1,214 results on '"tibetan"'
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2. International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics Proceedings (4th, Taipei, Taiwan, July 18-20, 1994).
- Author
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Academia Sinica, Taipei (Taiwan). Inst. of History and Philology., Ho, Dah-an, and Tseng, Chiu-yu
- Abstract
This publication of proceedings, most in English and some in Chinese, of a conference on Chinese languages and linguistics include the following papers: "On Rule Effect and Dialect Classification" (Chin-Chuan Cheng); "Cross-Linguistic Typological Variation, Grammatical Relations, and the Chinese Language" (Bernard Comrie); "Is Chinese a Pragmatic Order Language" (Shuanfan Huang, Kawai Chui); "Origin of Seven Typological Characteristics of the Chinese Language" (Tsu-lin Mei); "Some Remarks on Word Order and Word Order Change in Pre-Archaic Chinese" (Alain Peyraube); "Formosan Clause Structure" (Stanley Starosta); "A Minimalist Approach to a Contrastive Analysis of English, Chinese, and Japanese" (Ting-chi Tang); "Types of Tone Sandhi in Mandarin Dialects and a Formal Model of Tone" (Mei-chih L. Chang); "Stress Patterns in Tonal Languages" (Robert L. Cheng, Chin-chin Tseng); "Cross-Language and Cross-Typological Comparison of Conceptual Representations Related to Grammatical Form" (Susan Duncan); "Origin of Vowel Transfer in Tangut" (Hwang-Cherng Gong)"; "Loose vs. Tight Syllables in Chinese Dialects" (Hirata Shoji); "Spoken Rhythm of Chinese Tongue Twisters" (Yuchau E. Hsiao, Chin-wei Wu); "Causative Compounds Across Chinese Dialects" (Lisa Cheng, James Huang, Audrey Li, Jane Tang); "A Syntactic Typology of Formosan Languages--Case Markers on Nouns and Pronouns" (Paul Jen-kuei Li); "After Being Refused: Response to Face-Threatening Speech Acts" (Chao-chih Liao); "Directional Constructions in Taiwanese" (Chin-fa Lien); "Identifying the Parameters for a Typology of Chinese Affixation" (Yen-Hwei Lin); "Discourse Organization and Anaphora in Spoken and Written Chinese Discourse" (Ming-Ming Pu); "The Typology of Tone in Tibetan" (Jackson T.S. Sun); "Topic Choice, Switch Reference, and Zero Anaphora" (Liang Tao); "On the Separation and Combination of Several Disposal Constructions in Classical Chinese (Pei-chuan Wei); "Word Order Flexibility in Chinese" (Zhiqun Xing); "Aspects of Prosody in Mandarin Discourse" (Li-chiung Yang); "Toward a Typology of Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Formosan Languages" (Elizabeth Zeitoun, Lillian Huang); and "Semantic Schema and Metaphorical Extension" (Meichun Liu). (MSE)
- Published
- 1994
3. Cross-Linguistic Evidence for the Structure of the Agent Prototype.
- Author
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DeLancey, Scott
- Abstract
A discussion of agency looks at cross-linguistic evidence concerning the place of volition, animacy, and person in a model of agentivity. Two views of agentivity are presented as complementary rather than mutually contradictory. Data from Lhasa Tibetan that support a less restrictive notion of agency than is often assumed are presented. In this approach, neither animacy nor volition is an essential part of the definition. Evidence suggesting a much more restrictive notion of agentivity. in which the prototypical Agent is not only human and acting volitionally, but is also first person, is offered. It is proposed that agentivity can be defined as the first identifiable cause of an event, and that this is the basis of the elaborated agentive prototype in which volitionality figures. It is concluded that the Tibetan data suggest that agentivity is experientially based, but the full agentive prototype can be experienced only subjectively. This evidence for the relevance of person to the agent prototype is seen as being of particular interest in light of acquisitional evidence that predication of speaker agentivity appears earlier than attribution of agentivity to others. (MSE)
- Published
- 1990
4. Languages of Eastern Asia. A Survey of Materials for the Study of the Uncommonly Taught Languages.
- Author
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Center for Applied Linguistics, Arlington, VA. and Johnson, Dora E.
- Abstract
This is an annotated bibliography of basic tools of access for the study of the uncommonly taught languages of Eastern Asia. It is one of eight fascicles which constitute a revision of "A Provisional Survey of Materials for the Study of the Neglected Languages" (CAL 1969). The emphasis is on materials for the adult learner whose native language is English. Languages are grouped according to the following classifications: Chinese; Japanese; Korean; Mongolian; Tibetan. Under each language heading, the items are arranged as follows: (1) teaching materials; (2) readers; (3) grammars; and (4) dictionaries. Annotations are descriptive rather than critical. Wherever possible each entry contains the following bibliographical information: author, title, place of publication, date, and pagination. Reprints have been noted, and accompanying tapes and records listed where known. (Author/CFM)
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- 1976
5. Language and Society in South Asia. Final Report.
- Author
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Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE), Washington, DC., Shapiro, Michael C., and Schiffman, Harold F.
- Abstract
This work attempts to provide an overview of linguistic diversity in South Asia and to place this diversity in a cultural context. The work tries to describe the current state of knowledge concerning socially conditioned language variation in the subcontinent. Each of five major language families contains numerous mutually intelligible and unintelligible dialects. Different dialects of a language may be required for written and spoken use and for different social groups. Bilingualism and multilingualism are common for communication between groups. Language choice is important for education, politics, radio and television. Chapter 2 of this book enumerates criteria used in the taxonomy of language forms, discussing a number of theories of dialect formation from the points of view of linguistic innovation and diffusion of linguistic change. Chapter 3 surveys literature on classification of South Asian languages. Chapter 4 considers South Asia as a distinct linguistic area and Chapter 5 evaluates literature on South Asian social dialects. Chapter 6 examines linguistic codes encompassing elements from more than one autonomous language. Chapter 7 considers the ways in which the lexicon of South Asian languages and dialects contain elements that structure themselves into concrete systems. (CHK)
- Published
- 1975
6. English-Tibetan Dictionary of Modern Tibetan.
- Author
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Goldstein, Melvyn C. and Narkyid, Ngawangthondup
- Abstract
This English-Tibetan dictionary contains 16,000 main entries and subentries, a total of 45,000 lexical items. The dictionary is primarily oriented to spoken communication and was designed to be semantically sensitive, bridging the semantic gap between Tibetan and English. Tibetan terms corresponding to submeanings of English subterms are specified, and each entry in the dictionary includes both the Tibetan orthography and a phonemic notation to indicate pronunciation. Grammatical features are noted, and all examples of usage are presented with the romanization of the Tibetan and phonemic notation of the spoken forms. An introductory essay outlines the main features of Tibetan grammar. (MSE)
- Published
- 1984
7. Newsletter for Asian and Middle Eastern Languages on Computer, Volume 1, Numbers 3 & 4.
- Author
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Meadow, Anthony
- Abstract
Volume 1, numbers 3 and 4, of the newsletter on the use of non-Western languages with computers contains the following articles: "Reversing the Screen under MS/PC-DOS" (Dan Brink); "Comments on Diacritics Using Wordstar, etc. and CP/M Software for Non-Western Languages" (Michael Broschat); "Carving Tibetan in Silicon: A Tibetan Font for the Mackintosh" (John Rockwell, Jr.); and "Notes on the Kanji Mackintosh" (Anthony Meadow). Other features include reviews of organizations, books, journals and magazines, and articles; hardware and software product listings; inquiries; event listings; and news within the field. (MSE)
- Published
- 1986
8. Evidence of a Consonant Shift in 7th Century Japanese.
- Author
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California Univ., Berkeley. Japanese Linguistics Workshop., Ramsey, S. Robert, and Unger, J. Marshall
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This paper attempts to certify that certain changes in voicing and aspiration, namely the shift from Kan'on to Go'on, occurred during the proto-Japanese period. Based on Middle Chinese data, proto-Korean-Japanese systems, Tibetan transcriptions of Chinese texts, and internal Japanese evidence, the authors date the transition roughly in the 7th century. A bibliography of referneces is included. (DD)
- Published
- 1972
9. Multilingual Information and the Computer.
- Author
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Simsova, Sylva
- Abstract
Describes a pilot project to devise a program for the computerization of classical Tibetan script that was initiated at the Polytechnic of North London in 1983. Problems of transliteration and international actions to promote the computerization of nonroman scripts are summarized. Fifteen references and thirteen additional sources are provided. (EJS)
- Published
- 1985
10. Tibetan-English Dictionary of Modern Tibetan. Bibliotheca Himalayica, Series II, Vol. 9.
- Author
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Goldstein, Melvyn C.
- Abstract
Recent political events have triggered a revolution in the Tibetan language. The entrance of Tibet into the world arena of politics, science and technology has led to the creation of thousands of new lexical items in a relatively short period of time. Because of these changes, modern literary Tibetan is extremely difficult for non-Tibetans to read. To alleviate this situation a set of materials was produced to address the grammatical and lexical features of modern literary Tibetan. This dictionary represents the lexical dimension of those materials. It contains between 35,000 and 40,000 entries and includes items taken from all of the modern sources. Newspapers and magazines were two of the main sources used. The dictionary includes a grammatical commentary, a chart of the Tibetan alphabet, an explanation of how to use the dictionary, and a list of abbreviations. (Author/CFM)
- Published
- 1975
11. People in Upheaval.
- Author
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Center for Migration Studies, Inc., Staten Island, NY., Morgan, Scott M., Colsen, Elizabeth, Morgan, Scott M., Colsen, Elizabeth, and Center for Migration Studies, Inc., Staten Island, NY.
- Abstract
This volume of essays on migration was written primarily by graduate students in the social sciences. The authors, natives of six different countries, discuss population displacement by emphasizing these four themes: (1) the alienation of refugees; (2) the interplay between hosts and newcomers; (3) the consequences of the growth of agencies that deal with refugees; and (4) the processes of uprooting and readjustment. Following an introduction on "Migrants and Their Hosts" (E. Colson), the book contains the following chapters: (1) A Case Study in International Refugee Policy: Lowland Lao Refugees (M. Lacey); (2) Living in a State of Limbo: A Case Study of Vietnamese Refugees in Hong Kong Camps (G. Bousquet); (3) Keeping Refugee Status: A Tibetan Perspective (D. M. De Voe); (4) Refugees and the Structure of Opportunity: Transitional Adjustments to Aid among U.S. Resettled Lao Iu Mien, 1980-1985 (J. Habarad); (5) Control of Contrast: Lao-Hmong Refugees in American Contexts (L. Schein); (6) Dealing with Frustration: A Study of Interactions between Resettlement Staff and Refugees (S. Gold); (7) Transformations in Perception of Self and Social Environment in Mexican Immigrants (M. Suarez-Orozco); (8) Assimilation Patterns of Koreans in the United States (E. Kim); (9) Rusticating Chinese Educated Youth: Adaptation Processes (W. Chao); (10) Transmigration Policies in Indonesia: Government Aims and Popular Response (O. Abdoellah); and (11) Regressivism in the Progressive Era: Immigrants, Eugenists, and Ethnic Displacement (S. Morgan). (VM)
- Published
- 1987
12. Tibetan-English Dictionary with Supplement.
- Author
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Buck, Stuart H.
- Abstract
The format of this Tibetan-English dictionary includes the following: (1) after the Tibetan word or phrase, variant spellings are noted in parentheses; (2) irregular past, future, or imperative forms of the verb are also given in parentheses; (3) English definitions are separated into categories by semicolons; (4) verbal forms in English are usually given before nominal forms, which are followed by adjectival or adverbial forms; (5) examples of any of these forms used in context are given in parentheses within the category to which the usage or meaning applies; (6) loan words from Chinese or Mongol have been indicated by giving the word or phrase in the original language in parentheses after the English definitions; and (7) common synonyms are listed in brackets below the English definitions. In the case of important Buddhist terms, the reader is referred to the Jaschke or Das dictionary. This dictionary aims to provide full and accurate definitions of the vocabulary used in current publications in the Tibetan language, especially those appearing in Communist China. Common colloquial terms generally accepted by experienced Tibetan linguists, and many Buddhistic mythological and astrological terms have also been included. A history of the development of Tibetan literature and dictionaries is presented in the Introduction. (AMM)
- Published
- 1969
13. Modern Literary Tibetan. Occasional Papers of the Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics, Vol. 5.
- Author
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Illinois Univ., Urbana. Center for Asian Studies., Goldstein, Melvyn C., Goldstein, Melvyn C., and Illinois Univ., Urbana. Center for Asian Studies.
- Abstract
This textbook is designed to teach modern literary Tibetan and to serve as a grammar and handbook of standard Tibetan. The development of modern written Tibetan has been so influenced by printed materials from many surrounding countries that it is vastly different from classical Tibetan. Borrowings of vocabulary, style, and grammar have created a new written form of the language. This volume is designed to be used as a year's course in learning modern literary Tibetan, and may be used as a self-taught course. In Part 1, the basic features of the grammar are introduced, and the ability to apply these to reading passages is developed. Part 1 will give the student a command of the basic morphological and syntactic features of the modern written language and a basic vocabulary of 1-2,000 items. Part 2 consists of a series of reading selections from Tibetan, Chinese, Sikkimese, and Bhutanese materials, with translation, vocabulary, and explanatory notes. Aspects of Tibetan grammar and style are explained through these writings, which are taken from recent publications on politics, science, arts, news, and history. Interlinear translation is used throughout, along with a fluent English translation. (CHK)
- Published
- 1973
14. Some Chinese Reflexes of Sino-Tibetan S- Clusters
- Author
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Bodman, Nicholas C.
- Abstract
Revised and enlarged version of a paper given at the Fifth Sino-Tibetan Conference, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, October 1972, entitled "Old Chinese S- Clusters, Some Dialect Alternations and Traces of the Sino-Tibetan S- Causative." (DD)
- Published
- 1973
15. A MANUAL OF SPOKEN TIBETAN (LHASA DIALECT).
- Author
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CHANG, KUN and SHEFTS, BETTY
- Abstract
THIS INTRODUCTORY MANUAL OF SPOKEN TIBETAN IS INTENDED FOR THE ADULT STUDENT WITH SOME KNOWLEDGE OF LINGUISTICS. THE FIRST OF THE ELEVEN UNITS IN THIS TEXT DEALS WITH ASPIRATION, POINTS OF ARTICULATION, VOWELS, TONES, CONSONANT FINALS OF MONOSYLLABIC WORDS, AND STRESS. FOLLOWING UNITS INTRODUCE FURTHER SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE, PRESENTED IN CONTEXTUAL SENTENCES AND ACCOMPANIED BY NUMEROUS EXPLANATORY NOTES. UNITS CONSIST GENERALLY OF A GRAMMAR SECTION, EXERCISES, AND A VOCABULARY LISTING, WITH OCCASIONAL CONVERSATIONAL DIALOGUES WHOSE CONTEXT PROVIDES SOME BACKGROUND IN TIBETAN CULTURE. THE TIBETAN IN THE TEXT AND THE ACCOMPANYING TAPES IS BASED ON THE SPEECH OF AN EDUCATED NATIVE TIBETAN FROM LHASA. A ROMANIZED TRANSCRIPTION IS USED THROUGHOUT THE TEXT. THE TRADITIONAL TIBETAN-SCRIPT COUNTERPARTS OF ALL THE ROMANIZED FORMS USED ARE LISTED IN THE APPENDIX. THIS MANUAL IS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98105. (AM)
- Published
- 1964
16. Expressing inner sensations in Denjongke: A contrast with the general Tibetic pattern
- Author
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Yliniemi, Juha Sakari
- Subjects
Tibetan ,evidentiality ,volitionality ,endopathic - Abstract
Denjongke is atypical within Tibetic languages in how speaker’s inner sensations such as hunger, cold, feeling of illness and emotions are expressed. Whereas most other Tibetic languages use a sensorial evidential form in default expressions of speaker’s inner sensations (Tournadre 2021, 2023 preprint), Denjongke uses a variety of other forms. The sensorial forms may also be used when the speaker takes an outsider's perspective on their inner sensations in contexts such as surprise and sudden discovery. The reason why Denjongke, unlike Common Tibetan and some other Tibetic languages, can use personal forms for expressing the speaker’s inner sensations is that Denjongke personal forms are not associated with volitionality, whereas the personal/egophoric forms of Common Tibetan and some other Tibetic languages are strongly associated with volitionality.
- Published
- 2024
17. Associations between sugar-sweetened beverages consumption, duration of physical exercise, and depressive symptoms among Tibetan university students at high altitude.
- Author
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Yang Yang, Jia Liu, and Duo Dai
- Subjects
LOGISTIC regression analysis ,ONE-way analysis of variance ,MENTAL depression ,BEVERAGE consumption ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
Background: Depressive symptoms have become a public health issue of common concern in countries all over the world, and have many negative impacts on university students' study and life. Depressive symptoms are influenced by many factors, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption and duration of physical activity. However, no study has been conducted on the association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, duration of physical exercise, and depressive symptoms among Tibetan university students at high altitudes. Methods: In this study, a self-assessment survey of SSBs consumption, duration of physical exercise, and depressive symptoms was conducted on 6,259 (2,745 boys, 43.86%) Tibetan university students aged 19-22 years in Lhasa and Ganzi areas, China, using stratified whole population sampling. The associations were also analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, binary logistic regression analysis, and ordered logistic regression analysis in the generalised linear model. Results: The proportions of mild depression symptoms, moderate depression symptoms, and major depressive symptoms among Tibetan boys university students in high-altitude areas of China were 18.0, 22.9, and 1.5%, respectively; the proportions of girls students were 20.1, 21.9, and 1.5%, respectively, 1.5%, and the differences in the detection rates of depressive symptoms between sex were statistically significant (χ² value=14.253, p < 0.01). Ordered logistic regression analyses showed that using duration of physical exercise >60min/d and SSBs ≤1 times/week as the reference group, the duration of physical exercise<30 min/d and SSBs ≥5 times/week groups had the highest risk of developing depressive symptoms was the highest risk (OR=6.98, 95% CI: 5.05-9.65; p<0.001). Conclusion: This study confirmed that there was a positive association between SSBs consumption and depressive symptoms and a negative association between the duration of physical exercise and depressive symptoms among Tibetan university students at high altitudes in China. In the future, SSBs consumption should be effectively controlled and the duration of physical exercise should be increased to reduce the occurrence of depressive symptoms and promote the physical and mental health of Tibetan university students in high-altitude areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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18. Implicit language policy in ethnic minority migrant community in urban China: a study of the linguistic landscape of "Little Lhasa".
- Author
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Yao, Xiaofang and Nie, Peng
- Subjects
LANGUAGE policy ,ETHNICITY ,IMMIGRANTS ,SOCIOLINGUISTIC research ,TIBETAN language - Abstract
A key focus of linguistic landscape research is the interaction among local language policies, the visibility of minority languages on public signage, and the perceptions of residents regarding language use. In China, ongoing urbanization and eased household registration requirements have precipitated an influx of ethnic minority migrants from autonomous regions to urban locales. This migration raises crucial questions about the integration and acceptance of ethnic minority migrants within the sociolinguistic fabric of urban China. Combining a linguistic landscape analysis and interviews with public sign owners, this study examines attitudes towards Tibetan language and Tibetan migrants in "Little Lhasa" in Chengdu, a major city in western China. Our findings reveal that various social actors, including Han residents, the Neighbourhood Committee, and the municipal authorities, prudently leverage the semiotic potentials of the Tibetan script in crafting public signs. The visibility of Tibetan in the local linguistic landscape reflects ideologies of acceptance, hesitation, or concern regarding Tibetan migrants. Although Tibetan migrants have conceded aspects of their language use in exchange for integration into urban life, they have not yet gained wider community acceptance. This study offers an innovative linguistic landscape lens on the implicit language policy in an ethnic minority migrant community in urban China. It illuminates a reflective case where language planning is much needed for mitigating bias and misunderstanding in multi-ethnic communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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19. Hypertension status and its risk factors in highlanders living in Ganzi Tibetan Plateau: a cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Zuo, Xianghao, Zhang, Xin, Ye, Runyu, Li, Xinran, Zhang, Zhipeng, Shi, Rufeng, Liao, Hang, Liu, Lu, Yang, Xiangyu, Jia, Shanshan, Meng, Qingtao, and Chen, Xiaoping
- Subjects
HYPERTENSION risk factors ,BLOOD pressure ,HYPERTENSION ,DEMOGRAPHIC surveys ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background: The updated status of hypertension and its risk factors are poorly evaluated in Tibetan highland areas. We initiated a large-scale cross-sectional survey to provide updated status of hypertension and its risk factors (especially salt intake) in the Ganzi Tibetan Plateau, China. Methods: Stratified multistage random sampling was performed to obtain a representative sample of 4,036 adult residents from 4 counties in the Ganzi Tibetan area. The whole survey population was used to present the epidemiology and risk factors of hypertension. The participants with blood and urine biochemistry data were used to analyze the relationship between salt intake parameters and hypertension. Results: Stratified multistage random sampling was performed to obtain a representative sample of 4,036 adult residents. The overall prevalence rate of hypertension was 33.5% (the age-adjusted prevalence rate was 28.9%). A total of 50.9% of the hypertensive patients knew their conditions; 30.1% of them received antihypertensive treatment; and 11.2% of them had their blood pressure controlled. Age, male sex, living altitude ≥ 3500 m, overweight and abdominal obesity were positively correlated with hypertension. In addition, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for hypertension was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01–1.74) for drinking tea with salt, and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.32–1.72) for per SD increase in the estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (e24hUSE). Furthermore, per 100mmol/day increase in e24hUSE was associated with elevation of blood pressure (+ 10.16, 95% CI: 8.45–11.87 mmHg for SBP; +3.83, 95% CI: 2.74–4.93 mmHg for DBP) in this population. Conclusions: Our survey suggests a heavy disease burden of hypertension in the Ganzi Tibetan Plateau. Age, male sex, altitude of residence ≥ 3500 m, overweight, abdominal obesity, and excessive salt intake (shown as drinking tea with adding salt and a higher level of e24hUSE) all increased the risk of hypertension in this highland area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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20. Hypertension status and its risk factors in highlanders living in Ganzi Tibetan Plateau: a cross-sectional study
- Author
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Xianghao Zuo, Xin Zhang, Runyu Ye, Xinran Li, Zhipeng Zhang, Rufeng Shi, Hang Liao, Lu Liu, Xiangyu Yang, Shanshan Jia, Qingtao Meng, and Xiaoping Chen
- Subjects
Epidemiology ,Hypertension ,Highland ,Tibetan ,Salt intake ,Risk factor ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 - Abstract
Abstract Background The updated status of hypertension and its risk factors are poorly evaluated in Tibetan highland areas. We initiated a large-scale cross-sectional survey to provide updated status of hypertension and its risk factors (especially salt intake) in the Ganzi Tibetan Plateau, China. Methods Stratified multistage random sampling was performed to obtain a representative sample of 4,036 adult residents from 4 counties in the Ganzi Tibetan area. The whole survey population was used to present the epidemiology and risk factors of hypertension. The participants with blood and urine biochemistry data were used to analyze the relationship between salt intake parameters and hypertension. Results Stratified multistage random sampling was performed to obtain a representative sample of 4,036 adult residents. The overall prevalence rate of hypertension was 33.5% (the age-adjusted prevalence rate was 28.9%). A total of 50.9% of the hypertensive patients knew their conditions; 30.1% of them received antihypertensive treatment; and 11.2% of them had their blood pressure controlled. Age, male sex, living altitude ≥ 3500 m, overweight and abdominal obesity were positively correlated with hypertension. In addition, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for hypertension was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01–1.74) for drinking tea with salt, and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.32–1.72) for per SD increase in the estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (e24hUSE). Furthermore, per 100mmol/day increase in e24hUSE was associated with elevation of blood pressure (+ 10.16, 95% CI: 8.45–11.87 mmHg for SBP; +3.83, 95% CI: 2.74–4.93 mmHg for DBP) in this population. Conclusions Our survey suggests a heavy disease burden of hypertension in the Ganzi Tibetan Plateau. Age, male sex, altitude of residence ≥ 3500 m, overweight, abdominal obesity, and excessive salt intake (shown as drinking tea with adding salt and a higher level of e24hUSE) all increased the risk of hypertension in this highland area.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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21. Protein expression changes in Tibetan middle-to-long distance runners after the transition from high altitude to low altitude: Implications for enhancing endurance training
- Author
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Di Wang and Weiping Shu
- Subjects
Proteomic analysis ,Tibetan ,Middle-to-long distance runner ,Alternate training ,CFTR ,CAI ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
The study aims to investigate the differences in protein expressions in Xizang's (Tibetan) middle-to-long distance runners after the transition from high altitude to low altitude and reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying their enhanced middle-to-long distance running performance. In the study, eleven subjects were selected from native Tibetan middle-to-long distance runners to participate in an 8-week pre-competition exercise training program consisting of a 6-week training stage in Kangding City at an altitude of 2 560 meters (m) and a subsequent 2-week training stage in Leshan City at an altitude of 360 m. Blood samples were collected twice from the runners before beginning altitude exercise training in Kangding and after going to sea level - Leshan City. Using a label-free quantitative method, peptides in the samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins and predict their biological functions. A total of 846 proteins were identified in the 21 samples, including 719 quantified proteins. In total, 49 significantly differentially expressed proteins (p
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- 2024
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22. New land use planning for Tibetan villages in China based on traditional spatial patterns
- Author
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Kai Xie, Yin Zhang, and Wenyang Han
- Subjects
Rural construction ,spatial pattern ,Tibetan ,traditional village ,central stronghold ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 ,Physical geography ,GB3-5030 - Abstract
ABSTRACTThe paradox between massive rural revitalisation and cultural preservation calls for new sustainable development strategies. How to strike a balance between them has become a research hotspot especially for traditional villages in developing countries. Through data collection, field research and analogy, this article explores the spatial prototypes of mandala, Mount Meru and ‘zhai xin’ (central stronghold) concept, and points out the coupling relationship between spatial patterns and Tibetan settlements and its influences on settlement layout, architectural forms, and local customs, which includes the cultural philosophy of spatial patterns, the structure of human settlements, village layout, road network planning, and core node building complex. Taking Ge’en Tibetan Village revamping program in Aba Tibetan and Qiang County as an illustrative example, this design strategy will not only improve local residents’ living standards, but also helps to retain the cultural essence of traditional villages, thereby diving the development of tourism and other tertiary industries. Based on cultural heritage preservation, this work offers new perspectives on land use planning and architectural design for the revitalisation and sustainable development of traditional village in under-developed areas.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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23. Analysis of ocular biometric parameters in Tibetan patients with age-related cataract
- Author
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Zhu Huali, Xu Tingting, Wei Ling, Xu Zhe, Li Jie, Liu Pei, Liu Sicen, and Wang Haomei
- Subjects
tibetan ,age-related cataract ,ocular biological parameter ,iol master 500 ,axial length ,anterior chamber depth ,keratometry ,corneal astigmatism ,astigmatic axis ,Ophthalmology ,RE1-994 - Abstract
AIM:To compare the differences of ocular biometric parameters of age-related cataract between Tibetan and Han ethnic groups, and to analyze the distribution characteristics of ocular biometric parameters in Tibetan cataract patients.METHODS:Retrospective cohort study. A total of 661 patients(1 030 eyes)with age-related cataract confirmed in the hospital between January 2019 and December 2020 were enrolled. The parameters of axial length, anterior chamber depth, keratometry, corneal astigmatism and astigmatic axis were measured by IOL Master 500 in 483 cases(739 eyes)of Tibetan age-related cataract patients and 178 cases(291 eyes)of Han patients.RESULTS:The axial length, anterior chamber depth and corneal astigmatism of the Tibetan patients with age-related cataract were 23.33(22.81, 23.86)mm, 3.04(2.79, 3.30)mm and 0.73(0.47, 1.07)D. The mean keratometry was 43.89±1.35 D. The results indicated that Tibetan cataract patients had shorter axial lengths and smaller keratometry compared to Han patients(all P
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- 2024
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24. Evidentiality as a grammaticalization passenger: An investigation of evidential developments in Tibetic languages and beyond.
- Author
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Mélac, Eric and Bialek, Joanna
- Subjects
- *
GRAMMATICALIZATION , *UNIVERSAL language , *LANGUAGE & languages , *TIBETANS , *PASSENGERS , *ELEVATORS - Abstract
This article investigates the grammaticalization patterns of evidentiality from a cross-linguistic perspective with a focus on Lhasa Tibetan. It documents the history of the evidential morphemes 'dug, -song, -bzhag, and =ze from Old Literary Tibetan to modern spoken Lhasa Tibetan. Our analyses show that these morphemes started grammaticalizing before encoding evidentiality. We argue that, through pragmatic strengthening, evidentiality tends to infiltrate forms which have already grammaticalized to express other semantic domains. These patterns of grammaticalization are confirmed by diachronic and reconstructed data from genetically unrelated languages. Evidentiality thus tends to be a 'grammaticalization passenger' (i.e., a conventionalized meaning which used to be merely implied from the recurrent contexts of a grammaticalized form) rather than a 'grammaticalization target' (i.e., a functional domain which triggers grammaticalization). This may explain why evidentiality is less often grammaticalized than other notions, such as time or modality, in the world's languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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25. 基于宏基因组测序的拉萨藏族2型糖尿病人群肠道微生物特征研究.
- Author
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陈利莉, 窦青瑜, 曲倩玉, 赵星, 杨淑娟, and 曾沛斌
- Abstract
Objective To study the differences of species composition and functional composition of intestinal microorganisms among Tibetan diabetic population, pre-diabetic population and normal population, so as to provide research basis for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in Tibetan population. Methods Based on the follow-up population of the natural population in southwest China, 111 Tibetan residents in Lhasa were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their demographic and anthropometric information, blood and fecal samples were collected. According to fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, they were divided into diabetes group, pre-diabetic group, and normal group. The microflora in feces was determined by macro genomic sequencing, the composition and function differences of intestinal microflora in different populations were compared by bioinformatics methods, and the correlation between phenotype and intestinal microorganisms was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation and linear regression. Results The intestinal abundance of Clostridium pullulans in diabetic population was significantly lower than that in pre-diabetic population and normal population (FDR < 0.050), while Klebsiella pneumoniae was enriched in diabetic population (LDA=3.015, P=0.015). Nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways were enriched in diabetics, while pathways related to short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis were enriched in normal people. There was a significant positive correlation between Lactococcus germane and blood glucose (r=0.094). There was a significant negative correlation between Bailey and blood glucose (r=-0.148). Conclusion The intestinal microbiological disorders in Tibetan patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized by the decrease of beneficial bacteria, the increase of harmful bacteria and the decrease of short-chain fatty acid synthesis-related pathways, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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26. Characteristics of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Lhasa: A Single-Center, Observational Study.
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Yang, Songlin, Zhang, Wenbo, Qiong Da, Ci Ren, and Wu, Yuan
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ALLERGIC conjunctivitis , *SCIENTIFIC observation , *KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS , *SYMPTOMS , *DISEASE progression , *NEOVASCULARIZATION - Abstract
The incidence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) varies across different ethnicities and regions. To investigate the clinical features of VKC in Tibet, a single-center case series of VKC was retrospectively reviewed from a general hospital in Lhasa over one year. General data and typical manifestations were recorded. Horner–Trantas dots, limbal neovascularization, pseudogerontoxon and upper palpebral conjunctival papilla were seen in most of these patients. Patients with signs such as limbal pannus (t = 2.18, P < 0.05), pseudogerontoxon (t = 2.61, P < 0.05), and Horner–Trantas dots (t = 2.33, P < 0.05) appeared to have longer disease courses, while patients with upper palpebral conjunctival lesions had earlier onset times (t = 2.12, P < 0.05). The clinical signs of VKC on the Tibetan Plateau are more obvious, and the ocular surface is commonly and severely involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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27. Scope assignment in Quantifier-Negation sentences in Tibetan as a heritage language in China.
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Chen, Yunchuan and Huan, Tingting
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HERITAGE language speakers , *DIFFERENCES , *READING standards , *BILINGUALISM , *FORM (Logic) - Abstract
Quantifier-Negation sentences allow an inverse scope reading in Tibetan but not in Chinese. This difference can be attributed to the underlying syntactic difference: the negation word can be raised at Logical Form in Tibetan but not in Chinese. This study investigated whether Chinese-dominant Tibetan heritage speakers know such difference. We conducted a sentence–picture matching truth value judgment task with 28 Chinese-dominant Tibetan heritage speakers, 25 baseline Tibetan speakers and 31 baseline Chinese speakers. Our baseline data first confirmed the difference between Tibetan and Chinese: the inverse scope reading is allowed in Tibetan but prohibited in Chinese. Our heritage participants' data showed a divergence: one group of heritage speakers allow the inverse scope reading in both Tibetan and Chinese while another group prohibit it in both languages. There is a third group of heritage speakers who are aware of the difference between Tibetan and Chinese. Our findings suggest that while it is possible for heritage speakers to attain nativelike knowledge of an interface phenomenon that differs in their two languages, they may also be subject to crosslinguistic influence and adopt one of two opposite strategies. Both strategies can minimize syntactic differences between their two grammars so an economy of syntactic representations in their repository of grammars can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. Territorialization and ethnic control in China’s borderlands: Aba prefecture in the People’s Republic, 1950–2020.
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Sutton, Donald S.
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China’s western borderlands, heavily non-Han in population, were still weakly territorialized in the Republican period. In 1950, the arrival of the People’s Liberation Army in northern Sichuan – then a largely Tibetan space locally managed by rgyal (kings) and lamas – began a multi-decade confrontation with Tibetan indigeneity. The purpose of this article is to determine why the Party government, despite generous financial inputs, has had more difficulty integrating and transforming this ethnic group than almost all the other 54 minorities (minzu). Four widely differing efforts can be distinguished at four conjunctures in the People’s Republic: 1) the establishment of the new “autonomous” prefecture of Aba in the “United Front” of the 1950s; 2) violent Maoist social revolution between 1958 and 1968; 3) a Chinese tourist boom beginning in the 1980s; and 4) policies of ethnocultural assimilation since 2013. The first and third modes of territorialization could be described as administrative and neoliberal, and both accommodated Tibetan indigenous elements in what may be called non-state territorialization. The second and fourth have in different ways been authoritarian and assimilative, with the state aiming to make Tibetans, with other non-Han minzu across China, thoroughly Chinese in culture and identification. Despite successes in objective territoriality – in making Aba a state space – the party-state cannot easily superimpose a Chinese identity on Aba and other Tibetans. Some of its actions – the early naming of a “Tibetan” minzu and sharp policy swings in religion and education -have tended to strengthen, not undermine, distinct Tibetan identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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29. Comparative analysis of the clinical features of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation among Tibetan, Han, and Hui patients in Qinghai Province, China.
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Cao, Jiandong, Ma, Xiaofeng, Deng, Yong, Wang, Hong, Zhang, Shengqi, Zhao, Longxiang, and Cao, Feifei
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• The study investigated the differences in cardiac structure and clinical features among Tibetan, Han, and Hui patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. • The researchers analyzed data from over 3000 patients and found significant differences in gender, age, smoking history, comorbidities, and cardiac parameters among the ethnic groups. • Han patients had a lower proportion of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure, while Hui patients had the highest proportion of comorbid diabetes. Han patients also had lower levels of certain blood markers compared to Hui patients. Global nonvalvular AF rises, impacting health severely. In Qinghai, China's diverse setting, studying AF among varied ethnic groups is crucial The purpose of this study was to compares cardiac features in AF among Tibetan, Han, and Hui patients to develop tailored prevention and treatment strategies for this region, the goal was to enhance the understanding of AF and provide an empirical basis for developing prevention and treatment strategies specific to this region This study included a total of 3445 Tibetan, Han, and Hui patients diagnosed with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and treated at the Qinghai Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Specialist Hospital, China, between January 2019 and January 2021. We analyzed the differences in cardiac structure, comorbidities, and other influencing factors among the different ethnic groups We found significant differences in gender, age, smoking history, lone atrial fibrillation, left heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, and diabetes between Tibetan, Han, and Hui patients (P < 0.05). Tibetan, Han, and Hui patients also differed with regard to left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening, NT-proBNP, glycated hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, platelet count, platelet hematocrit, platelet distribution width, homocysteine (Hcy), C-reactive protein, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05) Our study revealed variations in comorbidities, cardiac structure, and blood indexes among Tibetan, Han, and Hui AF patients, highlighting distinct patterns in complications and biomarker levels across ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. The other‐ethnicity effect in facial recognition of Tibetan and Han individuals: Evidence from behavioural and eye‐movement data.
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Ma, Jialin, Huang, Jiayi, and Li, Yongxin
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Studies have shown that facial recognition among racial groups exhibits not only an other‐race effect but also an other‐ethnicity effect within the same racial group. To explore differences in facial recognition and visual scanning patterns due to the other‐ethnicity effect, behavioural and eye‐movement data were used to investigate the other‐ethnicity effect in the facial perception of Tibetan and Han Chinese individuals and whether the visual scanning patterns varied between them. Behavioural data revealed an other‐ethnicity effect on facial recognition of Tibetan and Han individuals. Eye‐movement data indicated that Tibetan and Han individuals fixated more on the eye and mouth regions when recognising Han faces and on the eye and nose regions when recognising Tibetan faces. The other‐ethnicity effect appeared to influence facial recognition in Tibetan and Han individuals, who adopted similar visual scanning patterns when scanning the faces of individuals of their own ethnicity and those of other ethnicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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31. Tibetans exhibit lower hemoglobin concentration and decreased heart response to hypoxia during poikilocapnia at intermediate altitude relative to Han Chinese.
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Moya, E. A., Yu, J. J., Brown, S., Gu, W., Lawrence, E. S., Carlson, R., Brandes, A., Wegeng, W., Amann, K., McIntosh, S. E., Powell, F. L., and Simonson, T. S.
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CHINESE people ,TIBETANS ,ALTITUDES ,HEMOGLOBINS ,HYPOXEMIA - Abstract
Background: High-altitude populations exhibit distinct cellular, respiratory, and cardiovascular phenotypes, some of which provide adaptive advantages to hypoxic conditions compared to populations with sea-level ancestry. Studies performed in populations with a history of high-altitude residence, such as Tibetans, support the idea that many of these phenotypes may be shaped by genomic features that have been positively selected for throughout generations. We hypothesize that such traits observed in Tibetans at high altitude also occur in Tibetans living at intermediate altitude, even in the absence of severe sustained hypoxia. Methodology: We studied individuals of high-altitude ancestry (Tibetans, n = 17 females; n = 12 males) and sea-level ancestry (Han Chinese, n = 6 females; n = 10 males), both who had been living at ~1300m (~4327 ft) for at least 18 months. We measured hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), and hypoxic heart rate response (HHRR) with end-tidal CO
2 (PETCO2 ) held constant (isocapnia) or allowed to decrease with hypoxic hyperventilation (poikilocapnia). We also quantified the contribution of CO2 on ventilation and heart rate by calculating the differences of isocapnic versus poikilocapnic hypoxic conditions (Δ _VI/ΔPETCO2 and ΔHR/ΔPETCO2 , respectively). Results: Male Tibetans had lower [Hb] compared to Han Chinese males (p < 0.05), consistent with reports for individuals from these populations living at high altitude and sea level. Measurements of ventilation (resting ventilation, HVR, and PETCO2 ) were similar for both groups. Heart rate responses to hypoxia were similar in both groups during isocapnia; however, HHRR in poikilocapnia was reduced in the Tibetan group (p < 0.03), and the heart rate response to CO2 in hypoxia was lower in Tibetans relative to Han Chinese (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results suggest that Tibetans living at intermediate altitude have blunted cardiac responses in the context of hypoxia. Hence, only some of the phenotypes observed in Tibetans living at high altitude are observed in Tibetans living at intermediate altitude. Whereas blunted cardiac responses to hypoxia is revealed at intermediate altitudes, manifestation of other physiological adaptations to high altitude may require exposure to more severe levels of hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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32. Dynamic changes and key drivers of ecosystem service values in populous zones on the Tibetan Plateau: A 35-Year analysis
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Xianqi Zhang, Qiuwen Yin, Zhiwen Zheng, Shifeng Sun, and Jiafeng Huang
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ESV ,Geodetector ,Geoda ,Tibetan ,Climate Change ,Human Activities ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Understanding the value of ecosystem services (ESV) and the mechanisms that influence it is pivotal for upholding ecological equilibrium and fostering sustainable development in the densely populated regions of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we used several improved ESV calculation methods to describe the dynamic changes of ESV, and investigated the individual effects, synergistic effects, local spatial clustering patterns and spatial correlations of each factor using Geodetector and Geoda. The results reveal: (1) Over the past 35 years, ESV in the study area exhibited an overall increasing trend, with a total increase of 20.36 billion Chinese yuan. Grassland accounted for the largest proportion, approximately 60 %, playing a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. Climate regulation services had the highest share at around 24 %, with hydrological regulation and soil conservation services dominating. (2) Human activity, elevation, and temperature had the most significant impact on ESV in the Tibetan Plateau human activity intensive area, followed by Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) and precipitation. The synergistic effects of two factors indicated that the interaction between elevation and FVC exhibited a decreasing influence on ESV, while the interaction between human activity and temperature showed an increasing impact. (3) In medium to high-altitude areas and urban agglomeration zones, human activity and temperature had the most pronounced negative impact on ESV, highlighting the need for more effective land management and sustainable development plans. Elevation and annual precipitation showed a positive correlation with ESV, but beyond a certain elevation threshold, elevation and precipitation had an adverse effect on ESV. Similarly, in extremely high-altitude regions and water source areas like the Yellow River, ESV exhibited a positive correlation with temperature.
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- 2024
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33. DATA in BRIEF of: Adaptative mechanisms indicated by placental protein expression changes in high-altitude Tibetan women during vaginal delivery
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Huifang Liu, Tana Wuren, and Ri-li Ge
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High altitude adaptation ,Tibetan ,Vaginal delivery ,Proteomics ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
Over a period of 30,000 to 40,000 years, high-altitude Tibetans have physiologically and genetically adapted to conditions such as hypoxia, low temperature, and high-intensity ultraviolet radiation. Based on the unique physiological and morphological characteristics of the Tibetan people, they have outstanding hypoxia adaptation skills and can continue to thrive in plateau hypoxia. The placenta of high-altitude Tibetans is protected from oxidative stress during delivery; however, little is known about changes in placental protein expression during vaginal delivery. In this study, we aimed to reveal these adaptive mechanisms by studying changes in placental protein expression during vaginal delivery in high-altitude Tibetans, low-altitude Tibetans, and low-altitude Han populations. Studying the changing mechanisms of maternal responses to hypoxia at high altitudes can reveal the molecular mechanisms of maternal and fetal adaptation to hypoxia at high altitudes and provide theories for preventing and treating maternal hypoxia and intrauterine growth and development restriction caused by other diseases.
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- 2024
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34. A study on syntactic function measurement of Tibetan nouns based on dependency tree
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Zhuoma, Zeren, Qi, Kunyu, Striełkowski, Wadim, Editor-in-Chief, Black, Jessica M., Series Editor, Butterfield, Stephen A., Series Editor, Chang, Chi-Cheng, Series Editor, Cheng, Jiuqing, Series Editor, Dumanig, Francisco Perlas, Series Editor, Al-Mabuk, Radhi, Series Editor, Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, Series Editor, Urban, Mathias, Series Editor, Webb, Stephen, Series Editor, Li, Yan, editor, Liu, Hui, editor, Ji, Yi, editor, and Sedon, Mohd Fauzi, editor
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- 2024
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35. Efficient Fine-Tuning for Low-Resource Tibetan Pre-trained Language Models
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Zhou, Mingjun, Daiqing, Zhuoma, Qun, Nuo, Nyima, Tashi, Goos, Gerhard, Series Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Wand, Michael, editor, Malinovská, Kristína, editor, Schmidhuber, Jürgen, editor, and Tetko, Igor V., editor
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- 2024
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36. Breaking the Corpus Bottleneck for Multi-dialect Speech Recognition with Flexible Adapters
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Deng, Tengyue, Wei, Jianguo, Yang, Jiahao, Guo, Minghao, Ke, Wenjun, Yang, Xiaokang, Lu, Wenhuan, Goos, Gerhard, Series Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Wand, Michael, editor, Malinovská, Kristína, editor, Schmidhuber, Jürgen, editor, and Tetko, Igor V., editor
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- 2024
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37. Study on the airflow signal model of voiceless plosive in Xiahe Tibetan based on Glottal MS110
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Zhang, Jing, Li, Yonghong, Li, Kan, Editor-in-Chief, Li, Qingyong, Associate Editor, Fournier-Viger, Philippe, Series Editor, Hong, Wei-Chiang, Series Editor, Liang, Xun, Series Editor, Wang, Long, Series Editor, Xu, Xuesong, Series Editor, Guan, Guiyun, editor, Kahl, Christian, editor, Majoul, Bootheina, editor, and Mishra, Deepanjali, editor
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- 2024
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38. Impact of Tibetan ethnicity and residence altitude on complications during total knee arthroplasty and difficulties of measurement of perioperative blood loss
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Jiang, Wenyu, Xu, Hong, Liu, Xing, Liu, Huansheng, Ju, Yucan, Xie, Jinwei, Huang, Qiang, Huang, Zeyu, and Pei, Fuxing
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- 2024
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39. Tibetan Sentence Boundaries Automatic Disambiguation Based on Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers on Byte Pair Encoding Word Cutting Method.
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Li, Fenfang, Zhao, Zhengzhang, Wang, Li, and Deng, Han
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LANGUAGE models ,MACHINE translating ,TIBETANS - Abstract
Sentence Boundary Disambiguation (SBD) is crucial for building datasets for tasks such as machine translation, syntactic analysis, and semantic analysis. Currently, most automatic sentence segmentation in Tibetan adopts the methods of rule-based and statistical learning, as well as the combination of the two, which have high requirements on the corpus and the linguistic foundation of the researchers and are more costly to annotate manually. In this study, we explore Tibetan SBD using deep learning technology. Initially, we analyze Tibetan characteristics and various subword techniques, selecting Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and Sentencepiece (SP) for text segmentation and training the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) pre-trained language model. Secondly, we studied the Tibetan SBD based on different BERT pre-trained language models, which mainly learns the ambiguity of the shad ("།") in different positions in modern Tibetan texts and determines through the model whether the shad ("།") in the texts has the function of segmenting sentences. Meanwhile, this study introduces four models, BERT-CNN, BERT-RNN, BERT-RCNN, and BERT-DPCNN, based on the BERT model for performance comparison. Finally, to verify the performance of the pre-trained language models on the SBD task, this study conducts SBD experiments on both the publicly available Tibetan pre-trained language model TiBERT and the multilingual pre-trained language model (Multi-BERT). The experimental results show that the F1 score of the BERT (BPE) model trained in this study reaches 95.32% on 465,669 Tibetan sentences, nearly five percentage points higher than BERT (SP) and Multi-BERT. The SBD method based on pre-trained language models in this study lays the foundation for establishing datasets for the later tasks of Tibetan pre-training, summary extraction, and machine translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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40. Drinking brick tea containing high fluoride increases the prevalence of osteoarthritis in Tibetan, China.
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Meng, Xinyue, Li, Hanying, Liu, Xiaona, Li, Bingyun, Liu, Yang, Li, Mang, Sun, Dianjun, Yang, Yanmei, Gao, Yanhui, and Pei, Junrui
- Abstract
The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in Tibetans is higher than that in Han, while Tibetans have a habit of drinking brick tea with high fluoride. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the association between fluoride exposure in drinking brick tea and OA. All subjects were divided into four groups by the quartiles (Q) of tea fluoride (TF) and urine fluoride (UF). ROC was plotted and OR were obtained using logistic regression model. The prevalence of OA in the Q3 and Q4 group of TF were 2.2 and 2.7 times higher than in the Q1 group, and the prevalence of OA in the Q2, Q3 and Q4 group of UF were 3.2, 3.5, and 4.1 times higher than in the Q1 group. ROC analysis showed the cutoff values were 4.523 mg/day (TF) and 1.666 mg/L (UF). In conclusion, excessive fluoride in drinking brick tea could be a risk factor for developing OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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41. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hyperuricemia Among Young and Middle-Aged Tibetan Men Living at Ultrahigh Altitudes: A Cross-Sectional Study.
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He, Ben, Feng, Jiayue, Shu, Yan, Yang, Lichun, He, Zepin, Liao, Kanxiu, Zhuo, Hui, and Li, Hui
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MIDDLE-aged men , *HYPERURICEMIA , *ALTITUDES , *ERYTHROCYTES , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
He, Ben, Jiayue Feng, Yan Shu, Lichun Yang, Zepin He, Kanxiu Liao, Hui Zhuo, and Hui Li. Prevalence and risk factors of hyperuricemia among young and middle-aged Tibetan men living at ultrahigh altitudes: a cross-sectional study. High Alt Med Biol. 25:42–48, 2024. Background: Few studies have examined the prevalence or risk factors of hyperuricemia among populations living at ultrahigh altitudes. Here we examined the prevalence of hyperuricemia and factors associated with it among young and middle-aged Tibetan men living at ultrahigh altitudes. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 672 Tibetan men 18–60 years old living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (mean altitude 4,014 m) within the county of Litang in the Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Sichuan Province, China. Demographic and clinical data were collected from self-administered questionnaires, physical examinations and laboratory tests. Participants whose blood uric acid (UA) contained >420 μmol/l were classified as having hyperuricemia. Results: Of the 672 men analyzed, 332 (49.4%) had hyperuricemia. Multivariate logistic regression showed risk of hyperuricemia to correlate positively with body mass index (per 1 U increase: odds ratio [OR] 1.172, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1066–1.243), triglycerides (OR 1.408, 95% CI 1.084–1.828), red blood cell count (OR 1.376, 95% CI 1.009–1.875), and creatinine level (per 1 U increase: OR 1.051, 95% CI 1.033–1.070). Conversely, risk of hyperuricemia correlated negatively with the presence of diabetes mellitus (OR 0.412, 95% CI 0.175–0.968). Subgroup analyses showed that prevalence of hyperuricemia was significantly higher among those with polycythemia than among those without it, and that UA levels correlated positively with hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Conclusions: Hyperuricemia is an important public health problem among Tibetan men living at ultrahigh altitudes in Ganzi autonomous prefecture. The region urgently requires appropriate prevention and management efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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42. Analysis on the prevalence and influencing factors of hyperhomocysteinemia among adult Tibetan residents in the west of Xizang Ali.
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DING Kang-zhi, ZHANG Yu-fei, WANG Peng, JIA Qun-di, CIREN Yang-zong, and XIONG Hai
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HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA , *TIBETANS , *ADULTS , *PASTORAL societies , *CLUSTER sampling , *CHI-squared test - Abstract
Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of hyperhomocysteinemia among Tibetan residents in the west of Xizang Ali. Methods By using the method of multi-stage cluster random sampling, Tibetan residents were randomly selected from the western area of Xizang Ali for physical examination and questionnaire survey, and blood routine and biochemical indexes were collected. The prevalence and influencing factors of hyperhomocysteinemia in this area were analyzed by chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 1 362 Tibetan residents in the western region of Xizang Ali were investigated. The results showed that there were 1 044 patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, with a prevalence rate of 76.7%. The prevalence rate of males (84.8%) was higher than that of females (71.5%). Smoking (OR=1.988, 95%CI: 1.076-3.675), poor household (OR = 1.775, 95%CI: 1.204-2.540), hyperuricemia (OA =3.416, 95%CI: 2.494-4.679), hypercholesterolemia (OA =4.051, 95%CI: 2.811-5.838), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR=2.589, 95%CI: 1.765-3.798) were risk factors of hyperhomocysteinemia. Female (0R=0.538, 95%CI: 0.384-0.752) and agricultural and pastoral areas (OR = 0.312, 95%CI: 0.156-0.625) were protective factors. Conclusion The prevalence rate of hyperhomocysteinemia is high in the western region of Xizang Ali. Sex, residence, smoking, and poor households are the influencing factors of hyperhomocys- teinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia is significantly associated with hyperuricemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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43. An artificial intelligence-based bone age assessment model for Han and Tibetan children.
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Qixing Liu, Huogen Wang, Cidan Wangjiu, Tudan Awang, Meijie Yang, Puqiong Qiongda, Xiao Yang, Hui Pan, and Fengdan Wang
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ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,ARTIFICIAL bones ,TIBETANS ,AGE ,HEALTH facilities - Abstract
Background: Manual bone age assessment (BAA) is associated with longer interpretation time and higher cost and variability, thus posing challenges in areas with restricted medical facilities, such as the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) for automating BAA could facilitate resolving this issue. This study aimed to develop an AI-based BAA model for Han and Tibetan children. Methods: A model named "EVG-BANet" was trained using three datasets, including the Radiology Society of North America (RSNA) dataset (training set n = 12611, validation set n = 1425, and test set n = 200), the Radiological Hand Pose Estimation (RHPE) dataset (training set n = 5491, validation set n = 713, and test set n = 79), and a self-established local dataset [training set n = 825 and test set n = 351 (Han n = 216 and Tibetan n = 135)]. An open-access state-of-the-art model BoNet was used for comparison. The accuracy and generalizability of the two models were evaluated using the abovementioned three test sets and an external test set (n = 256, all were Tibetan). Mean absolute difference (MAD) and accuracy within 1 year were used as indicators. Bias was evaluated by comparing the MAD between the demographic groups. Results: EVG-BANet outperformed BoNet in the MAD on the RHPE test set (0.52 vs. 0.63 years, p < 0.001), the local test set (0.47 vs. 0.62 years, p < 0.001), and the external test set (0.53 vs. 0.66 years, p < 0.001) and exhibited a comparable MAD on the RSNA test set (0.34 vs. 0.35 years, p = 0.934). EVG-BANet achieved accuracy within 1 year of 97.7% on the local test set (BoNet 90%, p < 0.001) and 89.5% on the external test set (BoNet 85.5%, p = 0.066). EVG-BANet showed no bias in the local test set but exhibited a bias related to chronological age in the external test set. Conclusion: EVG-BANet can accurately predict the bone age (BA) for both Han children and Tibetan children living in the Tibetan Plateau with limited healthcare facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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44. Metabolomics reveals altered metabolites in cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension in Tibetan population
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Yanting Ye, Chao Xia, Hong Hu, Shihang Tang, and Hui Huan
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Tibetan ,liver cirrhosis ,portal hypertension ,metabolomics ,biomarkers ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
BackgroundPortal hypertension (PHT) presents a challenging issue of liver cirrhosis. This study aims to identify novel biomarkers for severe PHT (SPHT) and explore the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PHT progression.MethodsTwenty-three Tibetan cirrhotic patients who underwent hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement were included. Eleven patients had an HVPG between 5 mmHg and 15 mmHg (MPHT), while 12 had an HVPG ≥16 mmHg (SPHT). Peripheral sera were analyzed using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer for metabolomic assessment. An additional 14 patients were recruited for validation of metabolites.ResultsSeven hundred forty-five metabolites were detected and significant differences in metabolomics between MPHT and SPHT patients were observed. Employing a threshold of p 1, 153 differential metabolites were identified. A significant number of these metabolites were lipids and lipid-like molecules. Pisumionoside and N-decanoylglycine (N-DG) exhibited the highest area under the curve (AUC) values (0.947 and 0.9091, respectively). Additional differential metabolites with AUC >0.8 included 6-(4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid, sphinganine 1-phosphate, 4-hydroxytriazolam, 4,5-dihydroorotic acid, 6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-acetamide, 7alpha-(thiomethyl)spironolactone, 6-deoxohomodolichosterone, glutaminylisoleucine, taurocholic acid 3-sulfate, and Phe Ser. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay further confirmed elevated levels of sphinganine 1-phosphate, N-DG, and serotonin in SPHT patients. Significant disruptions in linoleic acid, amino acid, sphingolipid metabolisms, and the citrate cycle were observed in SPHT patients.ConclusionPisumionoside and N-DG are identified as promising biomarkers for SPHT. The progression of PHT may be associated with disturbances in lipid, linoleic acid, and amino acid metabolisms, as well as alterations in the citrate cycle.
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- 2024
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45. Sex-biased regulatory changes in the placenta of native highlanders contribute to adaptive fetal development
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Tian Yue, Yongbo Guo, Xuebin Qi, Wangshan Zheng, Hui Zhang, Bin Wang, Kai Liu, Bin Zhou, Xuerui Zeng, Ouzhuluobu, Yaoxi He, and Bing Su
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high altitude ,placenta ,gene expression ,genetic adaptation ,Tibetan ,sex bias ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Compared with lowlander migrants, native Tibetans have a higher reproductive success at high altitude though the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we compared the transcriptome and histology of full-term placentas between native Tibetans and Han migrants. We found that the placental trophoblast shows the largest expression divergence between Tibetans and Han, and Tibetans show decreased immune response and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Remarkably, we detected a sex-biased expression divergence, where the male-infant placentas show a greater between-population difference than the female-infant placentas. The umbilical cord plays a key role in the sex-biased expression divergence, which is associated with the higher birth weight of the male newborns of Tibetans. We also identified adaptive histological changes in the male-infant placentas of Tibetans, including larger umbilical artery wall and umbilical artery intima and media, and fewer syncytial knots. These findings provide valuable insights into the sex-biased adaptation of human populations, with significant implications for medical and genetic studies of human reproduction.
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- 2024
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46. Variants of SLC39A4 cause acrodermatitis enteropathica in Tibetan, Yi, and Han families in Sichuan region of southwestern China: a case report series
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Zhongtao Li and Sheng Wang
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acrodermatitis enteropathica ,normal serum zinc ,pustule ,Tibetan ,SLC39A4 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE, OMIM 201100) is a rare autosomal recessive dermatosis characterized by periorificial dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, and hypozincaemia due to pathogenic variants of SLC39A4. Herein, we present a case series describing four unrelated patients with AE from Han, Yi, and Tibetan ethnicities in Sichuan region of southwestern China, speculate the hotspot variants of SLC39A4 causing AE in Sichuan region and highlight physicians should be alerted to unusual presentations of AE, such as the absence of hypozincaemia and the presence of acne-like lesions. Serum alkaline phosphatase and genetic testing should be considered to accurately evaluate the zinc deficiency in human body and help make the correct diagnosis.
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- 2024
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47. Tibetans exhibit lower hemoglobin concentration and decreased heart response to hypoxia during poikilocapnia at intermediate altitude relative to Han Chinese
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E. A. Moya, J. J. Yu, S. Brown, W. Gu, E. S. Lawrence, R. Carlson, A. Brandes, W. Wegeng, K. Amann, S. E. McIntosh, F. L. Powell, and T. S. Simonson
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high altitude ,Tibetan ,heart rate ,hemoglobin ,control of breathing ,Physiology ,QP1-981 - Abstract
BackgroundHigh-altitude populations exhibit distinct cellular, respiratory, and cardiovascular phenotypes, some of which provide adaptive advantages to hypoxic conditions compared to populations with sea-level ancestry. Studies performed in populations with a history of high-altitude residence, such as Tibetans, support the idea that many of these phenotypes may be shaped by genomic features that have been positively selected for throughout generations. We hypothesize that such traits observed in Tibetans at high altitude also occur in Tibetans living at intermediate altitude, even in the absence of severe sustained hypoxia.MethodologyWe studied individuals of high-altitude ancestry (Tibetans, n = 17 females; n = 12 males) and sea-level ancestry (Han Chinese, n = 6 females; n = 10 males), both who had been living at ∼1300 m (∼4327 ft) for at least 18 months. We measured hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), and hypoxic heart rate response (HHRR) with end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) held constant (isocapnia) or allowed to decrease with hypoxic hyperventilation (poikilocapnia). We also quantified the contribution of CO2 on ventilation and heart rate by calculating the differences of isocapnic versus poikilocapnic hypoxic conditions (Δ V˙I/ΔPetCO2 and ΔHR/ΔPetCO2, respectively).ResultsMale Tibetans had lower [Hb] compared to Han Chinese males (p < 0.05), consistent with reports for individuals from these populations living at high altitude and sea level. Measurements of ventilation (resting ventilation, HVR, and PetCO2) were similar for both groups. Heart rate responses to hypoxia were similar in both groups during isocapnia; however, HHRR in poikilocapnia was reduced in the Tibetan group (p < 0.03), and the heart rate response to CO2 in hypoxia was lower in Tibetans relative to Han Chinese (p < 0.01).ConclusionThese results suggest that Tibetans living at intermediate altitude have blunted cardiac responses in the context of hypoxia. Hence, only some of the phenotypes observed in Tibetans living at high altitude are observed in Tibetans living at intermediate altitude. Whereas blunted cardiac responses to hypoxia is revealed at intermediate altitudes, manifestation of other physiological adaptations to high altitude may require exposure to more severe levels of hypoxia.
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- 2024
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48. Prevalence, associated factors, and gene polymorphisms of obesity in Tibetan adults in Qinghai, China
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Ye Wang, Li Pan, Huijing He, Zhanquan Li, Sen Cui, Airong Yang, Wenfang Li, Guoqiang Jia, Ximing Han, Xianghua Wang, and Guangliang Shan
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Tibetan ,Obesity ,Prevalence ,Genetic epidemiology ,Environmental factors ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Objectives To explore the prevalence and associated factors of obesity in Tibetan adults in Qinghai, China, and to determine the association between the FTO (rs1121980 and rs17817449) and MC4R gene (rs17782313 and rs12970134) polymorphisms with obesity. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 in Qinghai to selected Tibetan adults aged 20 to 80 years. Prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI 24 ~ 27.9 kg/m2) were evaluated. Multivariable logistic models were used to determine the associated factors. Pair-matched subjects of obesity cases and normal-weight controls were selected for the gene polymorphism analyses. Conditional logistic models were used to assess the association between gene polymorphisms with obesity. Additive and multiplicative gene-environment interactions were tested. Results A total of 1741 Tibetan adults were enrolled. The age- and sex- standardized prevalence of obesity and overweight was 18.09% and 31.71%, respectively. Male sex, older age, heavy level of leisure-time exercise, current smoke, and heavy level of occupational physical activity were associated with both obesity and overweight. MC4R gene polymorphisms were associated with obesity in Tibetan adults. No significant gene-environment interaction was detected. Conclusion The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Tibetan adults was high. Both environmental and genetic factors contributed to the obesity prevalent.
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- 2024
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49. Prevalence, associated factors, and gene polymorphisms of obesity in Tibetan adults in Qinghai, China.
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Wang, Ye, Pan, Li, He, Huijing, Li, Zhanquan, Cui, Sen, Yang, Airong, Li, Wenfang, Jia, Guoqiang, Han, Ximing, Wang, Xianghua, and Shan, Guangliang
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GENETIC polymorphisms , *TIBETANS , *OBESITY , *GENOTYPE-environment interaction , *ADULTS - Abstract
Objectives: To explore the prevalence and associated factors of obesity in Tibetan adults in Qinghai, China, and to determine the association between the FTO (rs1121980 and rs17817449) and MC4R gene (rs17782313 and rs12970134) polymorphisms with obesity. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 in Qinghai to selected Tibetan adults aged 20 to 80 years. Prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI 24 ~ 27.9 kg/m2) were evaluated. Multivariable logistic models were used to determine the associated factors. Pair-matched subjects of obesity cases and normal-weight controls were selected for the gene polymorphism analyses. Conditional logistic models were used to assess the association between gene polymorphisms with obesity. Additive and multiplicative gene-environment interactions were tested. Results: A total of 1741 Tibetan adults were enrolled. The age- and sex- standardized prevalence of obesity and overweight was 18.09% and 31.71%, respectively. Male sex, older age, heavy level of leisure-time exercise, current smoke, and heavy level of occupational physical activity were associated with both obesity and overweight. MC4R gene polymorphisms were associated with obesity in Tibetan adults. No significant gene-environment interaction was detected. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Tibetan adults was high. Both environmental and genetic factors contributed to the obesity prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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50. Translating Social Items From the Tibetan Epic “King Gesar” Into English: What a Corpus-Based Analysis Reveals and How It Can Help.
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Yuqiao Zhou, Halim, Hazlina Abdul, Ujum, Diana Abu, and Ling Yann Wong
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TIBETANS ,SOCIAL perception ,MINORITIES ,INFORMATION sharing - Abstract
The Ge Sa-er (also known as Gesar) saga has been handed down for above 1000 years by Tibetan Chinese, Mongolian Chinese, the Tu and the Naxi, describing a heroic story in present-day Kangba Tibetan area. This article analyse the English translation of social discourse in the Ge Sa-er version retold by Alai (2009). Due to different knowledge shared by source and target readers, it is difficult to represent the source social meaning in the English translation. Aiming to resolve the translation problems revealed by social cognition, this article uses statistical methods together with corpus to conduct stylistic analyses on Ge Sa-er Wang (Alai, 2009). An unexpected finding of this research is that the data from statistical methods can better predict the translation difficulties of Ge Sa-er Wang than the data from corpus. Based on the stylistic features of Ge Sa-er Wang, we propose a social discourse translation model for Chinese ethnic minority literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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