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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Study Aim. Explosive power is an important element of fitness levels, with fast muscle contractions being required in most physical activities. Study implements and verifies the effects of ballistic exercises with medicine balls of various weights on upper body explosive strength for non-sporting university students. Material and Methods. The study involved 184 male and 143 female undergraduate students, all 21 years old. These students had no medical contraindications to participating in the activities required by the physical education program. The development of upper body explosive strength was conducted using ballistic exercises, specifically various types of medicine ball throws, over one academic year. The evaluation comprised six tests: Overhand Ball Throw, Overhead Medicine Ball Throw-forward, Overhead Medicine Ball Throw-backward, Medicine Ball Chest Throw, Shot Put - Track and Field, and 30 s Plyometric Push-Ups. These tests were scheduled at three different times during the academic year: October, December, and May. Results. The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements indicate F values associated with statistically significant thresholds (p < 0.05). In contrast, partial eta squared (η²p) values demonstrate a stronger effect of ballistic exercise application for the male group. Significant improvements in results were observed for both genders from one test to another. The differences were notably larger between the test conducted before the winter holiday (December) and the test at the end of the second semester (May) compared to those between the test at the beginning of the academic year (October) and the one before the winter holiday (December). This pattern indicates a clear improvement in muscle strength in the second semester (January-May). The only test where high percentages of men, and especially women, encountered problems was the 30-second Plyometric Push-Ups. In the final tests, 10% of males and 40% of females scored zero. Conclusions. Ballistic exercises based on various medicine ball throws prove to be an attractive and effective solution to improve upper body muscle strength for non-sporting university students. The application of these exercises can significantly enhance physical education programs by providing clear benefits in terms of strength development. This is particularly evident in environments aimed at general student populations rather than athletes. Furthermore, while the exercises are broadly beneficial, they may require modifications to address the challenges some students face.

Featured Application: The test can be used safely and under training-room conditions to comprehensively assess the level of preparation in terms of the special fitness and performance of BJJ athletes. It is recommended that the SBJJFT-TZ test be used in other grappling combat sports disciplines where judogi is used. Background: There is a consensus among combat sports researchers regarding the important role of evaluating the comprehensive special fitness and performance of athletes. This is due to the specific structure of tasks performed in these sports as they require a comprehensive and integrated function of broadly understood physical fitness. The present study aimed to develop and check the Special Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Fitness Test: Takedown Zone (SBJJFT-TZ), Gi formula's reliability. The major task of this sport-specific tool is to illustrate the comprehensive special fitness and performance of professional Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. Methods: The study covered 27 BJJ athletes (age in years: 25.36 ± 2.99; height: 175.04 ± 5.70 cm; weight: 76.56 ± 8.59 kg; BMI: 24.96 ± 2.30; 6.33 ± 2.51 years of training) with a high sports skill level. A coaches' ranking of the athletes studied according to sports achievement was developed. An experimental approach to the problem was employed, with the SBJJFT-TZ assessment, including throws and specialized locomotion, performed on two dates (seven days apart). The test parameters were recorded and, using a specialized formula, an index showing comprehensive special fitness was calculated. To verify the test's validity and reliability, using statistical procedures, the results were comparatively analyzed (Student's t-test for the dependent variables), and the relationships between rankings were examined (Pearson's r linear correlation). The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The analyses showed statistically significant relationships with very high strength between coach ranking and SBJJFT-TZ parameters for both dates (R = 0.73–0.88; p < 0.001). A similar trend of significant correlations was noted between the first and second SBJJFT-TZ dates (R = 0.96–0.98; p < 0.001), and the strength of the coexistence was almost complete. The test-retest procedure for SBJJFT-TZ showed similar levels for the parameters studied, without significant variation (p > 0.05) but with a weak effect profile (d = 0.03–0.06). Internal variation in the variables was very low (HR CV < 10%) and moderate (Throws and Index CV = 20.82–32.25%). Significantly different throwing performance between sets was shown, with an advantage in the first round of work compared to the second, and a moderate effect (p < 0.05; d = 0.38–0.39). Conclusions: The identification of relationships, the comparison, and the test-retest procedure showed the high application value of SBJJFT-TZ. The proposed tool provides a reliable cross-sectional evaluation of BJJ athletes' special fitness and performance in the stand-up fighting plane, as well as at the moment of achieving an advantage over the opponent, and favors implementation in field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a consensus among combat sports researchers regarding the important role of evaluating the comprehensive special fitness and performance of athletes. This is due to the specific structure of tasks performed in these sports as they require a comprehensive and integrated function of broadly understood physical fitness. The present study aimed to develop and check the Special Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Fitness Test: Takedown Zone (SBJJFT-TZ), Gi formula’s reliability. The major task of this sport-specific tool is to illustrate the comprehensive special fitness and performance of professional Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. Methods: The study covered 27 BJJ athletes (age in years: 25.36 ± 2.99; height: 175.04 ± 5.70 cm; weight: 76.56 ± 8.59 kg; BMI: 24.96 ± 2.30; 6.33 ± 2.51 years of training) with a high sports skill level. A coaches’ ranking of the athletes studied according to sports achievement was developed. An experimental approach to the problem was employed, with the SBJJFT-TZ assessment, including throws and specialized locomotion, performed on two dates (seven days apart). The test parameters were recorded and, using a specialized formula, an index showing comprehensive special fitness was calculated. To verify the test’s validity and reliability, using statistical procedures, the results were comparatively analyzed (Student’s t-test for the dependent variables), and the relationships between rankings were examined (Pearson’s r linear correlation). The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The analyses showed statistically significant relationships with very high strength between coach ranking and SBJJFT-TZ parameters for both dates (R = 0.73–0.88; p < 0.001). A similar trend of significant correlations was noted between the first and second SBJJFT-TZ dates (R = 0.96–0.98; p < 0.001), and the strength of the coexistence was almost complete. The test-retest procedure for SBJJFT-TZ showed similar levels for the parameters studied, without significant variation (p > 0.05) but with a weak effect profile (d = 0.03–0.06). Internal variation in the variables was very low (HR CV < 10%) and moderate (Throws and Index CV = 20.82–32.25%). Significantly different throwing performance between sets was shown, with an advantage in the first round of work compared to the second, and a moderate effect (p < 0.05; d = 0.38–0.39). Conclusions: The identification of relationships, the comparison, and the test-retest procedure showed the high application value of SBJJFT-TZ. The proposed tool provides a reliable cross-sectional evaluation of BJJ athletes’ special fitness and performance in the stand-up fighting plane, as well as at the moment of achieving an advantage over the opponent, and favors implementation in field conditions.

The one of the main objectives of training of police cadets is to improve of combat technical skills. The aim of this study to improve of combat technical skills of male and female police cadets by means of specific coordination and balance training. Methods. The experimental group (male and female cadets) applied specific balance training in physical training during the academic year (September, 2021 -- June, 2022). This training included balance exercises with a BOSU ball and specific balance exercises of wrestlers and combat athletes. The control group no applied such exercises in physical training. Simply balance tests to vestibular and balance exam and test with 30 different throws to exam of combat technical skills of cadets were performed. Results. In some test cases, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) best values for male and female cadets, who applied specific balance training, were recorded. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in findings of Modified BASS balance test and in test with 30 different throws (quality) in favor of male cadets (experimental group), revealed. A significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in test findings as Flamingo balance test (sec), Modified BASS balance test and test with 30 throws (time and quality) in favor of female cadets (experimental group), were identified. Conclusion. Specific balance training takes a small-time amount in general physical training and allows you to significantly improve of dynamic balance performance and combat technical skills in police cadets. Were founded that balance training have a higher impact on balance performance and combat technical skills of female police cadets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to summarize coaching experience in improving throwing elements with a hoop for gymnasts 7-8 years old. Material and methods: the study involved one hundred twenty athletes 7-8 years old, training at the Rhythmic Gymnastics School of the city of Kharkov and the city of Szczecin. The level of possession of the throwing movements of the hoop was determined using characteristic motor tests and application video recordings. The assessment of the competitive exercise was carried out by the method expert assessments. The experts were coaches with a referee category in rhythmic gymnastics. The result was determined in accordance with the rules of the competition. The maximum score is 10.0 points. Results: the level of mastery of the basic throwing elements with a hoop was revealed for gymnasts of 7-8 years old, the method of error correction was substantiated. The gymnasts received the lowest marks in the following tests: “Throwing a hoop lying on the floor with a swing of the foot with rotation around the diametrical axis of the apparatus on a sideways turnover, catching a jump through the hoop ( - 6,2 points); «Throw from a spin in the lateral plane with the left hand» ( 7,0 points); «Throw with a swing of a horizontally located hoop, catching in the passage in a sideways flip» ( 7,5 points). Conclusions: the lowest results were obtained when performing the elements of «difficulties», «risks», «skill» and when performing throws with the left hand. The result for performing a competitive exercise with a hoop is 7,2 points. The repeated results of throwing actions with a hoop increased from 7% to 31% and ranged from 8,1 points to 9,5 points. For the performance of a competitive exercise with a hoop, the result increased by 18% and is 8,5 points.

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hammer throw is a discipline characterized by unique biomechanical features, which have often captured the interest of scientists and coaches in athletics. However, most studies have been published on technical journals for coaches and there are only few works on the biomechanical aspects of hammer throw in scientific literature. This narrative review provides a critical evaluation of the articles published in scientific and the most relevant technical journals with a particular focus on the biomechanical aspects that underlie the throwing technique and contribute to performance enhancement. The modern throwing technique has many elements in common with that used by the best throwers in the Eighties, underlying a limited development in the biomechanical understanding of throwing motion in recent years. This review analyses the ballistic and environmental aspects of the discipline as well as the motion of the center of mass of both the hammer and thrower. Furthermore, the orbital movement of the hammer and the forces involved in the throw are evaluated. This review emphasizes the kinematic and dynamic parameters that emerge as the most relevant to improve the throwing performance. Among these, linear release velocity appears to be a fundamental element. To maximize this variable, the athlete is required to accelerate the hammer by applying force. The curve of the time-tangential velocity of the hammer follows a trajectory very similar to that of the forces applied to the hammer-thrower system indicating a strong relationship between the two variables. The thrower uses the action of the leg muscles to gain momentum, which is then transferred to the hammer through the trunk and arm muscles, thus obtaining an increase of the linear release velocity. This review provides coaches with a critical analysis of the hammer throw technique, highlighting relevant factors for future development of training programmes. Our work reveals a substantial gap in the literature, particularly concerning the evaluation of fundamental key aspects of the throw such as the assessment of preliminary winds, the entry to the first turn and the definition of the rotation axes involved in the throw. A more in-depth analysis of these key elements is required to improve the understanding of the biomechanics of hammer throw.

Copyright of Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science & Sport is the property of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the ability of a student throws a softball game physical education student of Universitas Islam Riau 2016/2017. Data collection methods used in this research is to use the test and measurement techniques. The test instrument in this study using a bicep strength test (push-ups), eye-hand coordination test and a test throws. The population in this study were physical education students of Universitas Islam Riau 2016/2017 forces who took a course softball. While samples taken in this study are all students. The sampling technique in this study using total sampling technique. Data analysis methods used were descriptive statistics, statistics is aimed at collecting data, presenting data and determine the value. Further data were understanding as our discussion of the issues addressed by the standard refers to the ability tosses in a softball game. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded as follows: there is a link arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination to the results of throw inter-base student courses softball physical education students of Universitas Islam Riau 2016/2017 amounted to 12.46% with the count r = 0.353 and r 0.220 table while the excess of 87.54% influenced by other factors.

We approached the scheduled training as a learning method in our strategy through special programming command that prints a well‐defined and self‐regulating effect relationship between teaching and learning. The main element is the "program" at each stage of learning,which is marked and strengthened by underlining the correct answer, which gives the child the opportunity athlete / sportsperson to know from the beginning the result of his work. With regard to learning methods, we have operated with the following methods: the method of imitation, play method, the method of exercising, training scheduled. Regarding learning exercises used to throwing skills at this age, they were selected on the basis of accessibility, in line with the objectives of technical training. We used as forms of organizing training on value groups and pairs. We conclude that the age of 8‐10 years is developing motor skills, learning ability good motor, but the possibilities of securing new movements are reduced and, in these conditions, only repeating systematic and ongoing assessment, provided training scheduled integrate and stabilize the new structure, technical mechanism of athletic throws the child's motor repertoire.

Purpose: to define the efficiency of a game of the men's basketball team of high qualification with the use of personal defense. Material & Methods: games of the men's team of the Superleague "Khimik" of Yuzhnyi are considered. 3 seasons were researched: 2013/2014, 2014/2015, 2015/2016. Methods were used: analysis and synthesis of data of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical supervision, comparative analysis, methods of mathematical statistics. Results: the comparison of average values of number of technical and tactical actions in defense of the team “Khimik”(picking up, regrip) in three seasons is carried out. The analysis of losses of a ball in attack by teams – competitors of the team “Khimik”is carried out. The analysis of data of accuracy of throws against personal protection of the team “Khimik” is carried out. Conclusions: a defensive play of the team “Khimik” helps them to achieve the high purposes in the championship of Ukraine and the Cup of Ukraine, and also to show their skill on the European arena.

The purpose of this paper aims to present the basic mechanism of the technique that represents the logical sequence of motor actions, objectively necessary in order to make it effective. It should be understood as a system of factors (spatial, temporal, dynamic and energetic), that are in close correlation, which results in a higher efficiency motor action. We have presented in this paper the basic mechanism and the main link to the three throwing, according to the authors quoted. Each throw contains different technical elements within the basic mechanism. We synthesized the technical elements on each throw, javelin, disc and hammer.

Purpose: to determine the efficiency of game indicators of a male national picked team of Ukraine on the World Championship on basketball in 2014. Material and Methods: theoretical analysis of scientifically methodical literature, pedagogical observations, methods of mathematical statistics. Results: indicators of the efficiency of a game activity of basketball players in games of the World Championship of 2014 were studied. Game indicators of the Ukrainian team are analysed, the efficiency of individual actions of the leading basketball players of the world is considered. Conclusions: it is established that basketball players of Ukraine had a result below an average on all components of indicators of technical and tactical actions in attack and defense in games of the World Championship in 2014, except the efficiency of free throws where the accuracy of their performance was the highest in the group. It is revealed that the defender Eugene Jeter was the leader of the Ukrainian team in this championship.

Purpose: The purpose of the research was to determine basic technical skills (throws) in 17-19-year-old judokas and the level of their performance. Material: The study involved 30 judo athletes (aged 17-19). Results: To determine the athletes’ basic technical skills (throws), an analysis of source materials and a diagnostic survey were used. To determine the level of technical skills, the method of expert assessment was applied. Statistical software package Statistica 8 was used in the statistical analysis. In the coaches’ opinion, 17-19-year-old judokas have a specific, characteristic of this age group, set of basic technical skills (throws) aptly defining their technical preparation. Conclusions: The tested group of judokas exhibited the highest level of demonstrating throws of the koshi-waza (hip) group, and the lowest one of the ashi-waza (foot) group.

We approached the scheduled training as a learning method in our strategy through special programming command that prints a welldefined and self-regulating effect relationship between teaching and learning. The main element is the "program" at each stage of learning, which is marked and strengthened by underlining the correct answer, which gives the child the opportunity athlete / sportsperson to know from the beginning the result of his work. With regard to learning methods, we have operated with the following methods: the method of imitation, play method, the method of exercising, training scheduled. Regarding learning exercises used to throwing skills at this age, they were selected on the basis of accessibility, in line with the objectives of technical training. We used as forms of organizing training on value groups and pairs. We conclude that the age of 8-10 years is developing motor skills, learning ability good motor, but the possibilities of securing new movements are reduced and, in these conditions, only repeating systematic and ongoing assessment, provided training scheduled integrate and stabilize the new structure, technical mechanism of athletic throws the child's motor repertoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Apunts: Educació Física i Esports is the property of Institut Nacional d'Educacio Fisica de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The indexes of efficiency of playing activity of basketball-players of youth collapsible command of Ukraine were studied in the games of championship of European of 2012. Playing indexes are analysed 16 commands of division A in 70 games of championship, the individual indexes of leading basketball-players are considered. It is set that basketball-players on all of the tools of indexes technical tactical actions in an attack had a result above average, in defence their indexes were below middle. It is marked that on the average commands for meeting executed 60,5 attacks on a ring from a game with the percent of hit 36,8 % (for 61,3 point). The greatest percent of hits 41,5 % it was exposed at the command of Spain. The collapsible command of Ukraine on the average for a game collected 70,4 point. A percent of hit from the game of the Ukrainian basketball-players was 37,8 %. On championship on the average for the game of command 18,1 got a foul.

Copyright of Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science & Sport is the property of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are more than twenty different traditional wrestling arts that are practiced in today Iran. One of them which is practiced in the region of great Khorasan province is called kosti-ye ba cuxe (ba cuxe wrestling). This wrestling art is performed by wearing knee-length pants and a thick jacket and is famed for its powerful throws and leg trips. The following article deals with the history of ba cuxe wrestling and its fundamental techniques. First an introduction to this type of wrestling is given. Later the article describes the background and the regions of practice of ba cuxe wrestling. In the next section the rules and regulation of ba cuxe matches are provided. Then, based on the available literature on the topic and also on fieldwork, the article expands on the fundamental techniques in this traditional wrestling style.

The results of competition activity of leading masculine handball commands are considered on Olympiad-2012 on the basis of estimation of efficiency of throws on a gate. Protocols of games are studied. Viewing of the videotape recordings of matches and analysis of reports of complex scientific groups which worked on Olympiad is conducted. The results of estimation of efficiency of throws of ball on a gate, executed from different positions are got. It is set that for 8 conducted games olympic champions (France), executed 363 throws on a gate (on the average 45,38 throws for a game), hammered in 229 goal (28,63 goal for a game) and attained the greatest effectiveness - 63%. It is set that efficiency of throws of handball commands is expressly up-diffused in a descending order, in obedience to busy on Olympiad places. Directions the correction of the programs of preparation of skilled handballers and control of their implementation are offered for the collapsible command of Ukraine.

Copyright of Sport & Society / Sport si Societate is the property of Altius Academy Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science & Sport is the property of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gymnasium: Scientific Journal of Education, Sports & Health is the property of Alma Mater and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of competition activity of leading masculine handball commands are considered on Olympiad-2012 on the basis of estimation of efficiency of throws on a gate. Protocols of games are studied. Viewing of the videotape recordings of matches and analysis of reports of complex scientific groups which worked on Olympiad is conducted. The results of estimation of efficiency of throws of ball on a gate, executed from different positions are got. It is set that for 8 conducted games olympic champions (France), executed 363 throws on a gate (on the average 45,38 throws for a game), hammered in 229 goal (28,63 goal for a game) and attained the greatest effectiveness - 63%. It is set that efficiency of throws of handball commands is expressly up-diffused in a descending order, in obedience to busy on Olympiad places. Directions the correction of the programs of preparation of skilled handballers and control of their implementation are offered for the collapsible command of Ukraine.

There are more than twenty different traditional wrestling arts that are practiced in today Iran. One of them which is practiced in the region of great Khorasan province is called košti-ye bã cuxe (bã cuxe wrestling). This wrestling art is performed by wearing knee-length pants and a thick jacket and is famed for its powerful throws and leg trips. The following article deals with the history of bã cuxe wrestling and its fundamental techniques. First an introduction to this type of wrestling is given. Later the article describes the background and the regions of practice of bã cuxe wrestling. In the next section the rules and regulation of bã cuxe matches are provided. Then, based on the available literature on the topic and also on fieldwork, the article expands on the fundamental techniques in this traditional wrestling style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New scientific facts of the efficient biomechanical analysis and evaluation of indices of ball throwing and catching sports techniques kinematic structure are presented in the paper. The method of postural motion reference-points in phase structure of basic connecting moves of exercises - ball throwing and catching - (performed by gymnast O.P., the international class master as well as young gymnasts (n=20) of the stage of preliminary basic preparation) has allowed to single out the key elements of sports techniques: in the phase of preparatory motor actions - body launching posture, in the phase of major motor actions - multiplication of body postures, and in the phase of concluding motor actions - concluding body posture (landing to stop or transition). The above has permitted to objectively analyze sports techniques of exercises, reveal the causes of technical faults during formation of motor skill of ball throwing and catching, and determine perspectives of development of didactic algorithm of training and sports preparation. Methods. Theoretical analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodical literature and practical experience, usage of questionnaires for questioning coaches in rhythmic gymnastics, pedagogical observation, method of postural motion reference-points (V. N. Boloban, 1990), biomechanical video computer analysis of kinematic structure of ball throwing and catching sports techniques (BioVideo method - I. V. Khmelnitskaya, 2000), method of expert estimations, pedagogical experiment, mathematical statistics. Results. In phase structure of basic connecting moves of rhythmic gymnastics exercises: from 2-3 steps - ball throwing during kazachok jump execution - ball catching to roll over both arms and back while making rhythmical steps and: from 2-3 steps - ball throwing during jump followed by rear leg touching the head, thus forming the ring - ball catching to roll over both arms and back while making rhythmical steps, performed by top level female gymnast and her young colleagues, the key elements of sports techniques have been recorded. In phase of preparatory motor action - body launching posture; in that of major motor actions - multiplication of body posture; and in that of concluding motor actions - concluding body posture. Kinematic structure indices of basic connecting moves of ball exercises performed by gymnast O.P., international class master in rhythmic gymnastics have been estimated by experts as the results, which could serve as the sports technical landmarks for coaches and young female gymnasts of the preliminary basic preparation stage providing the development of new methods of training of ball throwing and catching. Discussion and conclusions. Results of studies are in agreement with data obtained by specialists in the field of training exercises of sports events of gymnastics. In particular, the authors [3,4,5,14,15] have demonstrated that preceding element of motion (or posture) performed correctly from technical point of view carries in itself the features (speed-strength, dexterous, spatial-and-temporal, amplitude, tempo-rhythmical, psychomotor) to the subsequent motion (posture). Therefore, exercises are performed without unnecessary motor reorganizations and technical faults are not accumulated in exercises. On that ground the method of postural motion reference-points has been used for biomechanical analysis and evaluation of ball throwing and catching, which allows to isolate and study the key elements of sports techniques in phase structure of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FiberWire is a popular suture in flexor tendon repair that allows for early mobilization, but its poor knot-holding properties have raised concerns over the potential effects on tendon healing and strength. We examined how the number of knot throws affects the 2 mm gap force, ultimate tensile strength, and mode of failure in a four-strand cruciate locked tendon repair in porcine flexor tendons in order to elucidate the optimal number of suture throws. There was no effect on the 2 mm gap force with increasing knot throws, but there was a significant increase in ultimate tensile strength. A minimum of six-knot throws prevents unravelling, whereas five out of 10 of repairs unravelled with less than six throws. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Science of Gymnastics Journal is the property of Science of Gymnastics Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of this study was to define the relationships between different kinds of muscle strength manifestations and technical skills (selected throwing techniques) in 17-19-year-old judoists. Material/Methods: Results of measurements taken in 2006-2008 at the Physical Effort Lab in the Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport were taken under consideration. 30 male judo athletes (17-19-year-old) participated in the study. They all were students of Comprehensive Sports School - with the judo profile and athletes representing clubs from Pomerania and Warmia-Masuria Provinces. An ergometric device "Concept 2 Dyno" was used in the measurements of isotonic strength and strength endurance. In the measurement of static strength an electronic dynamometer ERGO METER was used. To evaluate the level of technical skills (throws), the method of expert evaluation was used (coach evaluation). Results: Using regression analysis results, which revealed the most significant relationships between variables presented in percentage value, relation's topographies of particular types of muscle strength were created. They form an applicable, transparent and ready-to-use in training process form for coaches. They point to these elements of strength preparation on which the training process should be primarily focused and during measurement intervals as well. Conclusions: Interpretation and synthesis of the results showed relationships of 10 technical skills (throws) with muscle strength in 17-19-year-old judoists in three out of four types: isotonic strength, strength endurance and static strength. These skills were included in hand throws - 2, foot - 1, hip - 3 and sacrifice - 4. Jump force remained with no significant relationships. The results of this study can be used in the training process of 17-19-year-old judoists. Following technical skills (throws) were characterized: tai-otoshi, seoi-nage, kosoto-gari, uki-goshi, tsuri-goshi, ushiro-goshi, tani-otoshi, osoto-makikomi, yokootoshi, yoko-guruma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes participating in all levels of sport experience extraordinarily high levels of stress, expectations, and physical challenges. The throws event athlete in track and field should strive to achieve an optimal state of arousal and concentration during specific competitions. A strong body of research evaluating the qualities of the flow state in athletics and psychological skills training is present in sport psychology. A practical guide for coaches to apply psychological skills training in a periodized training plan is missing. The purpose of this article is to: 1) describe a periodized annual plan for mental skills training and 2) suggest a method to interject those skills into the competition day routine to achieve flow for the track and field thrower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The battery of control tests should cover, from the information point of view, the events' main factors (not only the motor ones) and it should be interpreted in a compensative way. To be relevant, the tests have to be correlated with the sports event. Aims. We aimed at verifying to what extent the control tests and norms that evaluate the discus, hammer, javelin and shot put throwers' strength, as stated by the Romanian Athletic Federation, correspond to the throwing events and if these events are relevant or useless for an efficient management of the training and competition levels. Methods. We extracted from the coaches' and the athletes' notebooks, as well as from the centralized data of the Romanian Athletic Federation, the top competition results and the control tests measuring the strength over a 3-year period (2004-2007), for the best Romanian male and female discus, hammer, javelin and shot put throwers, in different stages of the centralized training. We took into account the control tests made three weeks before the major competition. The results were graphically and analytically processed, by using statistical functions (the measurands' correlation, regression labeling). Results. Javelin throw: the snatch weightlifting test is significant for the predictive model; the up-and-down weightlifting test is not conclusive for the predictive model. Shot put: the up-and-down weightlifting test is conclusive. The closer the result to one's own record or even better, the greater the chance to get a good result in the competition to come; the prone pushing event shows that this control test is significantly correlated to the competition result and that it could be considered in the predictive calculation of the result in the following competition. Hammer throw: the correlation between the snatch weightlifting control test and the result in the proximal contest is significant at a 95% reliability threshold. A result demonstrating the significant increase in the snatch event provides a relatively great probability of getting a good result in the competition. Discus throw: the snatch weightlifting control test is adequate to the prediction, any significant increase providing better chances to get a good result in the proximal competition; the up-and-down event is not possible to be taken into consideration for a predictive model, but only for a model to diagnose the general physical training level. Conclusions. The significant tests are: snatch - for the javelin throw; ups-and-downs and prone pushing - for the shot put; snatch - for the discus throw; rowed pulls and snatch - for the hammer throw. The events with a very reduced power of prognosticating the competition results immediately after their application are: pushed at the neck - for the shot put; put on the chest, back kips, pushed ups-and-downs - for the hammer throw; ups-and-downs, prone pushing - for the discus throw. A series of events are correlated among them: snatch to put on the chest and back kips and backward shot put; ups-and-downs to shot put. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hammer throw is a discipline characterized by unique biomechanical features, which have often captured the interest of scientists and coaches in athletics. However, most studies have been published on technical journals for coaches and there are only few works on the biomechanical aspects of hammer throw in scientific literature. This narrative review provides a critical evaluation of the articles published in scientific and the most relevant technical journals with a particular focus on the biomechanical aspects that underlie the throwing technique and contribute to performance enhancement. The modern throwing technique has many elements in common with that used by the best throwers in the Eighties, underlying a limited development in the biomechanical understanding of throwing motion in recent years. This review analyses the ballistic and environmental aspects of the discipline as well as the motion of the center of mass of both the hammer and thrower. Furthermore, the orbital movement of the hammer and the forces involved in the throw are evaluated. This review emphasizes the kinematic and dynamic parameters that emerge as the most relevant to improve the throwing performance. Among these, linear release velocity appears to be a fundamental element. To maximize this variable, the athlete is required to accelerate the hammer by applying force. The curve of the time-tangential velocity of the hammer follows a trajectory very similar to that of the forces applied to the hammer-thrower system indicating a strong relationship between the two variables. The thrower uses the action of the leg muscles to gain momentum, which is then transferred to the hammer through the trunk and arm muscles, thus obtaining an increase of the linear release velocity. This review provides coaches with a critical analysis of the hammer throw technique, highlighting relevant factors for future development of training programmes. Our work reveals a substantial gap in the literature, particularly concerning the evaluation of fundamental key aspects of the throw such as the assessment of preliminary winds, the entry to the first turn and the definition of the rotation axes involved in the throw. A more in-depth analysis of these key elements is required to improve the understanding of the biomechanics of hammer throw., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Castaldi, Borzuola, Camomilla, Bergamini, Vannozzi and Macaluso.)

Objective: The study was undertaken to test the integrity of nonidentical sliding knots made with 3 throws compared with those made with 6 throws with monofilament and braided absorbable suture. Study design: The 3 throw nonidentical sliding knot was compared with the 6 throw nonidentical sliding knot in 4 different suture groups. The groups were 0-0 polydioxanone, 2-0 polydioxanone, 0-0 polyglactin 910, and 2-0 polyglactin 910. Knots were tested to failure with a tensiometer. The proportion of 3 throw knots becoming untied was compared with the 6 throw knot within each group. Ultimate load required to break tied knots within each suture group was also evaluated. Results: The 3 throw knots had very high rates of knot failure and untied significantly more often than the 6 throw knots. Conclusion: The 6 throw nonidentical sliding knot demonstrates superior knot integrity compared with the 3 throw knot with both monofilament and braided absorbable suture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]