conclusion, prophylactic Ara h 6 SLIT drives the relative expansion of induced Helios - Treg cells in the absence of Ara h 6-specific IgA highlighting a potential novel IgA-independent Treg-related immune response at the sublingual mucosal site., (© 2025 The Author(s). Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

AIM: To develop an experimental model of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation by retrobulbar administration of purified neutralizing anti-NGF antibodies in young Sprague-Dawley rats and provide further information on NGF expression in the retina and cornea. METHODS: Sixty old pathogen-free Sprague Dawley rats (p14, post-natal days) were treated with repeated retrobulbar injections of neutralizing anti-NGF (2 µL, 100 µg/mL, every 3d). After 2wk (p28), retinal and corneal tissues were investigated for morphological, biochemical, and molecular expression of trkANGFR by using Western blotting or immunofluorescence. Rhodopsin as well as protein profile expression were also investigated. RESULTS: Chronic retrobulbar neutralizing anti-NGF antibodies changed the distribution of trkANGFR immunoreactivity at retinal level, while no changes were detected for global trkANGFR protein expression. By contrary, the treatment resulted in the increase of corneal trkANGFR expression. Retinal tissues showed a decreased rhodopsin expression as well as reduced number of both rhodopsin expressing and total retinal cells, as observed after single cell extraction. A decreased expression of ICAM-1, IL-17 and IL-13 as well as an increased expression of IL-21 typified retinal extracts. No significant changes were observed for corneal tissues. CONCLUSION: The reduced availability of endogenous NGF, as produced by chronic retrobulbar anti-NGF administration, produce a quick response from retinal tissues, with respect to corneal ones, suggesting the presence of early compensatory mechanisms to protect retinal networking.

Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using 20 pigs for 120-days implantation, while one sirolimus-eluting stent was implanted into one of their coronary artery. At different time points, the residual sirolimus on the stent, delivered locally (to artery wall), regionally (to adjacent and downstream muscle) and systemically (to plasma and visceral organs), was detected throughout 120 days. Preclinical safety evaluation was performed using 32 pigs for 180-days implantation to study the safety of metal platform material and the effectiveness of sirolimus eluting coating on the HNS stent. The neointima area, restenosis rate and inflammatory grade for HNS and control group stents were detected and analyzed. Approximately 80% sirolimus was eluted from the sirolimus-eluting stents after 30-days implantation in vivo. Additionally, there was sustained sirolimus in the artery wall, cardiac muscle and heart throughout 120-days implantation, and sirolimus accumulated to the peak at 90-days implantation. It was inferred that the sirolimus eluting stent in this study was covered by neointima before 90-days implantation, indicating that the sirolimus eluting coating on the HNS stent was safe and effective. Very little sirolimus was distributed in visceral organs after 14-days implantation. HNS sirolimus-eluting stent exhibited lower restenosis rate and lower inflammatory grade than control group, which verified that the sirolimus-eluting coating design in this study was reasonable and practical. In addition, there were no significant difference in restenosis rate and inflammatory score between HNS bare-metal stent and drug-eluting stents, illustrating that HNS has good bio-compatibility and is suitable to use as coronary artery stent material.

Non-invasive quantification of radiation-induced damage is an important factor in radiation therapy to maximize radiation dose to cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy surrounding tissue. The development of imaging biomarkers to accurately assess post-radiation therapy effects at an early stage is essential for better prognosis and to individualize the examination of brain tumors. MR-based electrical conductivity imaging provides novel contrast information based on the concentration and mobility of ions constituting tissue. It can exhibit high sensitivity in quantifying the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation in cancer treatment. In this preclinical study, we analyzed the change in conductivity at different doses and quantified the response of the rat brain tissue to irradiation. The variation in conductivity with the elapsed time shows potential as a tool to monitor the therapeutic effect of radiation. The potential of MR-based conductivity imaging in future clinical studies might be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active implantable neurological devices like deep brain stimulators have been used over the past few decades to treat movement disorders such as those in people with Parkinson’s disease and more recently, in psychiatric conditions like obsessive compulsive disorder. Electrode-tissue interfaces that support safe and effective targeting of specific brain regions are critical to success of these devices. Development of directional electrodes that activate smaller volumes of brain tissue requires electrodes to operate safely with higher charge densities. Coatings such as conductive hydrogels (CHs) provide lower impedances and higher charge injection limits (CILs) than standard platinum electrodes and support safer application of smaller electrode sizes. The aim of this study was to examine the chronic in vivo performance of a new low swelling CH coating that supports higher safe charge densities than traditional platinum electrodes. A range of hydrogel blends were engineered and their swelling and electrical performance compared. Electrochemical performance and stability of high and low swelling formulations were compared during insertion into a model brain in vitro and the formulation with lower swelling characteristics was chosen for the in vivo study. CH-coated or uncoated Pt electrode arrays were implanted into the brains of 14 rats, and their electrochemical performance was tested weekly for 8 weeks. Tissue response and neural survival was assessed histologically following electrode array removal. CH coating resulted in significantly lower voltage transient impedance, higher CIL, lower electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and higher charge storage capacity compared to uncoated Pt electrodes in vivo, and this advantage was maintained over the 8-week implantation. There was no significant difference in evoked potential thresholds, signal-to-noise ratio, tissue response or neural survival between CH-coated and uncoated Pt groups. The significant electrochemical advantage and stability of CH coating in the brain supports the suitability of this coating technology for future development of smaller, higher fidelity electrode arrays with higher charge density requirement.

Active implantable neurological devices like deep brain stimulators have been used over the past few decades to treat movement disorders such as those in people with Parkinson's disease and more recently, in psychiatric conditions like obsessive compulsive disorder. Electrode-tissue interfaces that support safe and effective targeting of specific brain regions are critical to success of these devices. Development of directional electrodes that activate smaller volumes of brain tissue requires electrodes to operate safely with higher charge densities. Coatings such as conductive hydrogels (CHs) provide lower impedances and higher charge injection limits (CILs) than standard platinum electrodes and support safer application of smaller electrode sizes. The aim of this study was to examine the chronic in vivo performance of a new low swelling CH coating that supports higher safe charge densities than traditional platinum electrodes. A range of hydrogel blends were engineered and their swelling and electrical performance compared. Electrochemical performance and stability of high and low swelling formulations were compared during insertion into a model brain in vitro and the formulation with lower swelling characteristics was chosen for the in vivo study. CH-coated or uncoated Pt electrode arrays were implanted into the brains of 14 rats, and their electrochemical performance was tested weekly for 8 weeks. Tissue response and neural survival was assessed histologically following electrode array removal. CH coating resulted in significantly lower voltage transient impedance, higher CIL, lower electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and higher charge storage capacity compared to uncoated Pt electrodes in vivo , and this advantage was maintained over the 8-week implantation. There was no significant difference in evoked potential thresholds, signal-to-noise ratio, tissue response or neural survival between CH-coated and uncoated Pt groups. The significant electrochemical advantage and stability of CH coating in the brain supports the suitability of this coating technology for future development of smaller, higher fidelity electrode arrays with higher charge density requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a case of Lichtenberg Figures (LFs) following an electrical injury from a high-voltage switchgear in a 47 year-old electrician. LFs, also known as ferning pattern or keraunographic markings, are a pathognomonic skin sign for lightning strike injuries. Their true pathophysiology has remained a mystery and only once before described following an electical injury. The aim was to characterise the tissue response of LFs by performing untargeted non-labelled proteomics and immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections of skin biopsies taken from the area of LFs at presentation and at 3 months follow-up. Our results demonstrated an increase in dermal T-cells and greatly increased expression of the iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin by keratinocytes and lymphocytes. These changes in the LF-affected skin were associated with extravasation of red blood cells from dermal vessels. Our results provide an initial molecular and cellular insight into the tissue response associated with LFs.

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to analyze explanted PEEK rod spinal systems in the context of their clinical indications. We evaluated damage to the implant and histological changes in explanted periprosthetic tissues.Methods12 patients implanted with 23 PEEK rods were revised between 2008 and 2012. PEEK rods were of the same design (CD Horizon Legacy, Medtronic, Memphis TN, USA). Retrieved components were assessed for surface damage mechanisms, including plastic deformation, scratching, burnishing, and fracture. Patient history and indications for PEEK rod implantation were obtained from analysis of the medical records.Results11/12 PEEK rod systems were employed for fusion at one level, and motion preservation at the adjacent level. Surgical complications in the PEEK cohort included a small dural tear in one case that was immediately repaired. There were no cases of PEEK rod fracture or pedicle screw fracture. Retrieved PEEK rods exhibited scratching, as well as impressions from the set screws and pedicle screw saddles. PEEK debris was observed in two patient tissues, which were located adjacent to PEEK rods with evidence of scratching and burnishing.ConclusionThis study documents the surface changes and tissue reactions for retrieved PEEK rod stabilization systems. Permanent indentations by the set screws and pedicle screws were the most prevalent observations on the surface of explanted PEEK rods.

Purpose: This pilot study evaluated the wound healing and tissue response after placement of two different skin substitutes in subgingival mucosal pouches in rabbits. Materials and Methods: Four rabbits were selected to receive a commercially available skin substitute consisting of a collagen matrix with fibroblasts and an epithelial layer (test membrane 1) and a prototype device consisting of a collagen matrix with fibroblasts only (test membrane 2). In each rabbit, two horizontal incisions were made in the buccal alveolar mucosa of the maxilla bilaterally to create submucosal pouches. Three pouches in each animal were filled with either the test 1 or test 2 membranes, and one pouch was left without a membrane (sham-operated control). All rabbits were sacrificed after a healing period of 4 weeks, and histologic samples were prepared and examined. Results: After a healing period of 1 month, both tested membranes were still visible in the sections. Test membrane 1 was still bilayered, contained inflammatory cells in its center, and was encapsulated by a thick fibrous tissue. Numerous ectopic calcifications were evident in the collagenous part of the membrane and in association with some basal epithelial cells. Test membrane 2 was also encapsulated in fibrous tissue, with inflammatory cells present only between the fibrous encapsulation and the remnants of the membrane. For test membrane 2, no calcifications were visible. Conclusions: Test membrane 1 seemed to be more resistant to degradation, but there was also a more pronounced inflammatory reaction in comparison to test membrane 2, especially in the vicinity of the keratinocytes. The significance of the ectopic calcifications, along with that of the resorption or degradation processes of both tested membranes, must be evaluated in future experimental studies, with different time points after implantation examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Open bites are challenging malocclusions with a multifactorial etiology, varying clinical severity, and questionable stability. The aim of this article is to describe a method for maximizing tissue response in the treatment of selected subjects with anterior open bites. Method: Twelve subjects with an anterior open bite and insufficient incisor display underwent a limited corticotomy to augment alveolar bone response by creating an anteroposterior intra-arch anchorage differential. Cephalometric radiographs were taken before treatment (T1) and 1 month after open bite closure (T2). The change in perceived smile esthetics was assessed by a visual analog scale. Results: All open bites were closed after a mean of 6 weeks. Radiographic evaluation showed significant maxillary incisor extrusion and retrusion. There was a notable improvement in smile esthetics after treatment. Conclusion: It is possible to close anterior open bites rapidly with significant improvement in smile esthetics in a selected group of anterior open-bite subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation therapy (RT) has been widely used as a powerful treatment tool to address cancerous tissues because of its ability to control cell growth. Its ionizing radiation damages the DNA of cancerous tissues, leading to cell death. Medical imaging, however, still has limitations regarding the reliability of its assessment of tissue response and in predicting the treatment effect because of its inability to provide contrast information on the gradual, minute tissue changes after RT. A recently developed magnetic resonance (MR)-based conductivity imaging method may provide direct, highly sensitive information on this tissue response because its contrast mechanism is based on the concentration and mobility of ions in intracellular and extracellular spaces. In this feasibility study, we applied T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and electrical conductivity imaging to mouse brain, thus, using the MR imaging to map the tissue response after radiation exposure. To evaluate the degree of response, we measured the T2 relaxation, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and electrical conductivity of brain tissues before and after irradiation. The conductivity images, which showed significantly higher sensitivity than other MR imaging methods, indicated that the contrast is distinguishable in different ways at different areas of the brain. Future studies will focus on verifying these results and the long-term evaluation of conductivity changes using various irradiation methods for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to explore the alveolar bone tissue response and its dynamic at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels following a piezocision procedure in a rat model. Sixty rats were randomly allocated to either a control group (conventional orthodontic tooth movement) (TM) or a test group (piezocision-assisted orthodontic tooth movement) (TM+PS). Tissue, cellular, and molecular analyses were performed at 7, 28, and 42 days after the procedures. Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM) and Bone Volume Fraction (BVF) were evaluated using Nano-computed tomography. Moreover, histological parameters such as the number of osteoclasts were assessed, and the expression of cytokines involved in the bone turnover was investigated using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. The OTM was 1.8 times faster in the TM+PS compared with the TM at day 42. A significant decrease in BVF was found in the TM+PS group compared with the TM group at day 7 and day 28, whereas no difference was observed at day 42. The number of osteoclasts was significantly higher in the TM+PS group compared with the TM group at day 7. No difference between the two groups was found in the number of osteoclasts involved in root resorption. RANKL and osteoprotegerin were significantly higher in the piezocision group than in the control group at day 7. In these conditions, the efficacy of piezocision-assisted alveolar decortication to accelerate tooth movement was demonstrated, and the underlying biological responses at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels were emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Experiments show that the extent of ongoing fibrotic change within the cochlea can be determined by the volume and pattern of bleeding within the first 24 h following cochlear implantation. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is effective at reducing thrombus volume when administered both within and external to the systemic circulation. Aims/Objectives: To determine if tPA delivered into the scala tympani immediately following implantation will reduce thrombus volume within the lower basal turn of the cochlea. Materials and Methods: Guinea pigs were implanted with either 'soft' or 'hard' arrays and administered tPA or saline via an intra-cochlear infusion immediately after implantation. Hearing was checked prior to, and 2 weeks after implantation. Cochleae were then harvested and imaged. Results: Animals implanted with 'soft' arrays had 4.2% less tissue response compared with animals implanted with 'hard' arrays. In animals receiving 'soft' arrays, tPA reduced the volume of tissue response (measured by the percentage of the lower basal turn of the scala tympani occupied by tissue response) compared with saline. Conclusions and Significance: tPA may be effective in reducing the overall volume of tissue response in routine 'soft' cochlear implantation and may have a greater effect in the event of significant surgical trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tritium entering the aquatic environment can confer a whole body internal radiological dose to aquatic organisms. Multiple stressors inherent in natural environments, however, confound estimates for observable radiation specific responses. To disentangle differences between field and laboratory outcomes to tritium exposures, a multivariate analysis comparing biomarkers for radiation exposure at the cellular level with changes in biological processes within tissues is described for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Over tritium activity concentrations up to 180,000 Bq/L, DNA damage in the field were lower than DNA damage in the laboratory. This finding does not support an increase in morbidity of biota in field exposures. Energy deposited by tritium decay produces oxidised free radicals, yet the biological responses in brain, muscle and liver to oxidative stress differed between the studies and were not related to the tritium. For both studies, DNA damage in gonad and blood increased with increased tritium as did the fluorescence associated with lysosomal function in spleen. The studies differed in spleen phagocytosis activity were, in the laboratory but not the field, activity increased with increased tritium—and was correlatd with lysosomal function (Spearman coefficient of 0.98 (p = 0.001). The higher phagocytosis activity in the field reflects exposures to unmeasured factors that were not present within the laboratory. In the laboratory, DNA damage and lysosomal function were correlated: Spearman coefficients of 0.9 (Comet, p = 0.03) and 0.9 (micronuclei, p = 0.08). In the field, DNA damage by the Comet assay, but not by micronucleus frequency, correlated with lysosomal function: Spearman coefficients of 0.91 (Comet, p < 0.001) and 0.47 (micronuclei, p = 0.21). These observations highlight a need for better physiologic understanding of linkages between radiation-induced damage within cells and responses at higher levels of biological organization. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Biomarkers for tritium induced DNA damage correlate with biological response in fathead minnow tissues • Tritium decay yields oxidised free radicals, yet the oxidative stress responses differed and were not related to the tritium • Organically labeled amino acids added to chow did not contribute to the tritium dose [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility of two novel endodontic sealers: RealSeal XT1 and Sealapex Xpress on the subcutaneous connective tissue of mice. Materials and methods: The cytotoxicity was assessed by cell viability using the MTT assay (one-way ANOVA), trypan blue test (Mann-Whitney) and cell apoptosis by flow cytometer. For the subcutaneous study, polyethylene tubes filled with the sealers were implanted in 70 BALB/c mice: 6 experimental groups ( n = 10/group) and 2 control groups with empty tubes ( n = 5/group). At the end of experimental periods (7, 21, and 63 days), the tissue was removed and histotechnically processed. Angioblastic proliferation and edema (Fisher's exact test) were evaluated, besides thickness measurement (μm) of the reactionary granulomatous tissue and neutrophil counts (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post test; Mann-Whitney) ( α = 0.05). Results: MTT assay, trypan blue, and analysis of apoptotic cells showed a dose-dependent direct effect: the more diluted the sealer, the less cytotoxic. Regarding the angioblastic proliferation and edema, difference between the sealers at 7 and 63 days occurred ( p < 0.05). Both endodontic sealers initially promoted perimaterial tissue reaction as a foreign body granuloma and thus stimulated favorable tissue responses. Conclusions: Both sealers showed a dose-dependent effect and promoted satisfactory subcutaneous tissue response; the sealer Sealapex Xpress was less cytotoxic and more biocompatible than RealSeal XT. Clinical relevance: The step of root canal filling during endodontic treatment is highly important for the preservation of the periapical tissue integrity. Subcutaneous reaction to endodontic sealers enables scientific basis for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEGylated rosin derivatives are improved in series ester-adduct derivatives of rosin. The aim of this study was to assess biodegradation and biocompatibility of PEGylated rosin derivatives. Study employed two different PEGylated rosin derivatives, namely, D1 and D2, with constant weight of rosin and increasing amounts of polyethylene glycol 400. PEGylated rosin derivatives were synthesized and tailored into spherical beads and disks with smooth surface for use. In vitro degradation was studied at pH 4.0, 7.4, and 10 for 60 days. In vivo study was performed in Wistar rats using poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50) as a control. Post 3, 7, 14, and 21 days of implantation, PEGylated rosin derivatives disks were retrieved and evaluated for weight loss, molecular weight decline, morphology, and tissue response. D1 and D2 beads showed 21.68% and 32.37% weight loss, respectively, at pH 7.4 post 60 days. Degradation was increased substantially with increase in pH of medium. Degradation of disks was markedly slower than that of beads. In vivo degradation of PEGylated rosin derivative disks was faster than in vitro. Post 60 days of implantation, weight loss of D1 and D2 disk was 7.57% and 11.84%, whereas molecular weight was declined by about 19% and 26%, respectively. Owing to higher amounts of polyethylene glycol 400, in vitro and in vivo degradation of D2 was faster than D1. Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) as well as PEGylated rosin derivative implants evoked mild inflammatory responses characterized by few macrophages and absence of exudation at tissue-disk interface. The cellular density in tissue surrounding PEGylated rosin derivative disks increased initially with time up to 7 days and decreased eventually at the end of 21 days. The trend was similar for poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) implants. Increase in polyethylene glycol 400 improved biodegradation and biocompatibility of PEGylated rosin derivatives. Results revealed that PEGylated rosin derivatives degrade slowly in vivo over a period of time, possess fair biocompatibility, and thus are promising biomaterial for drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new Cryoballoon Focal Ablation System (CbFAS), a through-the-scope catheter with batterypowered handle that delivers cryogenic fluid into an inflated balloon, differs from current cryotherapy methods used for treatment of Barrett's epithelium. In this dose-finding study, short-and long-term histopathological effects and safety of the CbFAS were evaluated. Cryoablations with (supra)therapeutic durations (4-24 seconds) were performed in pigs that survived for 12 or 48 hours or 4 or 28 days. Next, cryoablations (durations based on animal data) were performed in normal mucosa of esophageal cancer patients scheduled to undergo esophagectomy. The outcome parameters, the occurrence of any bleeding or perforation, the histological presence of edema, inflammation, and necrosis throughout the esophageal wall layers, were evaluated. A total of 60 cryoablations were performed in 11 pigs. 48 hour cryoablations with therapeutic durations (4-10 seconds) resulted in edema/inflammation as deep as the serosa and necrosis ranging from submucosa to serosa with a median depth of 3.2 mm. In 4 day cryoablations this was in the serosa, and muscularis tunica to serosa at a median depth of 4.5 mm, respectively. No necrosis or inflammation remained after 28 days, not even after supratherapeutic cryoablation (12-24 seconds). No acute or delayed bleeding or perforation was observed. Next, eight 6-second cryoablations were performed in four patients. Direct postablation mucosal necrosis was observed; after 4 days necrosis and inflammation was limited to the submucosa. CbFAS cryoablation penetrates deeply into the esophageal wall layers resulting in severe early ablation. After 4 weeks, little injury and no fibrosis remain, even after supratherapeutic durations of administration, suggesting that CbFAS combines deep ablation with a potentially favorable safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Permanent injury to the cranial nerves can often result in a substantial reduction in quality of life. Novel and innovative interventions can help restore form and function in nerve paralysis, with bioelectric interfaces among the more promising of these approaches. The foreign body response is an important consideration for any bioelectric device as it influences the function and effectiveness of the implant. The purpose of this review is to describe tissue and functional effects of chronic neural implantation among the different categories of neural implants and highlight advances in peripheral and cranial nerve stimulation. Data Sources: PubMed, IEEE, and Web of Science literature search. Review Methods: A review of the current literature was conducted to examine functional and histologic effects of bioelectric interfaces for neural implants. Results Bioelectric devices can be characterized as intraneural, epineural, perineural, intranuclear, or cortical depending on their placement relative to nerves and neuronal cell bodies. Such devices include nerve-specific stimulators, neuroprosthetics, brainstem implants, and deep brain stimulators. Regardless of electrode location and interface type, acute and chronic histological, macroscopic and functional changes can occur as a result of both passive and active tissue responses to the bioelectric implant. Conclusion A variety of chronically implantable electrodes have been developed to treat disorders of the peripheral and cranial nerves, to varying degrees of efficacy. Consideration and mitigation of detrimental effects at the neural interface with further optimization of functional nerve stimulation will facilitate the development of these technologies and translation to the clinic. Level of Evidence 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat-shock proteins including HSP70 are stress-related proteins that have been reported in cell protection and survival. In contrast to this, the increase in circulating levels of HSP70 ( eHSP70) is associated with cellular damage and inflammatory factors. Physical stress, like exercise, is effective to induce both iHSP70 and eHSP70 in several tissues and cell types, which have different behaviours in response to stress. The different functions of HSP70 before the challenge are dependent of intracellular localization and subsequent molecular chaperone action, but when present in the extracellular space, it activates pro-inflammatory pathways. The different forms in which tissues and cells respond to stress like physical exercise, as well as the optimal intensity of the stress, are determinants for the beneficial effects or as an indicator of dangerous conditions, summoning immune cells as a warning sign to the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1940s electrocorticography (ECoG) devices and, more recently, in the last decade, micro-electrocorticography (µECoG) cortical electrode arrays were used for a wide set of experimental and clinical applications, such as epilepsy localization and brain–computer interface (BCI) technologies. Miniaturized implantable µECoG devices have the advantage of providing greater-density neural signal acquisition and stimulation capabilities in a minimally invasive fashion. An increased spatial resolution of the µECoG array will be useful for greater specificity diagnosis and treatment of neuronal diseases and the advancement of basic neuroscience and BCI research. In this review, recent achievements of ECoG and µECoG are discussed. The electrode configurations and varying material choices used to design µECoG arrays are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages of µECoG technology compared to electroencephalography (EEG), ECoG, and intracortical electrode arrays. Electrode materials that are the primary focus include platinum, iridium oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), indium tin oxide (ITO), and graphene. We discuss the biological immune response to µECoG devices compared to other electrode array types, the role of µECoG in clinical pathology, and brain–computer interface technology. The information presented in this review will be helpful to understand the current status, organize available knowledge, and guide future clinical and research applications of µECoG technologies.

Microspheres have been prepared from the resorbable linear polyester of β-hydroxybutyric acid (polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB) by the solvent evaporation technique and investigated in vitro and in vivo. Biocompatibility of the microspheres has been proved in tests in the culture of mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3Т3 and in experiments on intramuscular implantation of the microspheres to Wistar rats for 3 months. Tissue response to the implantation of polymeric microspheres has been found to consist in a mild inflammatory reaction, pronounced macrophage infiltration that increases over time, involving mono- and poly-nuclear foreign body giant cells that resorb the polymeric matrix. No fibrous capsules were formed around polymeric microparticles; neither necrosis nor any other adverse morphological changes and tissue transformation in response to the implantation of the PHB microparticles were recorded. The results of the study suggest that polyhydroxybutyrate is a good candidate for fabricating prolonged-action drugs in the form of microparticles intended for intramuscular injection.

The aim of this study is to compare the tissue response between the ridgelap pontic and modified ridgelap pontic. Total patients were 40. The fixed prosthesis were cemented by temporary cementing material. After providing the treatment, instruction on maintenance of prosthesis. Patients were visited and studied after 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months to observe the condition of tissue response beneath pontic. The following necessary data were collected in respect of the condition of tissue beneath the pontic, color of gingiva. The modified ridgelap pontic is better than ridgelap pontic regarding tissue response. The tissue response with the ridgelap surface of the pontic of fixed partial denture in 1st molar missing tooth enhanced the condition of the mucous membrane beneath the tissue surface of the pontic, condition of the abutment tooth, between ridge surface of the pontic and mucosa overlying the edentulous ridge achieved better success regarding fixed partial denture. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2015; 5 (1): 15-20