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This paper addresses challenges in the application of existing colters in Chinese ecological tea plantations due to abundant straw roots and insufficient tillage depth. Aligned with the agronomic requirements of hilly eco-tea plantations, our study optimizes the structural advantages of the joint use of rotary tillage blades and double-disc colters to design an efficient trenching device. Our investigation explores the motion characteristics of a double-disc colter during deep trenching operations, in conjunction with rotary tillage blades. Employing discrete element method (DEM) simulations, this paper aims to minimize the working resistance and enhance the tillage depth stability. Single-factor experiments are conducted to determine the impact of key structural parameters on the tillage depth stability and working resistance. The optimal parameters are determined as a relative height of 80 mm to 120 mm, a 280 mm to 320 mm diameter for the double-disc colter, and a 10° to 14° angle between the two discs. The central composite design method is used to optimize the structural parameters of the double-disc colter. The results indicate that when the relative height is 82 mm, the diameter of the double-disc colter is 297 mm, and the angle between the two discs is 14°, the tillage depth stability performance reaches 91.64%. With a working resistance of merely 93.93 N, the trenching device achieves optimal operational performance under these conditions. Field validation testing shows a tillage depth stability coefficient of 92.37% and a working resistance of 104.2 N. These values deviate by 0.73% and 10.93%, respectively, from the simulation results, confirming the reliability of the simulation model. A field validation test further confirms that the operational performance of the colter aligns with the agronomic requirements of ecological tea plantations, offering valuable insights for research on trenching devices in such environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical weeding is an important technical means for organic and regenerative agricultural systems. Current weed control equipment has a variety of problems, such as difficulty adapting to high-stalk crops and poor operational quality. A high-clearance mid-tillage weeder (HMTW) has been developed to meet the mechanical weed control needs of high-stalk crops. The weeder mainly comprises a suspension device, a frame, parallel four-rod profiling mechanisms, weeding operation components, and depth-limiting soil-cutting devices. Based on the agronomic requirements of dryland flat planting, the overall structure of the HMTW was determined, and the weeding unit and flat shovel hoe were designed. Theoretical analysis was conducted on the depth stability of the HMTW, and an optimization mathematical model of the HMTW was established to further improve its tillage depth stability for agronomic requirements. The optimization objective was to minimize the deflection angle (∆β) of the profiling rod on a vertical plane, and the parameters of the parallel four-rod profiling mechanism were optimized. Based on the optimized structural parameters, a prototype of the HMTW was developed and evaluated. The test results show that the optimized HMTW exhibited a good weeding effect, and the tillage depth stability was within the design operating range. When the driving speed was 1.0 m/s and the tillage depth was 8 cm, the weed removal rate, seedling injury rate, seedling burial rate, and qualified rate of tillage depth were 90.8%, 3.2%, 4.1%, and 94%, respectively. The proposed HMTW successfully meets the weeding agronomic requirements of high-stalk crops for dryland farming, and the performance analysis and optimization models provide technical references for the design and development of such structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses challenges in the application of existing colters in Chinese ecological tea plantations due to abundant straw roots and insufficient tillage depth. Aligned with the agronomic requirements of hilly eco-tea plantations, our study optimizes the structural advantages of the joint use of rotary tillage blades and double-disc colters to design an efficient trenching device. Our investigation explores the motion characteristics of a double-disc colter during deep trenching operations, in conjunction with rotary tillage blades. Employing discrete element method (DEM) simulations, this paper aims to minimize the working resistance and enhance the tillage depth stability. Single-factor experiments are conducted to determine the impact of key structural parameters on the tillage depth stability and working resistance. The optimal parameters are determined as a relative height of 80 mm to 120 mm, a 280 mm to 320 mm diameter for the double-disc colter, and a 10° to 14° angle between the two discs. The central composite design method is used to optimize the structural parameters of the double-disc colter. The results indicate that when the relative height is 82 mm, the diameter of the double-disc colter is 297 mm, and the angle between the two discs is 14°, the tillage depth stability performance reaches 91.64%. With a working resistance of merely 93.93 N, the trenching device achieves optimal operational performance under these conditions. Field validation testing shows a tillage depth stability coefficient of 92.37% and a working resistance of 104.2 N. These values deviate by 0.73% and 10.93%, respectively, from the simulation results, confirming the reliability of the simulation model. A field validation test further confirms that the operational performance of the colter aligns with the agronomic requirements of ecological tea plantations, offering valuable insights for research on trenching devices in such environments.

Mechanical weeding is an important technical means for organic and regenerative agricultural systems. Current weed control equipment has a variety of problems, such as difficulty adapting to high-stalk crops and poor operational quality. A high-clearance mid-tillage weeder (HMTW) has been developed to meet the mechanical weed control needs of high-stalk crops. The weeder mainly comprises a suspension device, a frame, parallel four-rod profiling mechanisms, weeding operation components, and depth-limiting soil-cutting devices. Based on the agronomic requirements of dryland flat planting, the overall structure of the HMTW was determined, and the weeding unit and flat shovel hoe were designed. Theoretical analysis was conducted on the depth stability of the HMTW, and an optimization mathematical model of the HMTW was established to further improve its tillage depth stability for agronomic requirements. The optimization objective was to minimize the deflection angle (∆β) of the profiling rod on a vertical plane, and the parameters of the parallel four-rod profiling mechanism were optimized. Based on the optimized structural parameters, a prototype of the HMTW was developed and evaluated. The test results show that the optimized HMTW exhibited a good weeding effect, and the tillage depth stability was within the design operating range. When the driving speed was 1.0 m/s and the tillage depth was 8 cm, the weed removal rate, seedling injury rate, seedling burial rate, and qualified rate of tillage depth were 90.8%, 3.2%, 4.1%, and 94%, respectively. The proposed HMTW successfully meets the weeding agronomic requirements of high-stalk crops for dryland farming, and the performance analysis and optimization models provide technical references for the design and development of such structures.

Subsoiling has been acknowledged worldwide to break compacted hardpan, improve soil permeability and water storage capacity, and promote topsoil deepening and root growth. However, there exist certain factors which limit the wide in-field application of subsoiling machines. Of these factors, the main two are poor subsoiling quality and high energy consumption, especially the undesired tillage depth obtained in the field with cover crops. Based on the analysis of global adoption and benefits of subsoiling technology, and application status of subsoiling machines, this article reviewed the research methods, technical characteristics, and developing trends in five key aspects, including subsoiling shovel design, anti-drag technologies, technologies of tillage depth detection and control, and research on soil mechanical interaction. Combined with the research progress and application requirements of subsoiling machines across the globe, current problems and technical difficulties were analyzed and summarized. Aiming to solve these problems, improve subsoiling quality, and reduce energy consumption, this article proposed future directions for the development of subsoiling machines, including optimizing the soil model in computer simulation, strengthening research on the subsoiling mechanism and comprehensive effect, developing new tillage depth monitoring and control systems, and improving wear-resisting properties of subsoiling shovels.

Subsoiling has been acknowledged worldwide to break compacted hardpan, improve soil permeability and water storage capacity, and promote topsoil deepening and root growth. However, there exist certain factors which limit the wide in-field application of subsoiling machines. Of these factors, the main two are poor subsoiling quality and high energy consumption, especially the undesired tillage depth obtained in the field with cover crops. Based on the analysis of global adoption and benefits of subsoiling technology, and application status of subsoiling machines, this article reviewed the research methods, technical characteristics, and developing trends in five key aspects, including subsoiling shovel design, anti-drag technologies, technologies of tillage depth detection and control, and research on soil mechanical interaction. Combined with the research progress and application requirements of subsoiling machines across the globe, current problems and technical difficulties were analyzed and summarized. Aiming to solve these problems, improve subsoiling quality, and reduce energy consumption, this article proposed future directions for the development of subsoiling machines, including optimizing the soil model in computer simulation, strengthening research on the subsoiling mechanism and comprehensive effect, developing new tillage depth monitoring and control systems, and improving wear-resisting properties of subsoiling shovels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]