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Previous research has described the unique time perceptions of refugees. These have consequences for many areas of their lives: Perception of time should be expressed in the use of time, and ultimately affect the integration of refugees. The present study systematically explores this link between refugees' time perceptions and their manifestation in patterns of time use. Data from semi-structured interviews with 18 young Syrian and Afghan refugees in Germany and five Germans with migration background were used. Results show that refugees' time perceptions varied according to their ability to assimilate to the host country's temporal rhythm, as well as their perception of being in control of their lives. The analysis of time use showed two groups of respondents who invested a lot of time in structured activities (employment, education) and one group of those who did not. Respondents who mostly invested time in structured activities were likely to have time perceptions characterised by either assimilation to the host country rhythm or by the attempt to navigate both home and host country rhythm at the same time, while enjoying the freedom of engagement in activities that would not be available in the home country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forensic mental health services balance recovery‐focussed therapy with risk management, which may limit opportunities for participation in meaningful occupation. Previous research describes forensic patients in secure settings participating mainly in passive leisure and sleep. This study aimed to use quantitative and qualitative evidence to investigate how patients in the sub‐acute and rehabilitation units of an Australian forensic hospital perceive and use their time and to discuss how the findings compare with the previous study within the organisation, published in 2004. Method: An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used with convenience sampling of patients and purposive sampling of staff. Patients completed time use diaries followed by semi‐structured interviews. Staff perceptions were obtained via survey. Results: Seven male patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and five staff members (three occupational therapists and two nurses) participated. Time use diaries indicated patients spent most time in personal care, passive recreation, and leisure activities. Qualitative data illustrated patient time use was influenced by the individualised meaningfulness of activities. Patients drew meaning from past roles, personal interests/needs, and their goals for recovery. While patients had some choice over how time is spent and with whom they chose to engage, external factors such as staff/program availability prevented their having full control. Staff provided additional perspectives on the links between time use and recovery, identifying enablers and barriers to meaningful time use. Conclusion: Patient time use has not changed significantly when compared to past research, although perceptions of time use are more future and recovery‐focussed. The amount of time recorded in activities typically associated with recovery does not necessarily capture the quality and benefit of that time use. Patient participation continues to be influenced by broader systems. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Forensic mental health services provide recovery‐focussed therapy while also managing risks, which can limit the activities patients can do. Past research has described forensic patients spending a lot of time sleeping and doing passive leisure activities. This study explored how patients in the sub‐acute and rehabilitation units of an Australian forensic hospital used their time, and how they felt about it. These findings were compared with findings of a past study within the same service. Patients completed time‐use diaries then shared more information in interviews. Staff views about patient time use were shared in a survey. Seven male patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and five staff members (three occupational therapists and two nurses) participated. Patients spent most of their time in personal care, passive recreation, and leisure activities. They spoke about the meaning of their activities, including their roles, interests, needs, and recovery goals. Sometimes they had control over how they spent their time, and other times they had to wait for staff or programs to be available. Staff talked about how patient time use was linked to their recovery, and noted things that can help or prevent patients using their time meaningfully. Compared with previous research, the way patients use their time has not changed. There is a change in the way patients think about their time use, with them now reflecting more on recovery and the future. The structures of the forensic system continue to influence patients' participation in activities and how they use their time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the DID method to the 3rd and 5th Time Use Survey in Korea to demonstrate the impact of South Korea's free childcare policy on time allocation of women with preschool children. Estimation results indicate that the free childcare policy increased working hours of married women with preschool children and free time for full-time housewives. These results imply that the free childcare policy promotes women's work-family balance and prevents women's career interruptions. It also highlights the reality of daycare facilities-oriented operation which is a characteristic of Korea's free childcare policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using time use diary data collected among 2603 teachers from the Flemish community of Belgium, this article investigates the 'family friendliness' of the teaching profession by exploring the family time of teachers in couple households with children. Teachers are an interesting case as the teaching profession is heavily feminised and considered to be a 'family friendly' occupation; it allows to synchronize the workers' schedule with their children's. Flexible work arrangements such as schedule or work-place flexibility function as so called 'boundary-spanning strategies'. However, research on the impact of flexible work on work-life balance has shown mixed results. This paper develops a number of time-use based indicators to measure the quality of family time and validates these by relating them to work-life balance. Subsequently, it is assessed how teachers' use of work time flexibility affects the quality of family time to evaluate whether this flexibility can be understood as a resource for increasing work-family balance. Results show that teachers with children have a better quality of family time and subsequently a better work-life balance if they work on standard hours rather than using their schedule flexibility to optimize the amount of family time. Highlights: Postponing work from afternoons to evenings and weekends proves to be detrimental for the quality of family time. The quality of family time is more important for self-reported work-life balance than the total amount of family time. Uncontaminated family leisure time is positively associated with the perceived work-life balance. Contaminated non-free time with family and fragmented shared time is negatively associated with the perceived work-life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I demonstrate that the profound change in working from home (WFH) in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic is concentrated among individuals with college degrees. Relative to 2015–2019, the number of minutes worked from home on “post-pandemic” (August 2021–December 2022) weekdays increased by 78 min for college graduates; for non-graduates, the increase was 22 min. The share of work done at home (for those who worked at all) increased by 22% for graduates and 7% for non-graduates. I examine how time-use patterns change for college graduates relative to non-graduates over the same period. Average minutes worked changed little for either group. Daily time spent traveling (e.g., commuting) fell by 21 min for college graduates and 6 min for non-graduates. College graduates experience a relative shift from eating out to eating at home, an increase in free time, and an increase in time spent with children, with the latter effect concentrated among fathers. Thus, while the gender gap in childcare among college graduates may be diminished by the WFH revolution, gaps in children’s outcomes by parents’ college attainment may be exacerbated by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that to understand housing as domestic only is a misconception. People intensify the use of their homes in ways that create substantial economic opportunities, urban services, and a range of social protections for themselves and their communities. The research presented here introduces the concept of 'space-use intensity', influenced by time-use surveys, Jane Jacobs's ideas on mixed-use, and the continuum approach to the informal economy, as conceptualized by Elinor Ostrom. Further, it describes the 'house interview' methodology devised to document spaceuse intensity and presents findings from houses in informal settlements in Bogota, Kampala, Dar es Salaam, and Dakar. The data reveal that houses are less than a third residential (29 per cent), almost half of the uses are economic (47 per cent), and they provide a fair share of urban or community services (24 per cent). This visual methodology demonstrates that local governments are overlooking 83.8 per cent of the activities taking place within homes. In sum, the evidence discussed here shows that homes contribute significantly to the urban economy and public services, making space-use intensity analysis instrumental in the design of effective housing, urban, and social protection policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2020 coronavirus pandemic was associated with a substantial increase in time spent alone. This paper uses US time-diary data to compare time spent alone in 2018–2019 with May 2020–May 2021, examining the extent to which changes in activities were associated with increases in time alone and to what extent time alone increased within activities. It also examines the association of time spent alone with pandemic severity and government policies. Increases in work at home were a substantial contributor to the increase in time spent alone, although increases in time alone at the workplace also played a role. Reallocation of leisure toward fewer social activities was another contributor. Higher state COVID rates increased time alone for single-person households, while government policies did little. There is some evidence that increases in time alone were associated with increases in activities that are substitutes for social activity, but such increases were a small proportion of the increase in time spent alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research shows that sleep time is shaped by family constraints and paid work organisation. However, the impact of both work and family on sleep routines is relatively unknown. Using the 2009–2010 French Time Use Survey, this article examines how workers' sleep routines are affected by paid work and family situation, and emphasises the social significance of sleep patterns. Paid work and family situation both structure the duration and regularity of sleep. Paid work reduces sleep time and has a disruptive effect on sleep routines, but to different degrees depending on socio-occupational category and work schedule. Having a small child has a negative effect on sleep on any given day, but works in favour of a regular sleep routine, as well as the tendency for spouses to synchronise. However, the regulating effect of family life accentuates the disruptive effect of paid work for the most atypical work schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between couple time and nonstandard working time, in particular evening work, using household-based time use data from Germany. We analyzed three measures of couple time: total time couples spend together, engaged leisure time and other couple time. Engaged leisure includes joint leisure activities and a mutual acknowledgement of the partner's presence, while other couple time includes the performance of different activities or joint unpaid work. The results of multiple OLS-regressions on data from 1957 couples across 5871 diary days strongly suggest that evening work reduces not only total couple time but also specifically engaged leisure time. In contrast, other couple time is less affected by time spent in paid evening work. As engaged leisure time is strongly related to relationship stability and satisfaction, it can be assumed that evening work has negative effects on intimate relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the relationship between gender and the time devoted to commuting by men and women in four Latin American countries. Using data from time surveys from Peru (2010), Ecuador (2012), Chile (2015) and Colombia (2012 and 2017), we observe in all four countries that women devote less time to this activity compared to men, in both urban and rural areas This gender difference varies depending on the presence of children, the working hours, the type of employment, and the urban or rural status of the respondent. Our results contribute to the literature on gender differences in commuting time for a set of countries that have not been thoroughly analyzed, pointing to the responsibility for the care of children as a factor limiting the daily mobility of women in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parents' and teen children's time use patterns change when the school year starts/ends • Teenagers sleep 1+ extra hours and have 2+ extra hours of free time when school is out • 70% of teens' extra free time over the summer break is spent with screens • Mothers spend less time in sleep, free time, and exercise during the school year • Effects of the school year on mothers' time allocations are mostly larger than on fathers' We demonstrate how mothers, fathers, and 15–17-year-old students alter their schedules around the K-12 academic year. Using regression discontinuity methods, combined with school start and end dates, we show that mothers are more affected by the school year than are fathers. During the school year, mothers sleep less, spend more time caring for others, and have less time for eating, free time, and exercise. Fathers experience fewer and mostly smaller changes. Teenagers reduce education time by 5.5 hours per day on weekdays during the summer, substituting that time with 2+ hours of free time and 1+ hours of sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented large-scale childcare facility closure during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a dramatic increase in the childcare burden at home, which is shouldered disproportionately by women more than men. Leveraging anonymized mobile tracking data and nationally representative time-use survey data from the USA, this study adopts a quasi-experimental approach to examine the impact of childcare facility closure on the gendered division of household childcare time. It further investigates whether this impact varies according to respondent education, family income, and employment status. Results show an expanding gender gap in parenting time on child education with young children during the pandemic. The gender gap expanded even more in places and months with more childcare facility closures, but this gendered effect is only evident among parents with lower education and family income. Our findings call for institutional support during similar public crises to mitigate the potentially negative impact on gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in daily life induced by the COVID-19 pandemic brought renewed attention to longstanding concerns about social isolation in the United States. Despite the links between the physical setting for individuals' daily lives and their connections with family, friends, and the various institutions of collective life, trends in where American adults spend their time have been largely overlooked as researchers have focused on how and with whom they spend their time. This article analyzes data from the American Time Use Survey over a timeframe spanning nineteen years and argues that the changes in Americans' daily routines induced by the COVID era should be seen as an acceleration of a longer-term trend: the rise of time spent at home. Results show that from 2003 to 2022, average time spent at home among American adults has risen by one hour and 39 minutes in a typical day. Time at home has risen for every subset of the population and for virtually all activities. Preliminary analysis indicates that time at home is associated with lower levels of happiness and less meaning, suggesting the need for enhanced empirical attention to this major shift in the setting of American life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the choices to engage in various activities while commuting. Using data collected through a survey of 2149 Northern California commuters, we develop binary logistic regression models of the decision to engage in each of eight types of activities on the commute: rest/sleep, use a laptop, use a smartphone, listen to audio, read printed materials, edit papers/ printed materials, read electronic documents, and edit electronic documents. Explanatory variables include socio-demographic characteristics and attitudinal and time use factors. We model the engagement in each type of activity while traveling by each of five different modes (bicycle, commuter rail, transit, shared ride, and drive alone) – 33 models in all (excluding impractical combinations). The results illuminate the individual-specific traits affecting commuters’ propensities to engage in activities while traveling. Those propensities exhibit large differences across modes. Longer commutes result in higher propensities to engage in almost all modeled activities for commuter rail and ridesharing. Age, gender, income, trip distance, education level, attitudes and preferences towards the adoption of technology, familial obligations, expectations about time use, and attitudes towards multitasking all affect the propensity to engage in activities while commuting.

The changes in daily life induced by the COVID-19 pandemic brought renewed attention to longstanding concerns about social isolation in the United States. Despite the links between the physical setting for individuals' daily lives and their connections with family, friends, and the various institutions of collective life, trends in where American adults spend their time have been largely overlooked as researchers have focused on how and with whom they spend their time. This article analyzes data from the American Time Use Survey over a timeframe spanning nineteen years and argues that the changes in Americans' daily routines induced by the COVID era should be seen as an acceleration of a longer-term trend: the rise of time spent at home. Results show that from 2003 to 2022, average time spent at home among American adults has risen by one hour and 39 minutes in a typical day. Time at home has risen for every subset of the population and for virtually all activities. Preliminary analysis indicates that time at home is associated with lower levels of happiness and less meaning, suggesting the need for enhanced empirical attention to this major shift in the setting of American life.

This study utilises data from China's second (2018) Time Use Survey (CTUS) to quantitatively investigate the impact of educational level on the amount of time parents commit to childcare. It finds that as educational attainment increases and attitudes towards parenting change, parents focus on childcare through "primary activities". Mothers engaged in childcare as a "secondary activity" only account for 6.2 per cent of the sample, and fathers for an even lower 4.5 per cent. Education positively affects the time parents devote to childcare. The father's involvement in childcare is significantly influenced by the mother's level of education. Employment status significantly influences both parents and spousal childcare time. Women bear approximately three times as much time to childcare as fathers. Furthermore, the shift away from traditional gender-biased attitudes has not significantly influenced the time that parents commit to childcare. Older generations living in the same household do not significantly reduce parents' childcare time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Email has become a prominent communication tool for principals. Although principals have reported benefits of communicating via email, they have also indicated that it has intensified their workload. Specifically, principals have indicated that they receive a large volume of email, which contributes to extending and fragmenting their workdays. From actual email records, this study examined how email contributed to principal time demands and time use. Results indicated that the sample of principals received a substantial amount of email, which occurred during an extensive portion of the day, and also intensified during instructional hours. The comparisons of the timing of email activity revealed that principals experienced similar time demands from email, but used their time differently to address the demands. In addition, the email activities of principals exhibited descriptive differences from school district leaders. The findings indicated the need for more studies of principals' email activities and the time demands of principals, as well as suggested the need for principal preparation programs to provide specific training related to email and other such information technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is one of the countries where gender inequalities have been recognized, primarily due to the poor distribution of time and domestic caregiving responsibilities between women and men within households. Additionally, there is evident growth in dual-provider couples, replacing the traditional model where the man was the sole provider. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine if there is greater equality in the allocation of time and caregiving activities for children under 14 in dual-provider couples in Mexico in 2019, through the analysis of time usage and the division of caregiving tasks for children under 14 years old according to the time spent on paid work. The source of information used to achieve this purpose is the 2019 National Time Use Survey (ENUT). The results indicate that although women are integrated into the labor market, they actually dedicate nearly the same amount of time to childcare as women who exclusively focus on homemaking, resulting in a double burden of work and persisting inequalities between men and women within households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/hypothesis: The associations of sitting, standing, physical activity and sleep with cardiometabolic health and glycaemic control markers are interrelated. We aimed to identify 24 h time-use compositions associated with optimal metabolic and glycaemic control and determine whether these varied by diabetes status. Methods: Thigh-worn activPAL data from 2388 participants aged 40–75 years (48.7% female; mean age 60.1 [SD = 8.1] years; n=684 with type 2 diabetes) in The Maastricht Study were examined. Compositional isometric log ratios were generated from mean 24 h time use (sitting, standing, light-intensity physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] and sleeping) and regressed with outcomes of waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h plasma glucose, HbA1c, the Matsuda index expressed as z scores, and with a clustered cardiometabolic risk score. Overall analyses were adjusted for demographics, smoking, dietary intake and diabetes status, and interaction by diabetes status was examined separately. The estimated difference when substituting 30 min of one behaviour with another was determined with isotemporal substitution. To identify optimal time use, all combinations of 24 h compositions possible within the study footprint (1st–99th percentile of each behaviour) were investigated to determine those cross-sectionally associated with the most-optimal outcome (top 5%) for each outcome measure. Results: Compositions lower in sitting time and with greater standing time, physical activity and sleeping had the most beneficial associations with outcomes. Associations were stronger in participants with type 2 diabetes (p<0.05 for interactions), with larger estimated benefits for waist circumference, FPG and HbA1c when sitting was replaced by LPA or MVPA in those with type 2 diabetes vs the overall sample. The mean (range) optimal compositions of 24 h time use, considering all outcomes, were 6 h (range 5 h 40 min–7 h 10 min) for sitting, 5 h 10 min (4 h 10 min–6 h 10 min) for standing, 2 h 10 min (2 h–2 h 20 min) for LPA, 2 h 10 min (1 h 40 min–2 h 20 min) for MVPA and 8 h 20 min (7 h 30 min–9 h) for sleeping. Conclusions/interpretation: Shorter sitting time and more time spent standing, undergoing physical activity and sleeping are associated with preferable cardiometabolic health. The substitutions of behavioural time use were significantly stronger in their associations with glycaemic control in those with type 2 diabetes compared with those with normoglycaemic metabolism, especially when sitting time was balanced with greater physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the adjustment in time allocation to school support activities by mothers and fathers during the pandemic across 22 Latin American and Caribbean countries, exploring the repercussions on labor market outcomes and children's learning losses. Our analysis reveals that mothers experienced a disproportionate increase in time dedicated to children's educational support compared to fathers, particularly when mothers could work from home. The results suggest that these effects were more pronounced in countries with stringent school closure measures and limited access to in-person instruction. Even as mobility restrictions eased and schools reopened, the additional responsibilities taken on by mothers remained above pre-pandemic levels. Mothers also significantly increased the time spent on non-educational childcare, though to a lesser extent than educational support. We also show evidence indicating a decline in maternal labor force participation and a rise in flexible labor arrangements as mothers allocated more hours to child-related duties. Our study also provides descriptive evidence that children's learning losses were less severe in countries where the gender disparity in pandemicrelated school support was greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed at (a) exploring the anomalies in conceptualising and measuring work, especially that of the women, (b) analysing the patterns of unpaid work distribution between men and women, and (c) examining the drivers of time spent on unpaid work in India. It has been argued that the under-conceptualisation of work and the methodological constraints led to invisibilising several activities, mostly performed by girls and women, in the prevailing labour force statistics and national income accountings. We have noted that such anomalies could be overcome with the advancement of robust statistical tools like that of time use survey. By employing the first and the most recent pan time use survey, conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization across the country in 2019, we have assessed the gender patterns of unpaid work and its determinants. We found the existence of a stark gender gap both in terms of participation and average time spent on unpaid work across rural and urban regions. Again, the findings, obtained through the Tobit regression model, reveal that the nature of the association and the extent of time allocated to unpaid work vary substantially across the demographic and socio-economic characteristics. JEL Codes: J22, J21, J40, J46, C10 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on agrarian change in India has largely employed class categories based upon data on land, assets and occupational status, which collapse women's class relations into those of (mostly male) households heads. In this paper, we interrogate this understanding of class building on the work of Carmen Diana Deere. Employing the first ever national time use survey conducted in India in 2019, we interrogate class as a labour process that intersects with caste and gender. Our analysis of the data using a Marxist‐feminist framework suggests the following. First, there exist intra‐household gendered differences in class locations. This calls to question theoretical frameworks that assign a cohesive class location to all household members that underlie data collection in India and elsewhere. Second, individuals participate in multiple labour processes depending on their caste and gender. Hence, they may be subsumed to capital in varied and sometimes contradictory ways. Finally, we find that both men and women engage in reproductive labour in addition to other forms of labour, which varies by caste categories. This finding further underscores and supports previous research on the importance of an expanded conception of work that includes reproductive labour. In sum, we argue for a more complex understanding of class in India, one that incorporates its caste and gender dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the intrahousehold allocation of housework and paid work in five Latin American countries. Prior work has consistently shown that income plays a major role in the region’s large gender gaps in the distribution of unpaid work at the aggregate level. However, the extent to which earnings shape intrahousehold decisions regarding the allocation of unpaid work remains unexplored. Using harmonized time-use surveys for Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay, we analyze the relationship between earnings and housework drawing on the framework of the dependency, gender deviance neutralization, and autonomy. We find that in Latin America, increases in women’s absolute earnings are related to decreases in the hours women devote to housework. At the same time, the allocation of men’s time into housework does not seem to be related to their own or their partners’ earnings. Against our expectations, differences in contextual gender inequality across countries does not seem to be relevant. These findings help us assess how well existing theories, formulated to account for phenomena of the developed world, apply to more unequal contexts that have higher levels of gender inequality and where a high proportion of women are excluded from paid work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with disabilities experience persistent, multifaceted disadvantage across the life course. The origins of life course disadvantage among people with disabilities may stem, in part, from exclusion during developmentally sensitive periods in childhood. Time use among adolescents represents a potentially important mechanism implicated in the emergence of disability-related disadvantage, but previous research has largely neglected the time use of school age adolescents with disabilities. Utilizing nationally representative time diary data, this study investigated disability-related differences in adolescents' time use, and how these gaps vary by sex and age. Results indicated that disability-related differences in time use are widespread and substantial in magnitude. Adolescents with disabilities spend more time in screen-based leisure, alone, and with mothers, and less time in educational activities than non-disabled adolescents. Boys with disabilities additionally spend less time in structured leisure and with peers than non-disabled boys. Differences in time alone, with peers, and in screen-based leisure increase in magnitude at older ages. We conclude that differential time use in adolescence may contribute to multiple persistent disadvantages experienced by people with disabilities over the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study addresses the lack of out‐of‐school time (OST) research in low‐ and middle‐income countries by exploring OST use in the context of Pakistan and incorporating youth's voices. Using a qualitative descriptive design with focus‐group discussions, we conducted a study in three middle schools set in low‐ to middle‐income neighborhoods in urban and rural areas of Karachi, Pakistan. We engaged 86 youth (50% girls; aged 10–15 years) that were purposefully selected from grade six (31.4%), seven (44.2%) and eight (24.4%) classrooms, balancing gender and locality. In each focus group, we asked participants to describe their afterschool activity routine on a typical weekday afternoon until bedtime. Digital recordings of discussions were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis. Based on sixteen focus groups with five to six participants in each group, we identified eight distinct categories: religious activities, schoolwork, screentime, helping adult family members, family time, outdoor play, indoor leisure activities, and hanging out with friends. We found that structured activities (e.g., religious activities and schoolwork supervised by an adult) were reported more frequently than unstructured activities (e.g., outdoor play and family time). Participation in activities varied by gender and location (i.e., urban vs. rural), highlighting disparities associated with the sociocultural context that marginalized youth face. Our findings provide a glimpse into the everyday lives of Pakistani youth outside of school. Additionally, they elucidate how economic resources, sociocultural norms regarding gender, and community safety shape youth's time use and socialization patterns. Findings from this study can inform the development of OST activities and initiatives aimed at promoting the positive development of Pakistani youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although time use is one of people's most important resources, there are social forces and inequalities that shape how time is used. The aim of this research is to examine gender differences in time use from adolescence to old age and to analyze the association of such use with sociodemographic characteristics and with women's and men's health and well-being. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 5700 women (54.2%) and men (45.8%) from the Spanish general population, aged 14 to 85 years. Participants were assessed using five self-reported measures of time use, health, mental symptoms, psychological well-being, life satisfaction, social support, and masculine/instrumental and feminine/expressive traits. The results showed that although there were important differences in life cycle stage and occupation, women spent more time than men on housework, childcare, and caring for sick relatives, while men spent more time than women on enjoying activities and exercise. More time spent on housework was associated with worse health and well-being for women and more exercise with better health and well-being for both genders. It is concluded that gender is relevant to time use and the impact of different uses of time on health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Although higher activity diversity is associated with higher well-being at the between-person level, it is unknown whether a day with higher activity diversity is related to higher well-being within persons. Within 24 hr per day, there are a limited number of activities on which individuals could spend their time and energy. Personal resources could influence the expenditure of energy and thus the experience with daily activities. This study examined daily associations between activity diversity and well-being and whether age and self-related health moderated the associations. Methods For seven times per day over 2 weeks, 129 retired older adults (M age = 73.9 years, SD age = 5.6) reported their present activity engagement and positive and negative affect. Daily activity diversity was operationalized as the number of different activity types reported per day. Daily positive and negative affect were assessed as the average of a range of high- and low-arousal affective states. Self-rated health was assessed with an item from the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey at baseline. Results Multilevel models showed that daily activity diversity was unrelated, on average, to daily positive or negative affect at the between- and within-person levels. Daily activity diversity was associated with lower daily positive affect in participants with lower self-rated health, but the Johnson-Neyman regions of significance were outside of the range of observed data. Discussion Divergent patterns were observed in the within-person associations between activity diversity and well-being across participants. Results are discussed in the context of time use and well-being in older age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the gendered division of paid, unpaid, and total work in contemporary India. We explore this division of work through an analysis of India's first large-scale time use survey, conducted in 2019. Our findings reveal that the distribution of paid, unpaid, and total work is highly gender-biased. We also found that rural women bear relatively more burden of total work than urban women; whereas, urban men bear relatively more burden of total work than rural men. We observed striking gender differences in the paid, unpaid, and total work burden across the key household and individual-level characteristics of age, marital status, presence of children, income status and employment status. Compared to all other categories, married employed women belonging to the working age cohort (15–59) bear the highest burden of total work in India, and hence are left with the least available free time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how working from home (WFH) affects men's participation in childcare and housework and their attitudes toward family. Because WFH is an endogenous decision, we apply a first-difference instrumental variable estimator, taking the degree to which one can work from home, measured at the individual level, as the instrument. We find that WFH increases the time that men spend on household chores and with family, and the fraction of men who consider life more important than work. Although WFH decreases their commuting time, we find no evidence that it reduces working hours or self-perceived productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the total (market and non-market) gender-based production and consumption activities of Turkish men and women at different stages of their life-cycle. Turkey, one of the few emerging economies within the OECD, offers an interesting case-study as its female labour force participation rate is one of the lowest among OECD countries. Our results show that time spent by Turkish women on household activities is, on average, 30 h a week, basically three times as much as men. In fact, the women-to-men time use ratio for unpaid work is roughly twice as much as the OECD average. We estimate that the monetary value of women unpaid household production exceeds 29% of GDP, while the corresponding estimate for men is around 8%. Using the concept of life-cycle deficit, we also show that Turkish men are dependent on housework undertaken by women over their entire lifetime, which is an almost unique feature in comparison to the European and OECD countries. Finally, unlike other OECD countries that have introduced disincentives to early retirement, Turkish men continue to retire early but retain their acquired habits of not sharing the burden of household work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionTime use is an important indicator of health and well-being. Exploration of time use can provide in-depth information about individuals’ activity patterns including routines and structure, the experience of activities, personal priorities and challenges. People experiencing severe mental illness may be at particular risk for time use patterns associated with poor health and wellbeing. MethodsThis scoping review aimed to identify and map the evidence about how a time use perspective informs assessment and intervention in community mental health practice. Electronic databases and hand-searches were used to identify relevant studies involving people with severe mental illness, and focused on time use applications in practice. Twenty-nine studies were included in this review, data-extracted and synthesized with reference to the review question. ResultsOf the twenty-nine identified studies, seven described development and psychometric testing of time use assessments; twelve used time use tools to measure outcomes; and ten described or evaluated time use intervention approaches. The identified time use assessments typically involved retrospective diaries completed before or during structured interviews, and an Experience Sampling Method using smart technology to gather activity data in real time. Both psychosocial and occupational interventions used time use to measure outcomes relevant to activity engagement, social functioning, and personal recovery. The identified time use interventions originated in occupational therapy; included structured manuals and workbooks to enable reflection on daily time use; individual or group sessions to collaborate in identifying priorities, goal planning and supporting desired changes to activity patterns. These interventions were viewed favorably overall, with improved activity engagement, quality of life, and personal recovery reported. DiscussionTime use assessments evaluate outcomes of importance to personal recovery and community inclusion. Time use interventions address activity patterns associated with poor health and wellbeing, using collaborative and supported activity engagement approaches, and contribute to emerging evidence on interventions that support personal recovery. Furthering peer involvement in developing and delivering these interventions will bring important insights to time use practice and research, while the social forces that marginalize or constrain activity participation for people with severe mental illness also need to be addressed to advance time use and other approaches that aim to support community inclusion.

More studies should adopt a combined approach to modifiable lifestyle behaviors because of their potential synergistic effects on health. This study aims to • observe how boys and girls allocate their time on different activities, during week and weekend days, • investigate the time inter-relations between different leisure activities, and • analyze how child and familial characteristics are associated with children’s time use in multiple activities. In 2016/17, a validated questionnaire collected data from 3-10-year-old Portuguese children (n = 8,472). Parents reported their children’s time use in different behaviors: sleep, study, screen media use, indoor and outdoor play, and school commute, as well as children’s participation in sports, and socio-economic characteristics of the family. A combination of statistical analysis (e.g., t-tests, pairwise correlations and multiple linear regression) revealed that: • boys reportedly have higher screen time than girls, but they also accumulate more time in outdoor play; • the time spent in different activities was determined by a set of family sociodemographic factors, such as urbanization and parental employment; and • exists some inter-relation between leisure activities with high screen time being significantly associated with less sport participation and less sleep duration. Identifying time spent in multiple activities that differ by sex (and associated determinants) is critical for the development of activity promotion strategies, and may help to inform evidence-based policies designed to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior in young children. Present findings highlight the growing importance of electronic media in children’s life and how they can displace other leisure activities.

In most developing countries, rural women are still marginalized in many domains to work in the non-farm economy, partly because the persistent unequal division of domestic burdens leaves rural women time-constrained. Yet, time poverty has received little consideration in the context of women's participation in non-farm work. This study presents evidence on the effect of time poverty on rural women's participation in non-farm work based on cross-sectional data collected from 300 rural women. We use two-stage residual inclusion instrumental variable (2SRI-IV) and recursive bivariate probit methods to address potential endogeneity. We find that time poverty is prevalent with 6 out of 10 women having insufficient time for non-farm work. The empirical results indicate that time poverty reduces women's participation in non-farm work in rural Ethiopia. This study suggests that relaxing women's time constraints coupled with meaningful rural education and infrastructure access might be vital in spurring their participation in the non-farm sector.

ABSTRACTGood sleep contributes to health and performance. However, insufficient and poor sleep are very common among adolescents today. This study examines cross-national differences in adolescents’ sleep and activity patterns across Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, and the UK, using an innovative 24-hour time-use approach with time-diary data (N = 25,248 diaries; mean age 15.4 years; 50.3% girls). Sleep duration ranges from 7:21 hours (South Korea) to 8:46 hours (South Africa, UK) on schooldays and from 9:13 hours (South Korea) to 10:33 hours (Netherlands) on non-schooldays. South Africa shows the earliest and Spain the latest sleep onsets and wake-up-times. Insufficient sleep duration (i.e. less than 8 hours) ranges from 19% (South Africa) to 69% (South Korea) on schooldays. Activity patterns before sleep (e.g. eating, screen time, studying) also differ strongly across countries. Our findings could support policy makers in developing effective strategies to improve adolescent sleep.

ObjectivesCommunity doulas, who provide culturally concordant, nonclinical support during and after pregnancy, are increasingly promoted as an evidence-based intervention to advance birth equity. As valued members of their communities, community doulas often provide extensive physical and emotional pregnancy, birth, and postpartum support at low or no cost to clients. However, neither community doulas' scope of work nor the distribution of time among their different work activities has been clearly defined or enumerated; therefore, this project sought to describe the work activities and time use of doulas in one community-based doula organization.MethodsIn a quality improvement project, we reviewed case management system client data and collected 1 month of time diary data from eight doulas employed full-time at SisterWeb San Francisco Community Doula Network. We calculated descriptive statistics for activities community doulas reported in their time diaries and each visit/interaction logged in the case management system.ResultsSisterWeb doulas spent about half of their time in direct client care. For every hour that doulas spent with a client in prenatal and postpartum visits, on average, they spent an additional 2.15 h communicating with and supporting their clients in other ways. Overall, we estimate that SisterWeb doulas spend an average of 32 h providing care for a client receiving the standard course of care, including intake, prenatal visits, support during childbirth, and postpartum visits.ConclusionsResults highlight the wide variety of work that SisterWeb community doulas do beyond direct client care. Acknowledgment of community doulas' broad scope of work and appropriate compensation for all activities is necessary if doula care is to be advanced as a health equity intervention.

Internet interventions for common mental disorders are widely available, effective, and economical, yet community uptake remains low. One consistently cited reason for not engaging in mental health interventions is lack of time. This research examined whether lack of time as a rationale for not using online interventions reflects real time scarcity, and whether time availability impacts intention to use interventions. A nationally representative sample (N = 1094, 51% women) reported their time use in activity categories for a typical week. Participants rated their acceptance and likelihood of use of mental health internet interventions, and completed mental health symptom, help-seeking and stigma measures. Amount of leisure time reported by participants was not associated with acceptance or likelihood of use of internet interventions for mental health. However, respondents who worked longer hours ranked time and effort factors as more influential in their intention to use internet-based mental health programs. Younger respondents and those with greater help-seeking attitudes reported higher acceptance of use. These findings suggest lack of time is not a direct barrier to use of internet interventions, and that perceived time scarcity may be masking real barriers to uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, a Belgian women's organisation experimented with a 30-hour work week for all of their full-time employees. This work time reduction was an excellent opportunity to study these female employees' wishes, expectations and experienced reality concerning their extra non-work time. Their wishes and expectations – as well as how these relate to their perceived reality – was studied through longitudinal questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The women wished for more time for themselves and their intimate relationships. However, their wishes reflected an ideal situation. Their expectations reflected their wishes but were slightly more realistic. The perceived reality did not fulfil all of their wishes. The 'me-time' that they wished for prior to the experiment did not always emerge to be the 'me-time' that they had. Some women appropriated a less conventional form of 'me-time', such as housework, which helped them to ease their mind and relax. Others felt unable to fulfil their wishes through (social) context factors such as the embeddedness of time structures, time schedules and the rhythms of family and friends. This paper reflects on the gendered norms and values and inequalities in time use that can help to explain the discrepancies between preferences and experienced reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of individual and household characteristics on time allocation decisions for both women and men, and how these effects have evolved in Urban Guatemala using data from the National Survey of Living Conditions (2000 and 2014). We built a multivariate Tobit to model the decision of individuals to allocate time, distinguishing between three different types of time uses: housework, childcare and paid work. The results suggest that time allocation is strongly determined by gender. For both periods, on average, women devote more time to housework and childcare than men, while men spent more hours in paid work than their counterparts. However, men that report themselves as spouses tend to allocate significantly more hours to housework and childcare in 2014. Moreover, women's time allocation is more responsive to individuals and household characteristics than men in both periods. Finally, we find that educational attainment plays a central role in shaping how individuals allocate their time between market and non-market activities, especially for women. For instance, while housework time is negatively associated with education level, time devoted to childcare increases with instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graduate students can be susceptible to exhaustion and burnout. The primary aim of this study was to determine the proportion of time occupational therapy doctoral (OTD) students spend engaged in work, daily living tasks, recreation, and rest. The Occupational Questionnaire was distributed to OTD students. OTD students spent most of their time (38–44%) engaged in work. The percentage of time spent engaged in work by OTD students is approximately double the time they spent in the areas of rest, daily living tasks, or recreation. This study was cross-sectional, data must be interpreted cautiously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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