Search

As the Rural Revitalization Strategy continues to progress, there is an increasing demand for the digitization of rural houses, roads, and roadside trees. Given the characteristics of rural areas, such as narrow roads, high building density, and low-rise buildings, the precise and automated generation of outdoor floor plans and 3D models for rural areas is the core research issue of this paper. The specific research content is as follows: Using the point cloud data of the outer walls of rural houses collected by backpack LiDAR as the data source, this paper proposes an algorithm for drawing outdoor floor plans based on the topological relationship of sliced and rasterized wall point clouds. This algorithm aims to meet the needs of periodically updating large-scale rural house floor plans. By comparing the coordinates of house corner points measured with RTK, it is verified that the floor plans drawn by this algorithm can meet the accuracy requirements of 1:1000 topographic maps. Additionally, based on the generated outdoor floor plans, this paper proposes an algorithm for quickly generating outdoor 3D models of rural houses using the height information of wall point clouds. This algorithm can quickly generate outdoor 3D models of rural houses by longitudinally stretching the floor plans, meeting the requirements for 3D models in spatial analyses such as lighting and inundation. By measuring the distance from the wall point clouds to the 3D models and conducting statistical analysis, results show that the distances are concentrated between −0.1 m and 0.1 m. The 3D model generated by the method proposed in this paper can be used as one of the basic data for real 3D construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research on obstacle avoidance path planning methods for power inspection robots has problems such as poor obstacle avoidance ability and poor inspection effectiveness. Therefore, a planning method for obstacle avoidance path of power inspection robots is proposed. By utilizing motion relationships and the potential field theorem of robot motion, a three-dimensional model of the power inspection robot's route is established to determine the direction of the robot's route when obtaining action tasks. The fuzzy support vector algorithm is used to plan obstacle avoidance paths for the initialized walking path, making the inspection robot intelligent. The experimental results show that the average success rates for avoiding static and dynamic obstacles are 98.37% and 96.12%, respectively. The average time for obstacle avoidance path planning is 1.56 seconds, and it has fast, efficient, and accurate obstacle avoidance and path planning capabilities, which can improve the robot's obstacle avoidance ability and path planning efficiency for dynamic and static obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Static 3-dimensional (3D) printing became attractive for operative planning in cases that involve difficult anatomy. An interactive (low cost, fast) 3D print allowing deliberate surgical practice can be used to improve interventional simulation and planning. Background: Endovascular treatment of complex aortic aneurysms is technically challenging, especially in case of narrow aortic lumen or significant aortic angulation (hostile anatomy). The risk of complications such as graft kinking and target vessel occlusion is difficult to assess based solely on traditional software measuring methods and remain highly dependent on surgeon skills and expertise. Methods: A patient with juxtarenal AAA with hostile anatomy had a 3-dimensional printed model constructed preoperatively according to computed tomography images. Endovascular graft implantation in the 3D printed aorta with a standard T-Branch Cook (Cook® Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) was performed preoperatively in the simulation laboratory enabling optimized feasibility, surgical planning and intraoperative decision making. Results: The 3D printed aortic model proved to be radio-opaque and allowed simulation of branched endovascular aortic repair (BREVAR). The assessment of intervention feasibility, as well as optimal branch position and orientation was found to be useful for surgeon confidence and the actual intervention in the patient. There was a remarkable agreement between the 3D printed model and both CT and X-ray angiographic images. Although the technical success was achieved as planned, a previously deployed renal stent caused unexpected difficulty in advancing the renal stent, which was not observed in the 3D model simulation. Conclusion: The 3D printed aortic models can be useful for determining feasibility, optimizing planning and intraoperative decision making in hostile anatomy improving the outcome. Despite already offering satisfying accuracy at present, further advancements could enhance the 3D model capability to replicate minor anatomical deformities and variations in tissue density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing speed of high-speed trains, the grounding system faces new challenges. When the relative motion between the train and the track occurs, the phenomenon of ground backflow will be intensified, resulting in the rise of train body potential, the abnormity or even damage of bearing and ground carbon brush, insulation joint, on-board sensors and other problems. In view of the existing problems of grounding reflux and train body potential of high-speed trains and the failure of twodimensional model of high-speed train grounding system to simulate and analyze the potential of the left and right sides of the same axle based on radial parameters, it is necessary to conduct a more perfect three-dimensional modeling of the integrated grounding system of high-speed trains. In order to suppress the grounding current and reduce the potential of the vehicle body, optimized analysis of the grounding mode and grounding parameters of the grounding system is conducted. In this paper, based on the measured data and theoretical analysis of the impedance and inductance parameters of the train body as well as the actual size parameters of the train body by the RCL tester, the three-dimensional circuit model of the integrated grounding system of the high-speed train is completed respectively from the aspects of traction transformer, overhead contact line, on-board transformer of high-speed train, high-voltage cable and train body under the premise of fully considering all the influencing factors. At the same time, combined with the dynamic grounding reflux test of the train passing under the on-line condition and the static overvoltage test of the high-speed train raising the pantograph and closing the VCB, the simulation results are compared with the measured results to verify the reliability of the three-dimensional model. Finally, based on the threedimensional simulation model, the radial parameters of the docking system and the three-dimensional distribution of the protection grounding and working grounding are optimized. After optimization, the ground current flowing through the protection grounding of the train is reduced to different degrees, and the distribution becomes more uniform. Meanwhile, the potential of the train body is maintained within the safety limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluctuations in the extent of the dry area have profound implications for the delta's ecology, sediment transport, and overall geomorphological development. This study aims to elucidate the effects of various factors, including storms and cold fronts, as well as river discharge, on the dry area of the Wax Lake Delta (WLD), US. Utilizing the Delft3D hydrodynamic model, a series of simulations covering from August to September 2021 was performed to quantify these influences. The model was calibrated and validated using measured water level data, ensuring the reliability of the simulations. Results indicate that the average dry area of the WLD for September 2021 is approximately 25.1 km², which largely depends on meteorological forces and river discharge. Specifically, extreme storms have the potential to submerge the delta, resulting in prolonged periods of inundation. Moreover, the passage of a cold front can lead to a submersion of up to 48% of the delta's area during the pre-frontal phase, followed by an 80% increase in the dry area in the subsequent post-frontal phase, illustrating the transient but significant impact of such events. The study also determines that river discharge has an inverse relationship with the dry area of the delta; an increase in discharge corresponds to a decrease in the dry area, and conversely, a decrease in discharge leads to an expansion of the dry area. The insights gained from this research underscore the importance of integrating meteorological and hydrological data in the management and conservation strategies of deltaic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) are attracting growing interest as a green hydrogen production technology. Unlike proton exchange membrane (PEM) systems, AEMWEs operate in an alkaline environment, allowing one to use less expensive, non-noble materials as catalysts for the reactions and non-fluorinated anion exchange polymer membranes. However, the performance and stability of AEMWEs strongly depend on the alkaline electrolyte concentration. In this work, a three-dimensional multi-physics model considering two-phase flow effects is applied to understand the impact of KOH electrolyte concentration and its flow rate on AEMWE performance, as well as on the current and gas volume fraction distributions. The numerical results were compared to experimental data published in the literature. For current densities above 1 A/cm2, a strongly non-uniform H2 and O2 gas volume distribution could be evidenced by the 3D simulations. Increasing the KOH electrolyte flow rate from 10 to 100 mL/min noticeably improves cell performance for current densities above 1 A/cm2. These results show the importance of accounting for the three-dimensional geometry of an AEMWE and two-phase flow effects to accurately describe its operation and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the recovery rate of tight glutenite horizontal wells in the Baikouquan Formation in Mahu Sag, geological models were constructed through three aspects: structural modeling, lithofacies modeling, and attribute modeling; through rock mechanics parameters, in-situ stress direction, and vertical direction. Stress, pore fluid pressure, maximum horizontal principal stress, minimum horizontal principal stress to construct a one-dimensional in-situ stress model, combined with imaging logging wellbore wall caving and induced fractures to determine the in-situ stress direction to simulate the three-dimensional stress direction in the study area, using finite element method to simulate and The objective function fits and inverses the distribution of the three-dimensional in-situ stress field. Finally, comprehensive reservoir parameter characteristics and engineering parameter characteristics are used to predict the "sweet spot" of the study area. The results show that there are three types of sweet spots in the glutenite in the Mahu Depression: Type I sweet spots are good reservoirs with good oil content, high oil well production, and good reservoir engineering compressibility; Type II sweet spots are followed by oiliness and oil well production; Type III The sweet reservoirs have just reached the lower limit of the oil layer standard, mainly poor oil layers. The research results provide a reference for the development of Baikouquan tight glutenite in Mahu Sag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma bubbles represent notable ionospheric irregularities primarily observed in low latitudes, characterized by plasma depletions exhibiting large spatial scales, which can make a significant impact on the propagation of OTHR (over-the-horizon radar) waves. Firstly, we constructed a three-dimensional model of plasma bubbles, which is modulated by Gaussian function distribution in the horizontal direction, and then we analyzed the impact of EPBs (Equatorial Plasma Bubbles) on the ray path of OTHR shortwaves. When radio waves propagate through EPBs with different RMS ΔN/N, there is a significant difference in the propagation path of OTHR waves. For the EPB with an RMS ΔN/N of 75%, radio waves exhibit more pronounced refraction than those with lower RMS values, the focusing effect of radio waves is more obvious, and the focusing point is relatively lower. In terms of different seasons, OTHR shortwaves propagating through EPBs exhibit different degrees of refraction. In addition, radio waves show the effect of inward focusing in different seasons: the focusing effect is the most pronounced in spring, followed by autumn, then summer, and the weakest in winter. For different solar activities, the impact of EPBs on OTHR shortwaves is more significant in the high-solar-activity year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a non-stationary enhanced swing angle suppression control strategy is proposed to address the issue of excessive swinging angles during the transportation process of a three-dimensional overhead crane. Firstly, in response to the substantial non-stationary initial swing angle resulting from the abrupt increase in driving force during the startup of the overhead crane, we have devised a time-varying damping resistance model. This model is specifically designed to curtail the rapid force surge, subsequently diminishing the swing angle of the payload. Secondly, during the transport phase of the overhead crane, we have established an augmented coupling signal between the displacement tracking error and the payload swing angle tracking error. Drawing upon the principles of energy dissipation, we have devised a nonlinear sway controller. Next, the closed-loop stability of the control system is validated through the use of Lyapunov's method and the LaSalle invariance principle. Finally, the proposed control strategy's effectiveness has been substantiated through simulation analysis and physical experiments. This approach not only proves capable of effectively suppressing excessive payload swing angles during the transportation process of the overhead crane but also facilitates the rapid and precise positioning of the payload. This significantly enhances the efficiency of the overhead crane's transport operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ael is known to be one of the weakest A subgroups and can be identified through either the adsorption-elution technique or molecular analysis. Single nucleotide variation in the ABO gene can potentially disrupt the function of ABO glycosyltransferase, resulting in decreased ABO antigen expression. Case Presentation: We reported 1 case of the missense SNV c.1024A>C in the ABO*A1.02 allele was associated with an Ael phenotype. The proband was a 19-year-old male Chinese Han blood donor who was initially stereotyped as type B. Based on the findings from absorption elution, genotype tests, and a family investigation, both the proband and his mother were classified as the AelB phenotype. An uncommon allele was detected in both the proband and his mother, differing by a single nucleotide at position 1,024 from A to C (c.1024A>C) when compared to the ABO*A1.02 allele. The c.1024A>C SNV induces an amino acid substitution, specifically p.Thr342Pro, which consequently leads to the loss of two sheets (p214–p216, p340–p344) in the wild-type A glycosyltransferase (GTA) 3D structure. The removal of these two sheets, situated at the protein’s core, implies the occurrence of an interaction within this domain that affects the stability of the protein structure. Conclusion: AelB is prone to misidentification as type B, and the accurate determination of blood type can be achieved through the integration of the adsorption-elution technique and molecular analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death and the second most prevalent cancer worldwide. Recent improvements in radiological technologies enable the early detection of lung cancer. A minimally invasive approach has become a standard therapy for early-stage lung cancer, and therefore, the need for preoperative and intraoperative simulations has increased. Software evolution has broadened the possibilities of three-dimensional (3D) reformatting of computed tomography (CT), resulting in the wide use of 3D CT images in thoracic surgery. However, several issues need to be resolved for future improvement in current 3D CT imaging, such as the necessity of contrast-enhanced CT, the limitation of describing small branches of pulmonary vessels, and the static images not coping with surgical or deflated deformation. This narrative review summarizes the current situation and concerns of 3D CT imaging and its history and explores novel strategies to solve these issues. Radiologic reconstruction technology allows the wide use of three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images in thoracic surgery. A minimally invasive surgery has become one of the standard therapies in thoracic surgery, and therefore, the need for preoperative and intraoperative simulations has increased. Three-dimensional CT images have been extensively used, and various types of software have been developed to reconstruct 3D-CT images for surgical simulation worldwide. Several software types have been commercialized and widely used by not only radiologists and technicians, but also thoracic surgeons. Three-dimensional CT images are helpful surgical guides; however, in almost all cases, they provide only static images, different from the intraoperative views. Lungs are soft and variable organs that can easily change shape by intraoperative inflation/deflation and surgical procedures. To address this issue, we have developed a novel software called the Resection Process Map (RPM), which creates variable virtual 3D images. Herein, we introduce the RPM and its development by tracking the history of 3D CT imaging in thoracic surgery. The RPM could help develop a real-time and accurate surgical navigation system for thoracic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software package Delft3D, supplemented by an ice module, was used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model of thermal processes in the Novosibirsk Reservoir. The results of calculations for 1981 were used to analyze the thermal and ice regime of the reservoir in the annual cycle. The calculated water temperatures were compared with observation data and averaged over the surface, bottom, and middle layers of characteristic regions of the reservoir. The model can be used as a basis for simulating environmental processes and making managerial decisions for optimizing the use of reservoir water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: To assess femoral shaft bowing (FSB) in coronal and sagittal planes and introduce the clinical implications of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by analyzing a three-dimensional (3D) model with virtual implantation of the femoral component. Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight patients (average age: 69.1 years) underwent 3D model reconstruction of medullary canals using computed tomography (CT) data imported into Mimics® software (version 21.0). A mechanical axis (MA) line was drawn from the midportion of the femoral head to the center of the intercondylar notch. Proximal/distal straight centerlines (length, 60 mm; diameter, 1 mm) were placed in the medullary canal's center. Acute angles between these centerlines were measured to assess lateral and anterior bowing. The acute angle between the distal centerline and MA line was measured for distal coronal and sagittal alignment in both anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views. The diameter of curve (DOC) along the posterior border of the medulla was measured. Results: The mean lateral bowing in the AP view was 3.71°, and the mean anterior bowing in the lateral view was 11.82°. The average DOC of the medullary canal was 1501.68 mm. The average distal coronal alignment of all femurs was 6.40°, while the distal sagittal alignment was 2.66°. Overall, 22 femurs had coronal bowing, 42 had sagittal bowing, and 15 had both. Conclusions: In Asian populations, FSB can occur in coronal, sagittal, or both planes. Increased anterolateral FSB may lead to cortical abutment in the sagittal plane, despite limited space in the coronal plane. During TKA, distal coronal alignment guides the distal femoral valgus cut angle, whereas distal sagittal alignment aids in predicting femoral component positioning to avoid anterior notching. However, osteotomies along the anterior cortical bone intended to prevent notching may result in outliers due to differences between the distal sagittal alignment and the distal anterior cortical axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a three-dimensional model has been developed in COMSOL Multiphysics software for numerical simulation to assess the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance across various parameters. The results of the simulation and the data from experiments correspond closely when the values of the temperature, the thicknesses of the electrode layer and the membrane are 453.15K, 50e-6m and 100e-6m, respectively. Polarization curves at different cell temperatures, operating pressures, different porosities of gas diffusion layer, membrane conductivities, membrane thicknesses and porous electrode thicknesses are examined. The obtained results indicate that the fuel cell performance decreases when the cell runs at temperatures from 393.15K to 453.15K. Moreover, it is found that the cell performance is improved when the gas diffusion layer porosity increases from 0.1 to 0.6. Furthermore, the investigation of the fuel cell thickness membrane effect shows that a thinner membrane of 25e-6m gives the best performance. The simulation using the present developed model can be useful for optimization of the cell design and the operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To evaluate whether the urinary continence (UC) recovery after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) relates to the membranous urethral length (MUL) and the membranous urethral complex volume (MUV). Materials and methods 120 patients who underwent RARP were enrolled according to the different times of UC recovery and examined using prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery. The membranous urethral (MU) parameters were measured using the three-Dimensional (3D) model reconstructed by holographic technology, such as total MUV (tMUV), exposed MUV (eMUV), full MUL (fMUL) and exposed MUL (eMUL). Statistical software SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the data and compare the MU parameters and baseline data in different groups. Results Patients with larger tMUV (p = 0.038), eMUV (p = 0.003), longer fMUL (p = 0.025), eMUL (p = 0.044) had better UC after removal of the catheter, and eMUV (OR = 1.002, 95%CI = 1.001–1.004, p = 0.004) was a predictor; the patients with younger age (p = 0.021), lower VPSS score (p = 0.004) and larger eMUV (p = 0.012) and longer eMUL (p = 0.049) had better UC recovery one month after RARP while eMUV (OR = 1.002, 95% CI = 1.000–1.003, p = 0.008) and VPSS score (OR = 0.886, 95% CI = 0.806–0.973, p = 0.011) were independent risk factors; The patients with younger age (p = 0.018), larger tMUV (p = 0.029), eMUV (p = 0.016) had better UC recovery three months after RARP. eMUV (OR = 1.002, 95% CI = 1.000–1.004, p = 0.042) and age (OR = 0.904, 95% CI = 0.818–0.998, p = 0.046) were independent risk factors. Conclusion This clinical study shows that patients with larger MUV and longer MUL can return to UC earlier after surgery. Among that, eMUV is a better predictor.

The performance of the Plate Indirect Evaporative Cooler (PIEC) can be effectively improved by incorporating baffles in the dry channel. However, in the dimensional influence of the baffles on PIEC performance there remains a research gap. In order to investigate the impact of baffle dimensions on the wet bulb efficiency, namely the average heat transfer coefficient and the cooling capacity of the PIEC, this paper proposed and verified a three-dimensional numerical model and method based on the species transport model and the Euler wall film model. At the same time, in order to obtain the equilibrium point between the enhanced heat transfer performance and the additional resistance induced by baffles, a comprehensive performance evaluation index is introduced. The results indicate that, under the same conditions, (1) the baffle effect on PIEC performance is significant at a lower inlet air velocity, and the wet bulb efficiency of the PIEC with baffles can be improved by 22.8%; (2) the baffle effect on PIEC performance is negative if its relative length exceeds 60% or the primary air inlet velocity surpasses 4 m/s under the conditions specified in this paper; and (3) the baffle effect on PIEC performance is significant when its channel height is lower and its channel width is larger, and the wet bulb efficiency of the PIEC with baffles can be improved by 29.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The flow characteristics of vertical slot fishways at different slopes (1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%) were systematically studied. • The turbulence and energy dissipation in a fishway increase with increasing slope. • The distribution of vorticity shows little variability with increasing slope but may interfere with the passage of fish through the vertical slot. • An increase in water depth has no significant effect on the flow characteristics in the pool. The effects of a vertical slot fishway slope (with slope values from 1.5% to 6%) on a flow field are numerically investigated, using a re-normalization group k – ε model. The distribution of the velocity, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), average energy dissipation rate per unit volume (E), and vorticity for different slopes are systemically explored. The results indicate that, with an increase in slope, the appearance of downward flow in conjunction with an increase in vertical velocity results in three-dimensional flow characteristics. The recirculation region in H s , at a 6.0% slope, was 20.9% less than that at a 1.5% slope. Meanwhile, the flow velocity in the vertical slot region grew with increasing slope, which would limit the passage of fish with burst speed lower than the velocity in the vertical slot region. The TKE and E may locally exceed the threshold at larger slopes. Furthermore, vorticity distribution shows little variability with increasing slope, but may interfere with the equilibrium of the fish in the vertical slot region. In addition, the change in water level has little effect on the flow field, which is changed by the increase in slope. These findings can aid vertical slot fishway designs especially in terms of the efficiency of fish passage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent integration of new virtual visualization modalities with artificial intelligence and high-speed internet connection has opened the door to the advent of the metaverse in medicine. In this totally virtual environment, three-dimensional virtual models (3DVMs) of the patient's anatomy can be visualized and discussed via digital avatars. Here we present for the first time a metaverse preoperative clinical case discussion before minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. The surgeons' digital avatars met in a virtual room and participated in a virtual consultation on the surgical strategy and clamping approach before the procedure. Robotic or laparoscopic procedures are then carried out according to the simulated surgical strategy. We demonstrate how this immersive virtual reality experience overcomes the barriers of distance and how the quality of surgical planning is enriched by a great sense of "being there", even if virtually. Further investigation will improve the quality of interaction with the models and among the avatars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Variation in architectural traits related to the spatial and angular distribution of leaf area can have considerable impacts on canopy-scale fluxes contributing to water-use efficiency (WUE). These architectural traits are frequent targets for crop improvement and for improving the understanding and predictions of net ecosystem carbon and water fluxes. Methods A three-dimensional, leaf-resolving model along with a range of virtually generated hypothetical canopies were used to quantify interactions between canopy structure and WUE by examining its response to variation of leaf inclination independent of leaf azimuth, canopy heterogeneity, vegetation density and physiological parameters. Key Results Overall, increasing leaf area index (LAI), increasing the daily-averaged fraction of leaf area projected in the sun direction (G avg) via the leaf inclination or azimuth distribution and increasing homogeneity had a similar effect on canopy-scale daily fluxes contributing to WUE. Increasing any of these parameters tended to increase daily light interception, increase daily net photosynthesis at low LAI and decrease it at high LAI, increase daily transpiration and decrease WUE. Isolated spherical crowns could decrease photosynthesis by ~60 % but increase daily WUE ≤130 % relative to a homogeneous canopy with equivalent leaf area density. There was no observed optimum in daily canopy WUE as LAI, leaf angle distribution or heterogeneity was varied. However, when the canopy was dense, a more vertical leaf angle distribution could increase both photosynthesis and WUE simultaneously. Conclusions Variation in leaf angle and density distributions can have a substantial impact on canopy-level carbon and water fluxes, with potential trade-offs between the two. These traits might therefore be viable target traits for increasing or maintaining crop productivity while using less water, and for improvement of simplified models. Increasing canopy density or decreasing canopy heterogeneity increases the impact of leaf angle on WUE and its dependent processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate whether the urinary continence (UC) recovery after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) relates to the membranous urethral length (MUL) and the membranous urethral complex volume (MUV). Materials and methods: 120 patients who underwent RARP were enrolled according to the different times of UC recovery and examined using prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery. The membranous urethral (MU) parameters were measured using the three-Dimensional (3D) model reconstructed by holographic technology, such as total MUV (tMUV), exposed MUV (eMUV), full MUL (fMUL) and exposed MUL (eMUL). Statistical software SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the data and compare the MU parameters and baseline data in different groups. Results: Patients with larger tMUV (p = 0.038), eMUV (p = 0.003), longer fMUL (p = 0.025), eMUL (p = 0.044) had better UC after removal of the catheter, and eMUV (OR = 1.002, 95%CI = 1.001–1.004, p = 0.004) was a predictor; the patients with younger age (p = 0.021), lower VPSS score (p = 0.004) and larger eMUV (p = 0.012) and longer eMUL (p = 0.049) had better UC recovery one month after RARP while eMUV (OR = 1.002, 95% CI = 1.000–1.003, p = 0.008) and VPSS score (OR = 0.886, 95% CI = 0.806–0.973, p = 0.011) were independent risk factors; The patients with younger age (p = 0.018), larger tMUV (p = 0.029), eMUV (p = 0.016) had better UC recovery three months after RARP. eMUV (OR = 1.002, 95% CI = 1.000–1.004, p = 0.042) and age (OR = 0.904, 95% CI = 0.818–0.998, p = 0.046) were independent risk factors. Conclusion: This clinical study shows that patients with larger MUV and longer MUL can return to UC earlier after surgery. Among that, eMUV is a better predictor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) program was prioritized as a disaster reduction technology within the annual target of BRIN in 2022. It is a part of the North Java Coastal Integrated Development Program project. A coastal reservoir development plan at the Cisadane River estuary is one of the outcomes. In this case, hydrodynamic modelling is needed to acquire hydrodynamic properties under the existing condition of Cisadane downstream, and it applied the Delft3D-FLOW model. The bathymetric data used in this simulation was obtained from the assimilation of national bathymetric data with a grid spacing of 180 m and field survey data with a horizontal resolution of 10 m and transect spacing of 200 m seaward of the Cisadane estuary. It has interpolated in a regular structured grid with 100 m and 50 m grid spacing. In addition, other data used are three hourly wind data downloaded from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the daily discharge of the Cisadane River in 2021. Astronomical water level data generated from TPXO 7.2 and TPXO 8 were used in the boundary conditions. These data are simulated using the two and three-dimensional flow model Delft3DFLOW during November 1 - 15, 2021, using four manning coefficients (n) values, which are 0.03; 0.035; 0.04; and 0.045. The validation formulation used Normalization Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), resulting in 5.3 - 9.6% for all the manning values and domains. The highest correlation coefficient of current velocity (u-v components) is acquired in the 10 km² domain with 0.797 for the L3 (bottom layer). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of buildings using photogrammetric point clouds is important for many applications, ranging from digital city construction to urban energy consumption analysis. However, problems such as building complexity and point cloud flaws may lead to incorrect modeling, which will affect subsequent steps such as texture mapping. This paper introduces a pipeline for building surface reconstruction from photogrammetric point clouds, employing a hybrid method that combines connection evaluation and framework optimization. Firstly, the plane segmentation method divides building point clouds into several pieces, which is complemented by a proposed candidate plane generation method aimed at removing redundancies and merging similarities. Secondly, the improved connection evaluation method detects potential skeleton lines from different planes. Subsequently, a framework optimization method is introduced to select suitable undirected polygonal boundaries from planes, forming the basis for plane primitives. Finally, by triangulating all plane primitives and filling holes, a building surface polygonal model is generated. Experiments conducted on various building examples provide both qualitative and quantitative evidence that the proposed hybrid method outperforms many existing methods, including traditional methods and deep learning methods. Notably, the proposed method successfully reconstructs the main building structures and intricate details, which can be further used to generate textural models and semantic models. Experimental results validate that the proposed method can be used for the surface reconstruction from photogrammetric point clouds of planar buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective communication of imaging findings in term hypoxic ischemic injury to family members, non-radiologist colleagues and members of the legal profession can be extremely challenging through text-based radiology reports. Utilization of three-dimensional (D) printed models, where the actual findings of the brain can be communicated via tactile perception, is a potential solution which has not yet been tested in practice. We aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of different groups, comprising trained radiologists, non-radiologist physicians and non-physicians, in the detection of gross disease of the cerebral cortex from 3-D printed brain models derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of children. Ten MRI scans in children of varying ages with either watershed pattern hypoxic ischemic injury (cortical injury) or basal-ganglia-thalamus hypoxic ischemic injury pattern with limited perirolandic cortical abnormalities and 2 normal MRI scans were post processed and 3-D printed. In total, 71 participants reviewed the 12 models and were required to indicate only the brain models that they felt were abnormal (with a moderate to high degree of degree of confidence). The 71 participants included in the study were 38 laypeople (54%), 17 radiographic technologists (24%), 6 nurses (8%), 5 general radiologists (7%), 4 non-radiologist physicians— 3 pediatricians and 1 neurologist (6%) and 1 emergency medical services staff (1%). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting the abnormal brains of the 71 participants were calculated. Radiologists showed the highest sensitivity (72%) and specificity (70%). Non-radiologist physicians had a sensitivity of 67.5% and a specificity of 75%. Nurses had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 41.7%. Laypeople (non-medical trained) had a sensitivity of 56.1% and a specificity of 55.3%. Radiologists' high sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 70%, respectively, validates the accuracy of the 3-D-printed models in reproducing abnormalities from MRI scans. The non-radiologist physicians also had a high sensitivity and specificity. Laypeople, without any prior training or guidance in looking at the models, had a sensitivity of 56.1% and a specificity of 55.3%. These results show the potential for use of the 3-D printed brains as an alternate form of communication for conveying the pathological findings of hypoxic ischemic injury of the brain to laypeople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study creates a three-dimensional surface spline (3DSS) model of mainland China based on surface and CHAMP satellite observations. Through this model, the magnetic field analyses of domestic plateau (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 28°N–38°N, 78°E–102°E), plain (middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Plain 27°N–34°N, 111°E–122°E), and marine (parts of the East and South China Seas 16°N–30°N, 123°E–136°E) areas have been investigated. Single models of plateau and plain have also been created. To compare and verify results, the corresponding two-dimensional (2DTY) and three-dimensional (3DTY) Taylor polynomial models have been derived. Issues such as the removal of disturbing geomagnetic fields, the data gap between surface and satellite level, and boundary effect are all seriously considered. With an aim to evaluate the resulting model, some randomly selected points are not join the modeling, by which we thereby inspected the results in terms of residuals, change rate absolutes, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Results show that except component Y, the change rate absolutes of other components are less than 1% both in domestic and single models, which means that the modeling result of 3DSS is better than the other two models. Plateau and plain 3DSS models reflect the fine distribution of the magnetic field after comparison with domestic distribution. The 3DSS model fits the plateau best, followed by the plain, while the worst fit is in the marine area. This means that the modeling precision depends mainly on the number and distribution of measuring points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tottori Sand Dunes, located along Japan's Sanin Coast, are a UNESCO Global Geopark and a popular tourist attraction with millions of annual visitors. Monitoring of environmental conditions including sand movement is needed for the protection and utilization of the dunes. The objectives of this paper were (i) accuracy evaluation of aerial photogrammetry using three UAVs (Un- manned Aerial Vehicles: Drones) and two types of structure from motion (SfM) software and (ii) sand movement analysis in the dunes using the best results. For each flight, about 1800 vertical photographs (side overlap: 60%, and top-bottom overlap: 80%) were taken at altitudes of approximately 100 m above ground level using three UAVs for a 1500 km² area of the dunes. The obtained images were processed using two SfM software, PhotoScan Professional (currently Metashpae: Agisoft) and Pix4Dmapper (Pix4D), for building 3D models. The position data of survey piles in the dunes were used as the GCP (ground control point) setting for image processing and model evaluation. The results revealed that the accuracy of the models was significantly affected by the difference in the SfM software but was not greatly influenced by the difference in UAVs. The models generated from PhotoScan generally curved and had larger errors at the center parts and around the edges of the models (average RMSE=1.74 m), while the models generated from Pix4D-mapper had smaller errors throughout the entire areas (average RMSE-0.38 m). From the comparison of the models obtained from Pix4Dmapper, the characteristics of sand movement such as the movement of the ridge line towards the inland area, were elucidated in the dunes from 2016 to 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for information technology in tunnel construction continues to increase, geological three-dimensional visualization methods have become the forefront of tunnel construction research. This paper analyzes the requirements and main issues faced in three-dimensional modeling for tunnel engineering. To meet the high precision and high timeliness requirements of geological modeling in tunnel engineering, this study establishes a rapid three-dimensional reconstruction method for tunnel engineering models based on geological feature points and line data. Line data is used to construct the model boundaries, while point data is utilized for internal geological description through local Kriging interpolation. The adoption of a unified data format effectively improves the modeling speed. This modeling method integrates advanced geological prediction data, significantly enhancing the model's accuracy. Through the three-dimensional geological model, the geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face are analyzed. The information presented in the three-dimensional geological model is validated through drilling verification and found to be accurate. Subsequently, based on the information obtained from the three-dimensional geological model, the tunnel construction scheme is optimized. Additional localized radial grouting measures are supplemented on the basis of continuous advance peripheral grouting. As a result, tunnel safety construction is achieved by reducing the high geological risk length, thereby shortening the construction period. The approach presented in this paper can be widely applied in relevant tunnels and underground engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion -Multi View Stereo) photogrammetry is a cost-effective and versatile technique used, among other applications, for the three-dimensional (3D) modelling of archaeological heritage sites and artistic objects. Traditional photogrammetry primarily derives the calibration parameters of the camera and the exterior orientation variables from ground control points (GCPs), obtained by means of a GPS, and tie points (TPs). The SfM-MVS approach simultaneously computes both the relative projection geometry and a set of sparse 3D points. However, when these techniques must be used with difficult-to-reach objects, the process is very complex and implies the use of expensive pieces of equipment. For these reasons, this study develops a new procedure to obtain 3D scale models using of a low-cost Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). To achieve good dimensional accuracy, a scaling tool has been designed which can be carried by the aircraft and deployed on the top of object. By means of this tool it is possible to determine the object actual size, scale the 3D model and then verify the operability and quality of the measurements obtained. The new method has been validated by comparing point clouds and distances. The results showed an error of less than 1 mm in almost 90% of the point cloud and a mean relative error of 1.49%. The procedure is therefore simple, effective and allows the use of SfM-MVS photogrammetry techniques indoors or outdoors on objects, which due to their complex location, it is impossible to use scaling references and their reconstruction is only feasible with sophisticated and expensive technical means.

As the Rural Revitalization Strategy continues to progress, there is an increasing demand for the digitization of rural houses, roads, and roadside trees. Given the characteristics of rural areas, such as narrow roads, high building density, and low-rise buildings, the precise and automated generation of outdoor floor plans and 3D models for rural areas is the core research issue of this paper. The specific research content is as follows: Using the point cloud data of the outer walls of rural houses collected by backpack LiDAR as the data source, this paper proposes an algorithm for drawing outdoor floor plans based on the topological relationship of sliced and rasterized wall point clouds. This algorithm aims to meet the needs of periodically updating large-scale rural house floor plans. By comparing the coordinates of house corner points measured with RTK, it is verified that the floor plans drawn by this algorithm can meet the accuracy requirements of 1:1000 topographic maps. Additionally, based on the generated outdoor floor plans, this paper proposes an algorithm for quickly generating outdoor 3D models of rural houses using the height information of wall point clouds. This algorithm can quickly generate outdoor 3D models of rural houses by longitudinally stretching the floor plans, meeting the requirements for 3D models in spatial analyses such as lighting and inundation. By measuring the distance from the wall point clouds to the 3D models and conducting statistical analysis, results show that the distances are concentrated between −0.1 m and 0.1 m. The 3D model generated by the method proposed in this paper can be used as one of the basic data for real 3D construction.

How to effectively predict the distribution law of remaining oil resources is an important work to increase the oil field production potential of old wells. Taking the Chang 2 Member of the Tiebiancheng area, Jiyuan oilfield, northwestern Ordos Basin as an example, the remaining oil distribution characteristics of the main reservoir were systematically studied using core, thin section, electron microscope, physical properties and numerical simulation methods. The study shows that the Chang 21 3-2 and Chang 21 3-3 layers are the main oil-producing formations with average thicknesses of 12. 2 m and 11. 1 m, respectively. The main oil-producing layers have the porosity range between 12% and 18% and the permeability of less than 8 mD. According to the principle of facies control, the physical property model and fluid model of the main production layers are established. Furthermore, the reservoir numerical simulation was carried out using the ECLIPSE Software. The historical fitting results show that all the production indexes are in good agreement with the actural data, and the simulation results are reliable. The numerical simulation results show that the remaining oil distribution is affected by sand body boundary, physical property difference and injection-production relationship. However, due to the difference of reservoir properties, the effect of water injection is not uniform, resulting in local remaining oil enrichment. The remaining oil is mainly distributed at the boundary of the sand body. There is no well pattern control in these areas, so the degree of water flooding is low and the remaining oil is rich in these areas. As for the areas on both sides of the high permeability zone between injection and production wells, the oil well is flooded quickly and the oil well production decreases rapidly because the injected water breaks out along the high permeability zone between injection and production wells. At the same time, due to the small affected area and uneven water flooding, the areas on both sides of the hyperpermeability zone did not get effective water flooding, forming the remaining oil-rich area. Therefore, the remaining oil accumulation is obviously controlled by microfacies, physical properties, water injection and well pattern factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a simplified shallow three-dimensional shear wave velocity (Vs) model is presented for the Mexico City Basin. To this end, previous studies were carefully reviewed to assemble a database of Vs and site period measurements for the region. The new site period measurements obtained at the western edge of the Basin were compared to the existing 2004 Complementary Technical Standards of Mexico site period nominal map, (NTC, 2004) the Lermo et al. (2020) site period map, and Design Seismic Actions System (SASID), 2020 site period predictions. Each site period prediction method was shown to have differences with respect to the new measurements along the western edge of the Basin. However, there was no bias for the prediction methods with the Lermo et al. (2020) and SASID predictions, demonstrating less error between the measured values than the NTC (2004) predictions. To develop the three-dimensional Vs model, the shallow (top 60 m) subsurface was divided into five generalized soil layers. The site period was used as the only input for the three-dimensional Vs model to simplify and maximize the model's applicability. The performance of the model was assessed by comparing the measured and predicted Vs profiles. Overall, the three-dimensional Vs model developed in this study is a valuable tool that can be used along with geophysical estimates of deeper structure for ground motion modeling and preliminary site response studies along with other benefits to the seismic resiliency of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order Chiroptera (bats) is the second largest group of mammals. One of the essential adaptations that have allowed bats to dominate the night skies is laryngeal echolocation, where bats emit ultrasonic pulses and listen to the returned echo to produce high-resolution 'images' of their surroundings. There are two possible scenarios for the evolutionary origin of laryngeal echolocation in bats: (1) a single origin in a common ancestor followed by the secondary loss in Pteropodidae, or (2) two convergent origins in Rhinolophoidea and Yangochiroptera. Although data from palaeontological, anatomical, developmental and genomic studies of auditory apparatuses exist, they remain inconclusive concerning the evolutionary origin of bat laryngeal echolocation. Here we compared musculoskeletal morphogenesis of the larynx in several chiropteran lineages and found distinct laryngeal modifications in two echolocating lineages, rhinolophoids and yangochiropterans. Our findings support the second scenario that rhinolophoids and yangochiropterans convergently evolved advanced laryngeal echolocation through anatomical modifications of the larynx for ultrasonic sound generation and refinement of the auditory apparatuses for more detailed sound perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), the flow channel design influences the gas distribution, mass transfer, temperature distribution, and electrochemical properties significantly. This study evaluates the overall performance of SOECs with rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and semicircular flow channels and examines the effect of the geometry of the flow channel cross-section on the electrolysis process, gas flow, and material distribution. The trapezoidal flow channel shows the best electrochemical performance, but requires a high power and high pressure drop; the triangular flow channel has the most uniform gas velocity and distribution; and the semicircular flow channel shows the maximum gas velocity. The trapezoidal shape is found to be the optimal shape. Sensitivity analysis of the SOEC with the trapezoidal flow channel indicates that increasing the operating temperature improves the electrochemical performance, and reducing the inlet gas's steam volume fraction increases the gas conversion rate and decreases the electrolysis voltage. • SOEC performances with different flow channel geometries are studied. • Sensitivity analysis of SOEC with the trapezoidal flow channel is evaluated. • The trapezoidal flow channel has the best electrochemical performance. • The triangular flow channel has the most uniform gas velocity and distribution. • The maximum gas velocity of 15.24 m·s−1 is found in the semicircular flow channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landslide dynamics model is one of the methods for evaluating landslide motion processes, contributing to disaster prevention and mitigation. With the advancement of science and technology, GIS has become the mainstream platform for landslide simulation. However, the three-dimensional movement of landslides is intricate, leading to a lack of methods for three-dimensional landslide numerical simulation on GIS platforms. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional, two-phase landslide dynamics model. Through the proposed solution, three-dimensional modeling and numerical simulation of landslides can be achieved on GIS platforms. Simultaneously, drawing inspiration from the SPH kernel functions, we visualize the results of the three-dimensional model on the GIS platform. Simulation of the Yigong landslide demonstrates that our solution can realize three-dimensional landslide simulation on the GIS platform. Our model adeptly captures numerous details in the landslide motion process. However, constrained by the inherent limitations of the three-dimensional model, the model results are susceptible to numerical oscillations and diffusion, with the accuracy of the model being controlled by grid partitioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of current situation of insufficient research on the theme of environmental carrying capacity of karst caves, Sanjiao Cave in Jiuxiang, Yiliang, Yunnan is taken as an example to obtain karst cave point cloud data through terrestrial laser scanning and establishes a fine three-dimensional model. According to the requirements of tourism cave planning and designing, the initial model is cut and extracted by using the height of safe water level in study area, and the lower model of safe water level is removed to obtain the tourism cave space model and accurately calculate the size of tourists' sightseeing space. On this basis, considering various cave environmental influencing factors such as CO2 concentration, heat, light and river, the traditional ecological environment capacity method is improved, and the mathematical model of karst cave environmental carrying capacity based on three-dimensional model is established to calculate the maximum environmental carrying capacity of undeveloped caves, so as to better guide the development and design of karst caves. Compared with the traditional calculation method, it is found that heat is the most limiting factor of environmental carrying capacity of cave tourism. At the same time, according to the calculation results, the maximum difference in instantaneous bearing capacity is 19 146 people, and the maximum difference in daily bearing capacity is 123 189 people. The calculation results are more scientific and reasonable, more in line with the actual situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-dimensional (3D) fully-coupled fluid-structure model has been developed in this study to calculate the impact force of tsunamis on a flexible structure considering fluid-structure interactions. The propagation of a tsunami is simulated by solving the 3D Navier–Stokes equations using a finite volume method with the volume-of-fluid technique. The structure motion under the tsunami impact force is simulated by solving the motion equation using the generalized alpha method. The structure motion is fed back into the fluid solver via a technique that combines a sharp-interface immersed boundary method with the cut-cell method. The flow model predicts accurate impact forces of dam-break flows on rigid blocks in three experimental cases. The fully coupled 3D flow-structure model is tested with experiments on a large-scale (1:5) model bridge under nonbreaking and breaking solitary waves. The simulated wave propagation and structure restoring forces generally agree well with the measured data. Then, the fully-coupled fluid-structure model is compared with an uncoupled model and applied to assess the effect of flexibility on structure responses to tsunami loading, showing that the restoring force highly depends on the dynamic characteristics of the structure and the feedback coupling between fluid and structure. The maximum hydrodynamic and restoring forces decrease with increasing structure flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For science communication purposes, we projected three-dimensional (3D) models of radiolarians, obtained through X-ray micro-CT for scientific research, onto a planetarium dome. The represented models possessed a high 3D feeling that enabled easy recognition of radiolarian morphology. Radiolaria have a high affinity with fulldome projection owing to their scale, form, and historical background. We organized a project to promote radiolaria projection as planetarium content in more planetariums. This project would promote the use of planetariums as a visualization and expression medium for 3D data produced in scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air is the property of Brawijaya University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the effects of zigzag-flow channel bending angle in printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) using a computational fluid dynamics method with ANSYS-FLUENT simulation. The three-dimensional model of PCHE with a 15° curved, zigzag channel was conducted for preliminary validation. The comparisons between the CFD simulation results and the experimental data showed good agreement with some discrepancies in the heat transfer and pressure drop results. In addition, different bending angle configurations (0°, 3° to 30°) of zigzag channels were analyzed to obtain better thermal-hydraulic performance of the zigzag channel PCHE under different inlet mass flow rates. The criteria of heat transfer and frictional factor were applied to evaluate the thermal-hydraulic performance of the PCHE. The results showed that the 6° and 9° bending channel provided good thermal-hydraulic performance. New correlations were developed using the 6° and 9° bending channel angles in PCHE designs to predict the Nusselt number and friction factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rigid particle models based on the discrete element method (DEM) have been adopted to model creep, fracture, and the viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt mixtures considering an irregular micro-structure and particle contacts. Within a DEM framework, the Burgers contact model, which is known to have a narrow frequency and temperature range, is usually adopted to model viscoelastic properties. In this study, a new explicit three-dimensional generalised Kelvin (GK) contact model formulation for the DEM model is proposed for asphalt materials. The model is implemented following two different methodologies (GK $_1$ 1 and GK $_2$ 2 ). The models are validated in uniaxial tension-compression sinusoidal tests for predicting the dynamic modulus ($\vert E^{\ast }\vert$ | E ∗ |) and phase angle (ϕ) of these composites at a frequency range of 1–10 Hz at $20\, ^{\circ }$ 20 ∘ C. Four mixtures are investigated based on the modelling of their mastic. The influence of the GK contact parameters on the dynamic response of mastics is assessed. Results show that $\kappa _m$ κ m has an important influence on both rheological properties and that $\eta _m$ η m can be used for small adjustments focussing on the predicted phase angle. Moreover, it is shown that a viscoelastic contact model should be adopted to simulate aggregate-to-mastic contacts in mixtures. As expected, the response obtained for both GK models is the same but the simulations with the GK $_1$ 1 are 14% faster. In addition, the response predicted with the proposed GK contact model is compared with the response predicted with a Burgers contact model. The DEM predictions obtained for the GK model are more accurate. For mastics, the average errors for $\vert E^{\ast }\vert$ | E ∗ | and ϕ when adopting the GK model (Burgers) are 2.40% (3.46%) and 3.64% (4.17%), respectively. For mixtures, the average errors for $\vert E^{\ast }\vert$ | E ∗ | for the GK model (Burgers) are 7.00% (7.92%). The proposed contact model greatly enhances the DEM ability to simulate the viscoelasticity of asphalt materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of tumor immunotherapies poses challenges for the tools used in cancer immunology research, highlighting the need for highly effective biomarkers and reproducible experimental models. Current immunotherapy biomarkers encompass surface protein markers such as PD‐L1, genetic features such as microsatellite instability, tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes, and biomarkers in liquid biopsy such as circulating tumor DNAs. Experimental models, ranging from 3D in vitro cultures (spheroids, submerged models, air–liquid interface models, organ‐on‐a‐chips) to advanced 3D bioprinting techniques, have emerged as valuable platforms for cancer immunology investigations and immunotherapy biomarker research. By preserving native immune components or coculturing with exogenous immune cells, these models replicate the tumor microenvironment in vitro. Animal models like syngeneic models, genetically engineered models, and patient‐derived xenografts provide opportunities to study in vivo tumor‐immune interactions. Humanized animal models further enable the simulation of the human‐specific tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages, limitations, and prospects of different biomarkers and experimental models, specifically focusing on the role of biomarkers in predicting immunotherapy outcomes and the ability of experimental models to replicate the tumor microenvironment. By integrating cutting‐edge biomarkers and experimental models, this review serves as a valuable resource for accessing the forefront of cancer immunology investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In shockwave experiments, the launch velocity of flyer is a crucial parameter for determining the physical quantities in sample under dynamic compression. Magnet velocity induction system is used to determine the velocity of flyer which can work under hypervelocity conditions. Based on finite element method, ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite module was used to establish a three-dimensional model and the launch process of flyer was simulated. The simulated results well reproduce the experimental signals. Comparing to the experimental results, the relative error of simulated amplitude of induced electromotive force (AIEMF) is 1.1%, lower than the system error of 2.0%. The relative error for flyer velocity determined by simulation is less than 0.4%, also lower than the measurement system error of 0.9%. The dependence of AIEMF with the thickness, radius, tilt angle, launch velocity of flyer and the diameter of pick-up coils is analyzed. The simulation result provides a reference for better signal acquisition in shockwave experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal wall of large mining height face in steeply dipping coal seam has large free height, wide free movement space and poor self-stabilization balance, coal wall is not an isolated body in the face, it can form a load-bearing structure with the surrounding rock, supports and other mediators, and the mining behavior is closely linked. The dip angle effect can easily promote the dissimilation of the coal wall bearing environment, complicate its response behavior, increase the difficulty of coal wall and surrounding rock stability control, and restrict the safe and efficient production of the face. In order to solve the problem of coal wall stability control of large mining height face in steeply dipping coal seam, theoretical analysis and numerical calculation are comprehensively used for research. The stress in the plastic zone of large mining height face in steeply dipping coal seam increases exponentially, there is an asymmetric arch residual stress influence zone in the vicinity of the coal wall, the plastic zone breadth is dissimilated in different regions, and the width from large to small is the upper, middle and lower part, and the distribution pattern is in the shape of stepped arch, coal in the plastic zone bears repeated pressure, and will be enhanced with the expansion of plastic zone. As the mining height increases, the residual abutment pressure near the coal wall decreases, the compressive strength, displacement value and disturbed range of the coal in front of the coal wall will increase. The stress and transport of the coal wall under the dip angle effect develop in a zonal manner, in which the stress distribution is lower> upper> middle, while for the displacement is middle> upper> lower. In addition, the working face inclination under the oblique angle will lead to the transformation of the coal wall instability mode, when the oblique angle is large, the dip angle of face is small, the compression component of abutment pressure is enhanced, and the external convex spalling mainly occurs. On the contrary, it’s the sliding instability under the coupling of mining stress and self weight. The comprehensive analysis shows that the coal wall mining behavior is regionally heterogeneous under the coupling effect of dip angle and mining height, and because the stress unloading and migration in the middle and upper part of the face are larger, therefore the two regions should be the key prevention and control areas for coal wall instability of large mining height face in steeply dipping panel.

Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) are attracting growing interest as a green hydrogen production technology. Unlike proton exchange membrane (PEM) systems, AEMWEs operate in an alkaline environment, allowing one to use less expensive, non-noble materials as catalysts for the reactions and non-fluorinated anion exchange polymer membranes. However, the performance and stability of AEMWEs strongly depend on the alkaline electrolyte concentration. In this work, a three-dimensional multi-physics model considering two-phase flow effects is applied to understand the impact of KOH electrolyte concentration and its flow rate on AEMWE performance, as well as on the current and gas volume fraction distributions. The numerical results were compared to experimental data published in the literature. For current densities above 1 A/cm2, a strongly non-uniform H2 and O2 gas volume distribution could be evidenced by the 3D simulations. Increasing the KOH electrolyte flow rate from 10 to 100 mL/min noticeably improves cell performance for current densities above 1 A/cm2. These results show the importance of accounting for the three-dimensional geometry of an AEMWE and two-phase flow effects to accurately describe its operation and performance.

Plasma bubbles represent notable ionospheric irregularities primarily observed in low latitudes, characterized by plasma depletions exhibiting large spatial scales, which can make a significant impact on the propagation of OTHR (over-the-horizon radar) waves. Firstly, we constructed a three-dimensional model of plasma bubbles, which is modulated by Gaussian function distribution in the horizontal direction, and then we analyzed the impact of EPBs (Equatorial Plasma Bubbles) on the ray path of OTHR shortwaves. When radio waves propagate through EPBs with different RMS ΔN/N, there is a significant difference in the propagation path of OTHR waves. For the EPB with an RMS ΔN/N of 75%, radio waves exhibit more pronounced refraction than those with lower RMS values, the focusing effect of radio waves is more obvious, and the focusing point is relatively lower. In terms of different seasons, OTHR shortwaves propagating through EPBs exhibit different degrees of refraction. In addition, radio waves show the effect of inward focusing in different seasons: the focusing effect is the most pronounced in spring, followed by autumn, then summer, and the weakest in winter. For different solar activities, the impact of EPBs on OTHR shortwaves is more significant in the high-solar-activity year.

Background and Objectives: To assess femoral shaft bowing (FSB) in coronal and sagittal planes and introduce the clinical implications of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by analyzing a three-dimensional (3D) model with virtual implantation of the femoral component. Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight patients (average age: 69.1 years) underwent 3D model reconstruction of medullary canals using computed tomography (CT) data imported into Mimics® software (version 21.0). A mechanical axis (MA) line was drawn from the midportion of the femoral head to the center of the intercondylar notch. Proximal/distal straight centerlines (length, 60 mm; diameter, 1 mm) were placed in the medullary canal’s center. Acute angles between these centerlines were measured to assess lateral and anterior bowing. The acute angle between the distal centerline and MA line was measured for distal coronal and sagittal alignment in both anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views. The diameter of curve (DOC) along the posterior border of the medulla was measured. Results: The mean lateral bowing in the AP view was 3.71°, and the mean anterior bowing in the lateral view was 11.82°. The average DOC of the medullary canal was 1501.68 mm. The average distal coronal alignment of all femurs was 6.40°, while the distal sagittal alignment was 2.66°. Overall, 22 femurs had coronal bowing, 42 had sagittal bowing, and 15 had both. Conclusions: In Asian populations, FSB can occur in coronal, sagittal, or both planes. Increased anterolateral FSB may lead to cortical abutment in the sagittal plane, despite limited space in the coronal plane. During TKA, distal coronal alignment guides the distal femoral valgus cut angle, whereas distal sagittal alignment aids in predicting femoral component positioning to avoid anterior notching. However, osteotomies along the anterior cortical bone intended to prevent notching may result in outliers due to differences between the distal sagittal alignment and the distal anterior cortical axis.