Search

Statement of problem Limited information is available on the differences between tissue-level implants with an ultrathin threaded microsurface conical transmucosal portion and bone-level implants rehabilitated with conical custom abutments. Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the outcomes of crowns designed as per the biologically oriented preparation technique (BOPT) cemented on conical titanium abutments on tissue-level and bone-level implants. Material and methods Patients consecutively rehabilitated with a delayed loading protocol with anterior implant-supported single crowns with a feather-edge margin, in function for at least 4 years, were recruited and divided into 2 groups based on the implant type they had received: tissue-level implants with a conical transmucosal portion or bone-level implants rehabilitated with a conical abutment by following the platform switching concept. Bone resorption, pink esthetic score (PES), and white esthetic score (WES) were collected and analyzed. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was performed to analyze all parameters (α=.05 for all tests). Results A total of 43 participants (48 implants) were included in the present study. The mean follow-up period was 4.5 years (range 52-64 months). A statistically significant difference (P=.004) was found in the mean ±standard deviation bone resorption between tissue-level implants (0.38 ±0.46 mm) and bone-level implants (0.83 ±0.58 mm). Higher values for both PES and WES were obtained in the tissue-level implant group. Conclusions Within the limitations of the present retrospective study, tissue-level implants with a conical transmucosal portion seem to provide a suitable alternative to bone-level implants in the anterior area.

Plants mobilize photosynthates by three transport pathways: apoplastic, symplastic through plasmodesmata (PD), and transcellular. In the flavedo of post-harvest mature lemons, a high level of activity of cell wall-bound invertase (WI), an enzyme associated with transcellular transport of monosaccharides, has been detected. To elucidate whether this high enzymatic activity is related to restricted transport in the symplastic pathway with fruit maturation, the aim of the present work was to compare anatomical and biochemical parameters in peel tissues of immature and mature lemons. Anatomical structure of cell walls, callose deposition, WI activity, and sucrose content were analyzed in peel tissues of immature and mature lemons. The parenchyma of the flavedo tissue of immature lemons presented an elevated number of primary pit fields (PPF). These PPF, associated with PD or cell wall interruptions, had the appearance of a string of beads; however, in mature lemons, the number of PPF was scarce due to callose deposition. WI activity and apoplastic sucrose content increased significantly in the flavedo of mature lemons compared to immature lemons. The present findings lay structural and functional bases relevant to understanding differences between immature and mature lemons, which would help to design agricultural practices in pre- and post-harvest management.

Relevance. The purpose of this work is to create new discrete competitive tomato genotypes based on modern biotechnological approaches with increased resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus, economically valuable traits and adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of cultivation in the southern regions of the Russian Federation.Methods. At the first stage of the study, SSR markers taken from literature sources were tested [1;2] and PCR conditions were optimized for the identification of target Tm genes (Tm2a, Tm22, providing resistance to tobacco mosaic virus at the tissue level) in the breeding material available in the department of vegetable and potato growing.Results. Two informative molecular markers Tms 37 and UMD 2060 were selected, which reveal the allelic difference between resistant and susceptible samples. Hybridization of FMS tomato lines with samples having the desired genes of interest in the genotype for obtaining tomato lines resistant to TMV was carried out. Seeds of paternal forms - donors of target genes were obtained for their further use in breeding work. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the discrete genetic material of Solanumlycopersicum, used in the breeding process, and preserving its functions in a new genetic environment.

BackgroundPhenome-wide association studies conducted in electronic health record (EHR)-linked biobanks have uncovered a large number of genomic loci associated with traits and diseases. However, interpretation of the complex relationships of associated genes and phenotypes is challenging.ResultsWe constructed a tissue-level phenome-wide network map of colocalized genes and phenotypes. First, we generated colocalized expression quantitative trait loci from 48 tissues of the Genotype-Tissue Expression project and from publicly available genome-wide association study summary statistics from the UK Biobank. We identified 9,151 colocalized genes for 1,411 phenotypes across 48 tissues. Then, we constructed a bipartite network using the colocalized signals to establish links between genes and phenotypes in each tissue. The majority of links are observed in a single tissue whereas only a few are present in all tissues. Finally, we applied the biLouvain clustering algorithm in each tissue-specific bipartite network to identify co-clusters of non-overlapping genes and phenotypes. The majority of co-clusters contains a small number of genes and phenotypes, and 88.6% of co-clusters are found in only one tissue. To demonstrate functionality of the phenome-wide map, we tested if these co-clusters were enriched with known biological and functional gene classes and observed several significant enrichments. Furthermore, we observed that tissue-specific co-clusters are enriched with reported drug side effects for the corresponding drug target genes in clinical trial data.ConclusionsThe phenome-wide map provides links between genes, phenotypes and tissues across a wide spectrum of biological classes and can yield biological and clinical discoveries. The phenome-wide map is publicly available at https://rstudio-connect.hpc.mssm.edu/biPheMap/.

Chilling is a major stress to plants of subtropical and tropical origins, including maize (Zea mays L.). To reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying chilling tolerance and survival in maize, we investigated transcriptomic responses to chilling stress in differentiated leaves and roots as well as in crowns with meristem activity. The application of chilling stress to shoots or roots each contributed to seedling lethality in maize. Comparison of maize lines with different chilling tolerance capacities revealed that chilling survival is highly associated with the up-regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis and responses as well as transcriptional regulators in leaves and crowns. It was also associated with the down-regulation of translation in leaves and the heat response in crowns. Chilling treatment of all or part of the plants revealed that the response to distal chilling is very distinct from, and sometimes opposite to, the response to local or whole-plant chilling in both leaves and roots, suggesting communication between shoots and roots in the environmental response. This study thus provides information on transcriptomic responses in leaves, roots, and crowns under different chilling stresses in maize, and reveals potential chilling tolerance and survival mechanisms, which lay the ground for improving chilling tolerance in crop plants.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health burden, and the development of advanced countermeasures to mitigate and prevent these injuries during automotive, sports, and military impact events requires an understanding of the intracranial mechanisms related to TBI. In this study, the efficacy of tissue-level injury metrics for predicting TBI was evaluated using finite element reconstructions from a comprehensive, multi-species TBI database. The database consisted of human volunteer tests, laboratory-reconstructed head impacts from sports, in vivo non-human primate (NHP) tests, and in vivo pig tests. Eight tissue-level metrics related to brain tissue strain, axonal strain, and strain-rate were evaluated using survival analysis for predicting mild and severe TBI risk. The correlation between TBI risk and most of the assessed metrics were statistically significant, but when injury data was analyzed by species, the best metric was often inconclusive and limited by the small datasets. When the human and animal datasets were combined, the injury analysis was able to delineate maximum axonal strain as the best predictor of injury for all species and TBI severities, with maximum principal strain as a suitable alternative metric. The current study is the first to provide evidence to support the assumption that brain strain response between human, pig, and NHP result in similar injury outcomes through a multi-species analysis. This assumption is the biomechanical foundation for translating animal brain injury findings to humans. The findings in the study provide fundamental guidelines for developing injury criteria that would contribute towards the innovation of more effective safety countermeasures.

Discrimination of cancer cells/tissues from normal ones is of critical importance for early diagnosis and treatment of cancers. Herein, we present a new strategy for high-contrast fluorescence diagnosis of cancer cells/tissues based on β-Lapachone (β-Lap, an anticancer agent) triggered ROS (reactive oxygen species) amplification specific in cancer cells/tissues. With the strategy, a wide range of cancer cells/tissues, including surgical tissue specimens harvested from patients, were distinguished from normal ones by using a combination of β-Lap and a Si-rhodamine-based NIR fluorescent ROS probe PSiR3 developed in this work with average tumor-to-normal (T/N) ratios up to 15 in cell level and 24 in tissue level, far exceeding the clinically acceptable threshold of 2.0. What's more, the strategy allowed the fluorescence discrimination of tumor tissues from inflammatory ones based on whether a marked fluorescence enhancement could be induced when treated with PSiR3 and β-Lap/PSiR3 combination, respectively.

Background: Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial disease affects the pilosebaceous follicle and results in inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions with certain role of cytokines in its pathogenesis. Interleukin-35 (IL-35) cytokine has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activities, which are distinct from other members of IL-12 family. IL-35 is also unique in that it is expressed primarily by regulatory T- cells (Tregs) rather than by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Objective: To investigate the role of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris by assessing its levels in lesional skin and serum of patients with acne vulgaris compared with normal individuals. Patients and methods: 44 subjects were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: It included measurement of serum and tissue level of interleukin 35 in 22 acne vulgaris patients with age group (15-30). All of them were subjected to detailed history taking, dermatological and general examination. Group 2: It included 22 healthy, age, and gender matched individuals as a control group. Result:Our results show a highly statistically significant difference between acne patient and control regarding IL-35 level in serum and tissue. Conclusion: Our study may provide evidence that serum and tissue IL-35 are important anti-inflammatory cytokines. They are actively expressed by the sebaceous glands. They have significant higher expression in acne patients. They are hypothesized to play a key role in acne cure at multiple points, through their anti-inflammatory action. This effect may be hindered in acne vulgaris by undiscovered obstacles.

Objectives To assess the osseointegration and crestal bone level maintenance of a novel fully tapered self-cutting tissue-level implant for immediate placement (test) compared to a clinically established tissue-level implant (control) in moderate bone quality. Materials and methods Test and control implants were compared in 3 groups, i.e., small-, medium-, and large-diameter implants in an edentulous mandibular minipig model with moderate bone quality after 12 weeks of healing. Histometrically derived bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and first bone-to-implant contact (fBIC) were subjected to statistical non-inferiority testing. Maximum insertion torque values in artificial bone were assessed for comparison. Results BIC values for the tests and control implants for all 3 diameters were comparable and non-inferior: small diameter (61.30 ± 10.63% vs. 54.46 ± 18.31%) (p=0.99), medium diameter (60.91 ± 14.42 vs. 54.68 ± 9.16) (p=0.55), and large diameter (45.60 ± 14.67 vs. 52.52 ± 14.76) (p=0.31). fBIC values for test implants were higher and non-inferior compared to control implants in all three groups. Test implants further showed distinctly higher maximum insertion torque values compared to control implants. Conclusion The investigated novel tissue-level implant is able to achieve high levels of primary and secondary implant stability under simultaneous preservation of crestal bone levels. This qualifies the studied implant as an attractive candidate for immediate placement in bone of limited quality. Clinical relevance This pilot pre-clinical study investigated a novel tissue-level implant for immediate placement. With the aim of translating the studied prototype into clinical application pre-clinical models, procedures and controls have been chosen with the aim of reflecting its future clinical indication and use.

Background: Astronauts and those in microgravity (MG) conditions are faced with neuromuscular challenges. On the other hand, high intensity interval training (HIIT) have been introduced as an effective factor in strengthening the nervous system. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of high intensity interval training under simulated microgravity condition on brain degenerating myelin basic protein (dgen-MBP) level in healthy male rats. Metohds: This experimental study was conducted on 30 male rats with an average weight of 189.2 ± 5.7 grams. They were randomly divided into 5 groups: Base line (n=6), MG control (n=6), HIIT control (n=6), HIIT (n=6) and MG & HIIT (n=6). The training groups performed the HIIT on a treadmill, with 30 seconds running time of 29 m/min and a 1 minute rest time of 13 m/s to until the fatigue. Rats were killed 48 hours after the last training session and an ELISA kit was used to evaluate the data related to dgen-MBP. Results: The results of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups in the functional test variables and dgen-MBP (P≤0.05). In the meantime, the MG & HIIT group showed the highest amount of dgen-MBP compared to the control group. Conclusion: It seems that people who are in a microgravity situation, by applying HIIT training for at least 6 weeks, can increase their dgen-MBP levels, improve their health and nerves, and increase the time to fatigue.

Compared with penetrating keratoplasty (PK), Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) is characterized as lower risk for complications such as immunological graft reaction and faster and better postoperative visual recovery. In patients with endothelial graft failure after PK, DMEK can be used to regenerate PK graft transparency. The surgical technique for DMEK in this specific situation is still under debate, particularly regarding stripping of Descemet membrane (DM) from the failed PK and diameter of the DMEK graft. Here we report a case of a 75-year-old female patient with a failed graft 16 years after PK for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, who underwent uneventful DMEK surgery. Stripping of DM in this particular case was performed outside the failed PK and demonstrated a biomechanically stable junction between the PK donor and the host DM. Histopathologic analysis of the excised DM showed continuous extracellular matrix connecting the host and donor DM, indicating primary intention wound healing after PK at this tissue level. This case demonstrates that after PK, a biomechanically stable and histologically continuous DM can enable Descemetorhexis outside the failed graft and transplantation of a DMEK graft larger than the previous PK. This may provide more endothelial cells for transplantation.

OBJECTIVE The aim: Of this publication is to evaluate the results of EPEA in functionally healthy respondents and patients with NCDs to deepen fundamental knowledge of Systemic Medicine, increase the effectiveness of measures to prevent and treat NCDs by improving their diagnosis and prevention through the introduction of modern science-intensive technologies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: 114 respondents were included in an open non-randomized controlled study. 66 сcomorbid patients (71% - men; median age - 61(43; 80) years) with verified Ischemic Heart Disease: functional class II-III angina pectoris were included in the Main Group. 78 functionally healthy young people (23% - men; median age - 23(20; 30) years) who did not play sports regularly were a Control Group. EPEA was made on a digital software hardware device Bio-Well 2.0 (Bio-Well 2.0, Russia-USA). RESULTS Results: Significant differences in AEFE indicators in functionally healthy individuals and patients with NCDs were established. Qualitative indicators of AEFE (indicators of area, intensity, energy of emission) were significantly higher in functionally healthy individuals compared to patients with NCDs. Geometric indicators of AEFE (indicators of length of contours and radii of luminescence) were significantly higher in patients with NCDs than in healthy individuals, which confirmed the visually uneven and more complex contour of luminescence of the fingers in them. CONCLUSION Conclusions: AEFE parameters have significant differences in functionally healthy individuals and patients with NCDs. AEFE is a fundamentally new promising approach to assessing the level of activity of metabolic processes at the tissue level in living biological systems, including in the normal human body and in patients with NCDs.

Computational models of the heart, from cell-level models, through one-, two- and three-dimensional tissue-level simplifications, to biophysically-detailed three-dimensional models of the ventricles, atria or whole heart, allow the simulation of excitation and propagation of this excitation, and have provided remarkable insight into the normal and pathological functioning of the heart. In this article we present equations for modelling cellular excitation (i.e. the cell action potential) from both a phenomenological and a biophysical perspective. Hodgkin-Huxley formalism is discussed, along with the current generation of biophysically-detailed cardiac cell models. Alternative Markovian formulations for modelling ionic currents are also presented. Equations describing propagation of this cellular excitation, through one-, two- and three-dimensional idealised or realistic tissues, are then presented. For all types of model, from cell to tissue, methods for discretisation and integration of the underlying equations are discussed. The article finishes with a discussion of two tissue-level experimental imaging techniques - diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging and optical imaging - that can be used to provide data for parameterisation and validation of cell- and tissue-level cardiac models.

Drop-on-demand microkits with a diameter of ∼20 μm are used to measure the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in a brain slice with single-cell resolution. The relative standard deviation from 25 cellular regions reached 73.3% exhibiting the difference of enzyme activity in the brain slice. Therefore, this approach utilizing the well-established kits provides an alternative single-cell-resolved strategy for the elucidation of enzymatic heterogeneity at the tissue level.

Background The aim of this 1-year prospective clinical trial was to compare clinical parameters and marginal bone levels (MBLs) around tissue level implants with a partially smooth collar between patients with thin (≤2 mm) and thick (>2 mm) vertical mucosal phenotypes. Methods Thirty patients needing a single dental implant were recruited and allocated to thin (n = 14) or thick (n = 16) phenotype groups. Post-restoration, clinical (probing depth, recession, width of keratinized mucosa, bleeding on probing, suppuration, implant mobility, plaque index, and gingival index) and radiographic bone level measurements were recorded at different timepoints for 1 year. Results Twenty-six patients (13 per group) completed the 1-year examination. No implants were lost (100% survival rate). There were no significant differences (P >0.05) between thin and thick vertical mucosal phenotypes for any clinical parameter or for the radiographic MBL. Conclusions Tissue level implants at 1 year of function placed in thin vertical mucosa achieved similar clinical parameters and radiographic MBLs as those in thick tissue. The formation of the peri-implant supracrestal tissue height plays a key role in MBL than mucosal thickness in tissue level implant.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that would identify the brand and model of a dental implant from a radiograph. Materials and Methods: A data augmentation procedure provided a total of 1,206 dental implant radiographic images of three different brands for six models (Nobel Biocare NobelActive [NNA] and Branemark System [NBS], Straumann Bone Level [SBL] and Tissue Level [STL], and Zimmer Biomet Dental Tapered Screw-Vent [ZTSV] and SwissPlus [ZSP]). They were divided into a test group (n = 241; 19.9%) and a training and validation group (n = 965; 80%). Preprocessing and transfer learning were applied to a pretrained GoogLeNet Inception CNN network. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the CNN model were evaluated. Results: The diagnostic accuracy was 93.8% (95% CI: 87.2% to 99.4%), the sensitivity was 93.5% (95% CI: 84.2% to 99.3%), the specificity was 94.2% (95% CI: 83.5% to 99.4%), the positive predictive value was 92% (95% CI: 83.9% to 97.2%), and the negative predictive value was 91.5% (95% CI: 80.2% to 97.1%). The deep CNN algorithm achieved an AUC of 0.918 (95% CI: 0.826 to 0.973) on NNA, 0.922 (95% CI: 0.831 to 0.964) on NBS, 0.909 (95% CI: 0.844 to 0.982) on SBL, 0.890 (95% CI: 0.783 to 0.945) on STL, 0.931 (95% CI: 0.867 to 0.979) on ZTSV, and 0.911 (95% CI: 0.811 to 0.957) on ZSP. Conclusion: The deep CNN model had a very good performance in identifying a dental implant from a radiograph. A huge and varied database of radiographs would have to be built up to be able to identify any dental implant.

Ayurveda management comprises of three categories, Yuktivyapashrya includes medication, Daivavypashray are Divine therapies and Satvavajay deals with mental health. Agnihotra -Yagya is one of the therapies of divine management. It is fire offering of medicinal herbs along with cyclic uttering of Sanskrit words by experts. Present study aims to provide prototype of strategy for pandemic prevention. Numinous sound in form of Mantra along with mechanical heating of Agnihotra produces shorter wavelength of electromagnetic spectrum range and set certain vibrations in presence of solar energy at tissue level which inactivate the viruses and other microorganism present in inner as well as outer environment.Relevant literature was searched and incorporated in the study. Agnihotra,Yagya, Mantra, electromagnetic waves and others were the main words used for the search.Putting medicinal substances in Agnihotra fire is a scientific method of transformation of matter into energy and the process may be referred as sublimation. It can be postulated that there is generation of electromagnetic spectrum under the influence of solar energy and sonic potential of Mantra, the numinous sound. Interaction between microwaves and biological tissues draws solution to inactivate airborne viruses thus creating certain vibrations converting the whole process into a scientific operation involving each tissue of human body along with minute particles of surrounding environment.Considering its multi-dimensional aspects, at small scale, Agnihotra can be recommended at homes, hospitals, public places in presence of experts on daily or weekly basis. By adapting this ritual with scientific perspective, pandemics can be prevented. It is difficult to test combined therapeutic effect of all medications used in Agnihotra. With the evidences suggesting antimicrobial, Neuro-dynamic and spiritual effects, Agnihotra cannot be ignored by young scholars.

Multiparametric MRI represents the primary imaging modality to assess diffuse liver disease, both in a qualitative and in a quantitative manner. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is among the imaging techniques that can be used to assess fibrosis due to its unique capability to assess microstructural changes at the tissue level. DWI is based on water mobility patterns and has the potential to become a non-invasive and non-destructive virtual biopsy to assess diffuse liver disease, overcoming sampling bias errors due to its three-dimensional imaging capabilities. Parallel to DWI, another quantitative method called texture analysis may be used to assess early and advanced diffused liver disease through quantifying spatial relationships in a global and local level, applying to any type of digital imaging technique like MRI or CT. Initial results using texture analysis hold great promise. In the current paper, we will review the role of DWI and texture analysis using MR images in assessing diffuse liver disease.

Abstract Background It has been 50 years since Brånemark first introduced the concept of osseointegration. Since then, numerous ongoing research, developments, and optimization of implant properties have been conducted. Despite the high survival and success rates of dental implants, failures still occur in a small number of patients that are being rehabilitated by implants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival and success rate of the Stella® implants that incorporate sand-blasted and acid-etched (S&E) surface treatment and tapered body design to confirm their clinical feasibility and benefits after placement. Methods We reviewed 61 partially and fully edentulous patients who underwent a tapered, S&E surfaced tissue-level implant placement between May 2013 and February 2016 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in the Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Patient characteristics and treatment results were collected, and records of dental implants were analyzed clinically and radiologically. Results A total of 105 implant fixtures were placed in these patients. The mean age at the time of the surgery was 63.7 years with a range of 31 to 88 years. In total, 4.0-mm and 4.5-mm diameter implants were the most frequently used dental implants (40%, 49%) in this study. Implants 8.5 mm in length were predominantly used (60%). Seventy dental implants were placed in the mandible (70%), and only one dental implant was placed in the maxillary anterior region. At the end of the 5-year observation period, the success rate of the Stella® implants was 98.1%. Among the 105 implants placed, 2 were considered to be failures. Summarizing the clinical and radiographic results, the remaining 103 implants were considered successfully integrated. Conclusion The overall success rate was 98.1%. The tapered, S&E surfaced tissue-level implant system exhibited great performance in a variety of clinical situations including failed implant sites that enabled predictable and successful treatment outcomes. The effectives of a tapered design of tissue level, not a parallel design, are shown in this clinical report.

Motivation Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) characterizes the molecular composition of tissues at spatial resolution, and has a strong potential for distinguishing tissue types, or disease states. This can be achieved by supervised classification, which takes as input MSI spectra, and assigns class labels to subtissue locations. Unfortunately, developing such classifiers is hindered by the limited availability of training sets with subtissue labels as the ground truth. Subtissue labeling is prohibitively expensive, and only rough annotations of the entire tissues are typically available. Classifiers trained on data with approximate labels have sub-optimal performance. Results To alleviate this challenge, we contribute a semi-supervised approach mi-CNN. mi-CNN implements multiple instance learning with a convolutional neural network (CNN). The multiple instance aspect enables weak supervision from tissue-level annotations when classifying subtissue locations. The convolutional architecture of the CNN captures contextual dependencies between the spectral features. Evaluations on simulated and experimental datasets demonstrated that mi-CNN improved the subtissue classification as compared to traditional classifiers. We propose mi-CNN as an important step toward accurate subtissue classification in MSI, enabling rapid distinction between tissue types and disease states. Availability and implementation The data and code are available at https://github.com/Vitek-Lab/mi-CNN_MSI.

Saliva is a noninvasive biofluid that can contain metabolite signatures of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Conductive polymer spray ionization mass spectrometry (CPSI-MS) is employed to record a wide range of metabolite species within a few seconds, making this technique appealing as a point-of-care method for the early detection of OSCC. Saliva samples from 373 volunteers, 124 who are healthy, 124 who have premalignant lesions, and 125 who are OSCC patients, were collected for discovering and validating dysregulated metabolites and determining altered metabolic pathways. Metabolite markers were reconfirmed at the primary tissue level by desorption electrospray ionization MS imaging (DESI-MSI), demonstrating the reliability of diagnoses based on saliva metabolomics. With the aid of machine learning (ML), OSCC and premalignant lesions can be distinguished from the normal physical condition in real time with an accuracy of 86.7%, on a person by person basis. These results suggest that the combination of CPSI-MS and ML is a feasible tool for accurate, automated diagnosis of OSCC in clinical practice.

In modern clinical practice, the assessment of the state of blood microcirculation and the diagnosis of microcirculatory disorders are extremely relevant in a variety of diseases: in cardiology, diabetology, oncology, dermatology, dentistry, surgery and resuscitation. Microcirculatory disorders are very diverse both in their pathogenesis and in clinical manifestations. Therefore, in the pattern of various diseases and extreme conditions, as well as in the correction of microcirculatory disorders the methods are needed for both operative assessment of the state of blood flow at tissue level and for its long-term monitoring. The interest in the study of the microvascular bed of the circulatory system is sparked by the significant role of capillaries in the implementation of the basic processes of the body's vital activity, in the trophic support of organs and their direct participation in tissue and cellular respiration. The health and life expectancy of a person depend on the coordinated work of the heart, large blood lines, and microcirculation vessels. The authors have studied modern optical methods for diagnosing microcirculation. The feasibility of using the speckle imaging method for noninvasive rapid assessment of the state of the microvasculature of human surface biological tissues has been substantiated. To implement the speckle-visualization method, methodological and software have been developed. The processing parameters that are most optimal from the point of view of the ratio of spatiotemporal resolution and computation time have been experimentally substantiated. The purpose of this work is the experimental testing of the developed methodological and hardware speckle imaging for the diagnosis of microcirculation of human surface biological tissues. The authors have carried out the studies of the state of microcirculation in the superficial blood vessels of the skin during physiotherapeutic procedures and in the imitation of pathology. The results of the studies have proved the feasibility of using the developed software for a high-quality diagnosis of the state of microcirculation of human surface biological tissues: primary changes in microcirculation are revealed, further changes to occur during physiotherapeutic procedures are visualized.

In the process of urban development and regeneration, a city always gradually derives multiple morphological characteristics from its original single form. The transformation of urban form can be viewed as representation of consequence of overlapping of cultural attributes, an urban quality which is often ignored by property developments. This paper addresses that culture is a starting point to analyze traditional urban forms of Chinese and Southeast Asian traditional port cities. On the one hand, it analyzes their urban morphological characteristics focusing on the urban tissue level, which can reflect a process of urban evolution based on multi-culture brought by the ancient maritime trade. On the other hand, four port cities with similar cultural attributes including Quanzhou and Guangzhou in China, Hanoi in Vietnam and Malacca in Malaysia are analyzed comparatively to demonstrate their morphological differences and similarities. Based on the analysis of the two aspects, the paper recovers the relationship between cultural attributes and urban morphology, as well as some universal and special rules of urban development.

The age-related decline of adult stem cells leads to loss of tissue homeostasis and contributes to organismal aging. Though the phenotypic hallmarks of aging are well-characterized at the organ or tissue level, the molecular processes that govern stem cell aging remain unclear. This review seeks to highlight recent research in stem cell aging in the Drosophila ovary and connect the discoveries in the fly to ongoing questions in stem cell aging.

Metals are essential cofactors that play a crucial role in heart function at the cell and tissue level. Information regarding the role of metals in the pericardial fluid and its ionome in ischemic heart disease (IHD) is limited. We aimed to determine the association of elements in pericardial fluid and serum samples of IHD patients and their correlation with systolic and diastolic function. IHD patients have been studied with systolic and diastolic dysfunction categorized on the basis of echocardiographic parameters. We measured concentrations of sixteen elements in the pericardial fluid and serum of 46 patients obtained during open heart surgery with IHD by ICP-MS. The levels of chromium and nickel in pericardial fluid were significantly higher as compared with serum samples of IHD patients (p 45% (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in pericardial concentrations of elements in diastolic dysfunction grade 0–1 with 2 in IHD patients. We also found that decreased concentration of these elements in pericardial fluid is associated with decreased systolic function. These results suggest that pericardial fluid concentrations of these metals may reflect the extent of ischemic heart disease. These findings are hypothesis generating with regards to a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder.

Background and aims Australian Macadamia species are known for their edible nuts as well as their ability to take up high concentrations of manganese (Mn) into their leaves. However, little is known about the ecophysiology of Mn in species of Macadamia. Methods This study investigated (i) Mn accumulation in wild Macadamia using handheld X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) of herbarium collections, and (ii) Mn uptake in three out of four known Macadamia species (M. tetraphylla, M. integrifolia and M. ternifolia) in a pot experiment that delivered Mn treatments in both solid (as natural Mn-minerals mixed with quartz sand) and liquid form (as MnSO4 solution added to soil). Tissue samples were analysed for bulk elemental concentrations and for in vivo distribution of Mn and other elements using laboratory μXRF analysis. Key results The results revealed that wild M. ternifolia and M. integrifolia are strong Mn accumulators with up to 9600 μg Mn g−1 and 8500 μg Mn g-1, respectively, followed by M. jansenii (6400 μg Mn g-1) and M. tetraphylla (5100 μg Mn g-1). Under the controlled conditions, high Mn accumulation was demonstrated for M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla with greater than 7500 μg Mn g−1 in mature leaves in the highest Mn treatment level. Our results further showed that Mn was efficiently translocated from the roots to the shoots with translocation factor >1 in the studied species. The laboratory μXRF analysis revealed that Mn was absent from the vascular bundles and concentrated in the areas between veins. Conclusions All the four Macadamia species have high foliar Mn concentrations qualifying them as strong Mn accumulators in nature as determined by handheld XRF analysis of herbarium specimens. Under experimental conditions, M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla were confirmed to be strong Mn accumulators. Manganese was shown by laboratory μXRF analysis to be concentrated in the inter-veinal areas of the leaf lamina.

The study of moisture migration in Norway Spruce may reduce the discrepancy between measurements and simulations of transfers in buildings and thus be helpful for improving their performance and durability. For this purpose, X-ray imaging was used to study moisture migration in Norway spruce during imbibition at tissue level. Moisture content kinetics in earlywood and latewood, based on X-ray attenuation, was observed and measured through rigorous protocol. The imbibition process was studied in both longitudinal and radial directions. The results showed an easier migration of liquid in latewood than in earlywood in the longitudinal uptake. In the radial direction, the impact of compression wood as a barrier and the role of the anatomical structure in the liquid migration were highlighted by the direct visualization of filled tracheids.

Hypoxia in solid tumors is an important predictor of treatment resistance and poor clinical outcome. The significance of hypoxia in the development of resistance to radiotherapy has been recognized for decades and the search for hypoxia-targeting, radiosensitizing agents continues. This review summarizes the main hypoxia-related processes relevant for radiotherapy on the subcellular, cellular and tissue level and discusses the significance of hypoxia in radiation oncology, especially with regard to the current shift towards hypofractionated treatment regimens. Furthermore, we discuss the strategies to interfere with hypoxia for radiotherapy optimization, and we highlight novel insights into the molecular pathways involved in hypoxia that might be utilized to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy.

Planar cell polarity (PCP) - asymmetric localization of proteins at cell-cell interface - is essential for embryonic development and physiological functions. Abnormalities in PCP can lead to neural tube closure defects, misalignment in hair follicles etc. Thus, decoding the mechanism responsible for PCP establishment and maintenance remains an open fundamental question. While various molecules - broadly classified into "global" and "local" modules - have been well investigated, their necessity and sufficiency in explaining PCP and connecting their perturbations and defects in experimentally observed patterns has not been examined. Here, we develop a minimal model that captures the proposed features of these two modules- a global tissue level gradient and local asymmetric distribution of protein complexes. Our model results suggest that while polarity can emerge in absence of a gradient, the gradient can provide the direction of polarity as well as offer robustness for maintenance of PCP in presence of stochastic perturbations. We also recapitulated swirling patterns (seen experimentally) and the features of non-domineering autonomy, using only three free parameters in the model - protein binding rate, concentration of proteins forming heterodimer across cell boundaries and steepness of gradient. Our results explain how self-stabilizing asymmetric localisations in presence of tissue-level gradient can lead to robust PCP patterns in diverse biological systems and reveals the minimal design principles for a polarized system.

At the time when people had solved the problem of food shortages, nutrition had lost direction with regard to future research, education, and practice in Japan. But since the 1970s, it has become apparent that some of the injured, sick, and elderly people are suffering from malnutrition. Dr. H. Norimasa argued that in order to improve human health and to prevent and treat diseases, it is necessary to clarify the internal dynamics of nutrition at the individual level, the organ and tissue level, and the cellular level, which is expressed in the comprehensive concept of “Human Nutrition”.

Understanding what maturity entails for bone, when it arrives, and its pre- and post-maturity traits and properties is very important for understanding its evolution and physiology. There is a clear but fine distinction between the chronological age of bone (the age of its donor) and the tissue age of the bone packets it comprises at the microscopic level. Whole bone fragility changes with age due to mass and architecture effects, but so do the properties of bone at the tissue level. Tissue age and tissue-level properties are therefore increasingly attracting a great deal of attention recently. The present study investigated compositional and material changes in the hydroxyapatite crystals, the collagenous phase, changes in bone matrix composition and its nanoindentation properties and their decline with chronological age in later life. The aim was to track the age threshold at which cortical bone arrives at maturity and what happens following that threshold. To do so FTIR, DSC/TGA, XRD, nanoindentation and microindentation were used to investigate rib cortical bone material across a cohort of 86 individuals from one ethnic group with age spanning between 17 and 82 years. Results of this cross-sectional study showed a clear increase in mineral content relative to the organic and water contents across all ages. Furthermore, an increase in crystal size and consequent decrease in strain (coherence length) was detected associated with secondary mineralisation and an increase in carbonate substitution. Overall, we observe a number of modifications which contribute to a typical functional behaviour of bone showing an increase in both indentation modulus and hardness until the age of about 35 after which both of these properties decline gradually and concomitantly to other physicochemical changes and seemingly until the end of one's life.

Intra- and extra-cellular processes shape tissues together. For understanding how neighborhood relationships between cells play a role in this process, having image processing filters based on these relationships would be beneficial. Those operations are known and their application to microscopy image data typically requires programming skills. User-friendly general purpose tools for pursuing image processing on a level of neighboring cells were yet missing. In this manuscript I demonstrate image processing filters which process grids of cells on tissue level and the analogy to their better known counter parts processing grids of pixels. The tools are available as part of free and open source software in the ImageJ/Fiji and napari ecosystems and their application does not require any programming experience.

Recent advances in genome‐wide technologies have enabled analyses using small cell numbers of even single cells. However, obtaining tissue epigenomes with cell‐type resolution from large organs and tissues still remains challenging, especially when the available material is limited. Here, we present a ChIL‐based approach for analyzing the diverse cellular dynamics at the tissue level using high‐depth epigenomic data. “ChIL for tissues” allows the analysis of a single tissue section and can reproducibly generate epigenomic profiles from several tissue types, based on the distribution of target epigenomic states, tissue morphology, and number of cells. The proposed method enabled the independent evaluation of changes in cell populations and gene activation in cells from regenerating skeletal muscle tissues, using a statistical model of RNA polymerase II distribution on gene loci. Thus, the integrative analyses performed using ChIL can elucidate in vivo cell‐type dynamics of tissues., “ChIL for tissues” allows obtaining epigenome information from a single‐thin tissue section with high sensitivity. A statistical model of RNApolII distribution is combined with ChIL to analyze cell‐type‐specific transcriptional states in a tissue.

Significance Tissues are composed of many cells that coordinate in space, through which tissue-level material characteristics emerge. While recent progress revealed that many biological processes are analogous to material phase transitions, a systematic framework to describe the spatial order of complex living systems has been missing, which limits our understanding of material phase transitions in living systems. We develop a unified method to quantify the evolution of spatial order across different types of disordered systems, including jammed thermal systems, two-dimensional cell monolayers, three-dimensional epithelial spheroids, and Drosophila embryos. Using scaling analysis, we show successful differentiation of gas-like, liquid-like, and solid-like phases in various living systems.

Studies related to low temperature and their effect on cardiomyocytes are essential as hypothermia—like situations have been known to induce arrhythmia or ventricular fibrillation. Till date, several studies have been carried out on animals and their electrophysiological responses have been studied in the form of action potential. However, for a complete assessment of the effect of low temperature, mechanophysiological changes along with electrophysiological changes need to be investigated, at the tissue level. In this study, the effect of culture temperature on cell growth has been studied by measuring the field potential and contractility of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. This study has the potential to further improve the understanding of low temperature on human cells.

Background: Goiter can appear as a palpable or visible enlargement of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. If the goiter is accompanied by hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, it may be accompanied by symptoms of the underlying disorder, and nodular goiter (NG) is a health problem of international importance. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess whether there were significant changes in thyroid tissue levels of twenty chemical elements (ChE) Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn , Na, P, S, Si, Sr, V, and Zn are present in the goitrous transformed thyroid. Methods: Thyroid tissue level of twenty ChE was prospectively evaluated in 46 patients with NG and 105 healthy populations. The measurements were performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, respectively. Tissue samples were divided into two parts. One was used for morphological study while the other was for ChE analysis. Results: It was found that contents of Al, B, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, V, and Zn are significantly higher while the I levels are lower in NG than in normal tissues. Conclusion: There are considerable changes in ChE contents in goitrous tissue of thyroid. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the levels of these ChE in thyroid tissue can be used as NG markers. However, this topic needs additional studies. Peer Review History: Received: 19 July 2021; Revised: 11 August; Accepted: 4 September, Available online: 15 September 2021 Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, conyeji@oauife.edu.ng Similar Articles: VITAMIN A, RETINOIC ACID AND TAMIBAROTENE, A FRONT TOWARD ITS ADVANCES: A REVIEW