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Three-dimensional (3D) facial models have been increasingly applied in orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and various medical fields. This study proposed an approach to reconstructing 3D facial models from standard orthodontic frontal and lateral images, providing an efficient way to expand 3D databases. A total of 23 participants (average age 20.70 ± 5.36 years) were enrolled. Based on the Hifi3D face model, 3D reconstructions were generated and compared with corresponding face scans to evaluate their accuracy. Root mean square error (RMSE) values were calculated for the entire face, nine specific facial regions, and eight anatomical landmarks. Clinical feasibility was further assessed by comparing six angular and thirteen linear measurements between the reconstructed and scanned models. The RMSE of the reconstruction model was 2.00 ± 0.38 mm (95% CI: 1.84–2.17 mm). High accuracy was achieved for the forehead, nose, upper lip, paranasal region, and right cheek (mean RMSE < 2 mm). The forehead area showed the smallest deviation, at 1.52 ± 0.88 mm (95% CI: 1.14–1.90 mm). In contrast, the lower lip, chin, and left cheek exhibited average RMSEs exceeding 2 mm. The mean deviation across landmarks was below 2 mm, with the Prn displaying the smallest error at 1.18 ± 1.10 mm (95% CI: 0.71–1.65 mm). The largest discrepancies were observed along the Z-axis (Z > Y > X). Significant differences (p < 0.05) emerged between groups in the nasolabial, nasal, and nasofrontal angles, while the other 13 linear and 3 angular measurements showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05). This study explored the feasibility of reconstructing accurate 3D models from 2D photos. Compared to facial scan models, the Hifi3D face model demonstrated a 2 mm deviation, with potential for enriching 3D databases for subjective evaluations, patient education, and communication. However, caution is advised when applying this model to clinical measurements, especially angle assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of ex vivo assays associated with biomaterials may allow the short-term visualization of a specific cell type response inserted in a local microenvironment. Blood is the first component to come into contact with biomaterials, providing blood clot formation, being substantial in new tissue formation. Thus, this research investigated the physiological blood clot (PhC) patterns formed in 3D scaffolds (SCAs), based on chitosan and 20% beta-tricalcium phosphate and its effect on osteogenesis. Initially, SCA were inserted for 16 h in rats calvaria defects, and, after that, osteoblasts cells (OSB; UMR-106 lineage) were seeded on the substrate formed. The groups tested were SCA + OSB and SCA + PhC + OSB. Cell viability was checked by MTT and mineralized matrix formation in OSB using alizarin red (ARS). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression in OSB was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). The OSB and PhC morphology was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The SCA + PhC + OSB group showed greater cell viability (p = 0.0169). After 10 days, there was more mineralized matrix deposition (p = 0.0365) and high ALP immunostaining (p = 0.0021) in the SCA + OSB group. In contrast, BSP was more expressed in OSB seeded on SCA with PhC (p = 0.0033). Conclusions: These findings show the feasibility of using PhC in ex vivo assays. Additionally, its inclusion in the experiments resulted in a change in OSB behavior when compared to in vitro assays. This "closer to nature" environment can completely change the scenario of a study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the main numerical methods, the boundary element method boasts the advantages of fast computation speed and high accuracy. Based on the considerations of the influence of pressure drop, perforation height, skin coefficient, reservoir coefficient, and reservoir radius on the seepage law, a novel three-dimensional seepage model for vertical wells was established using the Laplace transform method and Stehfest numerical inversion method. The model was utilized to examine the velocity of pressure propagation and drop amplitude, revealing that the near-well area experienced faster propagation and drop than the far-well area. During dimensional analysis, it was observed that neglecting the effects of formation pressure change could lead to a substantial increase in the dimensional error of bottom hole pressure, with a maximum error of 9.45% recorded in this study. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on perforation length, wellbore reservoir coefficient, skin coefficient, and reservoir radius to further elucidate the seepage law of vertical wells. This study provides theoretical guidance for oil and gas production. The original contribution of this research lies in the incorporation of formation pressure changes into the three-dimensional seepage model of vertical wells for the first time, which significantly enhances the model's accuracy and practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manual measurement on mango fruit dimensions is often confined to the time inefficiency and low accuracy. Specifically, the human judgment and simplified definitions of fruit shape can impact the morphology classification and subsequent packaging. Consequently, it is highly required for the dedicated platform to determine the morphological indicators for the accurate identification of mango fruit shapes. Such a platform can be expected to streamline the sizing process for the shape identification. Advanced techniques, such as three-dimensional (3D) scanning, have been successfully applied into the morphological analysis of other fruit types, demonstrating their potential to the high accuracy. Additionally, machine learning can also be integrated to significantly improve the classification of fruit shapes, in order to effectively mitigate the errors associated with human assessment. In this study, a 3D scanning platform was implemented to rapidly capture the geometric data of mango fruits. An accurate 3D model was constructed to facilitate the measurement on the morphological indices and shape identification. 75 mango varieties were selected with three replicates for each variety. 10 quantitative parameters were then measured, including volume, longitudinal and transverse diameters, as well as fruit shape indices using 3D scanning. A comparison was then made on the scanning and manual measurement. The results indicated that the precision of scanning was surpassed the manual ones, indicating the superiority of the former. Subsequently, eigenvalue, principal component, correlation and cluster analysis were conducted to categorize the mango varieties, according to their distinct fruit shapes. There were the rich genetic diversity and variability in the mango germplasm resources. Notably, the fruit shape index was taken as the critical indicators, together with longitudinal and transverse diameter. The comprehensive evaluation of fruit morphology was performed for the subsequent application of machine learning. The input parameters were then optimized to predict the modeling. A back-propagation (BP) neural network model was developed to classify the fruit shape, according to the SPSSPRO online data analysis platform. The architecture of model consisted of 100 hidden layers, with a learning rate set at 0.1 and a total of 1000 iterations. Furthermore, an success rate was achieved in the 94.12% accuracy, when testing on 68 samples and training with 157 samples. Moreover, the training set exhibited a precision and recall rate of 0.941, with a remarkably rapid recognition time of only 0.451 s. In conclusion, 3D point cloud data was utilized to provide the rapid, precise, and lossless morphological information for mango fruits. 3D point cloud maps were generated to further enhance the overall accuracy, such as fruit color information. Compared with the conventional, this approach can offer numerous advantages: rapid sampling, high accuracy, reduced susceptibility to external factors, and a non-contact measurement. A significant framework can also advance the field of fruit morphology analysis for future application in fruit classification and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the elimination of methyl orange (MO) from an aqueous solution by utilizing the 3D electroFenton process in a batch reactor with an anode of porous graphite and a cathode of copper foam in the presence of granular activated carbon (GAC) as a third pole, besides, employing response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with Box-Behnk Design (BBD) for studying the effects of operational conditions, such as current density (3–8 mA/cm² ), electrolysis time (10–20 min), and the amount of GAC (1–3 g) on the removal efficiency beside to their interaction. The model was veiled since the value of R² was high (>0.98) and the current density had the greatest influence on the response. The best removal efficiency (MO Re%) at pH = 3 was 95.62% with an average energy consumption of 6.22 kWh/kg MO, which was achieved under maximal conditions of current density = 5.12 mA/cm², mass of GAC = 3 g, and time = 20 min with small amounts of Fe2+ (0.124 mM), and Na2 SO4 (0.02 M). Moreover, the present work investigated the effectiveness of 3D electro-Fenton assisted by ultrasound known as Sono-ElectroFenton (SEF), by following a new strategy based on applying the minimum circumstances of EF and comparing its results with that of SEF under the same conditions. MO Re% for EFmin was 49.24% while SEF was 50.51%, which is considered an exiguous improvement. However, using copper foam as a working electrode in the 3D EF system for the degradation of MO was an excellent choice. Furthermore, the suggested approach is characterized by simplicity, speed, and efficiency with a high percentage of pollutant removal, in addition to being eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSThree-dimensional orthogonal woven composites (3DOWC) can be widely used in various industries, including aerospace, automotive and military. This research examines the linear free vibration behavior of 3DOWC, focusing on the effects of important parameters, such as thickness, dimensional ratio, and binder fiber volume fraction under different boundary conditions. To achieve this, Ritz theory is utilized to calculate the natural frequency of the system. First, the governing equations for the linear free vibrations of 3DOWC are derived. After forming the energy function of the system and minimizing it, the frequency equations of the system are obtained.The equations of motion were derived using energy relations and solved by Ritz method.Increasing the plate thickness led to reduction in natural frequency.Increase in plate length resulted decrease in natural frequency.Reducing the fiber density in the binder layer led to reduction in natural frequency.Four edges clamped boundary conditions, exhibited the highest natural frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To develop and validate a highly efficient motion compensated free‐breathing isotropic resolution 3D whole‐heart joint T1/T2 mapping sequence with anatomical water/fat imaging at 0.55 T. Methods: The proposed sequence takes advantage of shorter T1 at 0.55 T to acquire three interleaved water/fat volumes with inversion‐recovery preparation, no preparation, and T2 preparation, respectively. Image navigators were used to facilitate nonrigid motion‐compensated image reconstruction. T1 and T2 maps were jointly calculated by a dictionary matching method. Validations were performed with simulation, phantom, and in vivo experiments on 10 healthy volunteers and 1 patient. The performance of the proposed sequence was compared with conventional 2D mapping sequences including modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery and T2‐prepared balanced steady‐SSFP sequence. Results: The proposed sequence has a good T1 and T2 encoding sensitivity in simulation, and excellent agreement with spin‐echo reference T1 and T2 values was observed in a standardized T1/T2 phantom (R2 = 0.99). In vivo experiments provided good‐quality co‐registered 3D whole‐heart T1 and T2 maps with 2‐mm isotropic resolution in a short scan time of about 7 min. For healthy volunteers, left‐ventricle T1 mean and SD measured by the proposed sequence were both comparable with those of modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery (640 ± 35 vs. 630 ± 25 ms [p = 0.44] and 49.9 ± 9.3 vs. 54.4 ± 20.5 ms [p = 0.42]), whereas left‐ventricle T2 mean and SD measured by the proposed sequence were both slightly lower than those of T2‐prepared balanced SSFP (53.8 ± 5.5 vs. 58.6 ± 3.3 ms [p < 0.01] and 5.2 ± 0.9 vs. 6.1 ± 0.8 ms [p = 0.03]). Myocardial T1 and T2 in the patient measured by the proposed sequence were in good agreement with conventional 2D sequences and late gadolinium enhancement. Conclusion: The proposed sequence simultaneously acquires 3D whole‐heart T1 and T2 mapping with anatomical water/fat imaging at 0.55 T in a fast and efficient 7‐min scan. Further investigation in patients with cardiovascular disease is now warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim was to analyze the accuracy of digital models and 3D-printed casts from full-arch digital impressions using two intraoral scanners (iTeroTM and PrimescanTM). Materials and methods: A crossover reliability study was designed, scanning children and teenagers with iTeroTM and PrimescanTM. Accuracy was evaluated by measuring intercanine, intermolar, and ipsilateral canine–molar distances intraorally and comparing these measurements with those from plaster casts, digital models obtained with intraoral scanners, and 3D-printed casts. A paired comparison and a general linear model with a one-way repeated measures ANOVA procedure were carried out with a confidence level of 95% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: A total of 51 subjects were analyzed (mean age 12.35 ± 2.57). Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in the upper and lower arch regarding accuracy in comparison to intraoral measurements, except for the iTeroTM-printed cast and canine–molar upper right and intercanine lower distances (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Regarding a comparison between reproduction methods, the plaster cast oversized the intercanine upper distance in comparison with both intraoral scanners' digital models and the PrimescanTM-printed cast (p = 0.001), but there were no differences in the lower arch (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: Intraoral scanners reproduce tooth structures with similar accuracy to conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol oxidation stands out as a pivotal solution in addressing the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, owing to its practical applicability, high current density, and the ready availability of methanol as a fuel source. To effectively catalyze methanol oxidation, an electrocatalyst is imperious to overcome the activation energy barrier. Herein, a three‐dimensionally arranged NiSe2 nanosheet‐based electrocatalyst is synthesized through a facile solvothermal followed by an annealing method. The catalyst's porous structure enhances catalytic efficiency by providing a substantial electrochemical surface area (ECSA) equivalent to 0.121 mF cm−2. Notably, the electrocatalyst exhibits a remarkable response of 21.58 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 1.70 V vs RHE, accompanied by the lowest Tafel slope recorded at 39.14 mV dec−1. The electronic circuit, represented by Rs(Qf(RfW(QdlRct)), aligns well with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, elucidating the reaction path and intrinsic properties. Furthermore, the catalytic performance is elucidated concerning ECSA and weight, revealing current densities of 5.60 mA cm−2 and 71.34 mA mg−1, respectively. Impressively, the catalyst demonstrates exceptional resistance to poisoning and sustained stability over a continuous 3600‐s operation. This comprehensive study underscores the promising potential of the NiSe2 nanosheet‐based electrocatalyst for efficient methanol oxidation, providing valuable insights for advancing clean energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of research focused on cholangiocytes and the biliary tree during development and following injury is hindered by limited available quantitative methodologies. Current techniques include two-dimensional standard histological cell-counting approaches, which are rapidly performed, error prone, and lack architectural context or three-dimensional analysis of the biliary tree in opacified livers, which introduce technical issues along with minimal quantitation. The present study aims to fill these quantitative gaps with a supervised machine-learning model (BiliQML) able to quantify biliary forms in the liver of anti-keratin 19 antibody-stained whole slide images. Training utilized 5,019 researcher-labeled biliary forms, which following feature selection, and algorithm optimization, generated an F score of 0.87. Application of BiliQML on seven separate cholangiopathy models [genetic (Afp-CRE;Pkd1l1null/Fl, Alb-CRE;Rbp-jkfl/fl, and Albumin-CRE;ROSANICD), surgical (bile duct ligation), toxicological (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine), and therapeutic (Cyp2c70−/− with ileal bile acid transporter inhibition)] allowed for a means to validate the capabilities and utility of this platform. The results from BiliQML quantification revealed biological and pathological differences across these seven diverse models, indicating a highly sensitive, robust, and scalable methodology for the quantification of distinct biliary forms. BiliQML is the first comprehensive machine-learning platform for biliary form analysis, adding much-needed morphologic context to standard immunofluorescence-based histology, and provides clinical and basic science researchers with a novel tool for the characterization of cholangiopathies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: BiliQML is the first comprehensive machine-learning platform for biliary form analysis in whole slide histopathological images. This platform provides clinical and basic science researchers with a novel tool for the improved quantification and characterization of biliary tract disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigated the sensitivity of the junctionless silicon nanotube tunnel field-effect transistor (JLSiNT-TFET). To accomplish this, we utilized the Sentaurus TCAD software tool to generate the 3D JLSiNT-TFET device. The sensitivity analysis is conducted using the device's geometrical parameters, including channel length (Lg), dielectric oxide (Tox) thickness, and silicon (tube wall) thickness (Tsi). This analysis is based on various device metrics, such as ON current (ION), OFF current (IOFF), sub-threshold swing (SS), threshold voltage (Vth), and cut-off frequency (fT). We observed that increasing the gate length (Lg) and tube wall thickness (Tsi) leads to sensitivity in ION, SS, and fT for larger values, while these parameters exhibited lower sensitivity to IOFF and Vth. Furthermore, when the dielectric oxide thickness (Tox) increased, we noted an increase in the sensitivity of IOFF current, accompanied by a decrease in ION and fT. Comparing the proposed device to the SiNT-TFET, we found significant improvements: ION improved by 39.51%, the ION/IOFF ratio increased by 40%, transconductance (gm) rose by 28.47%, and fT surged by 94.81%. Finally, the JLSiNT-TFET device metrics confirmed that substantial superiority over the silicon nanotube tunnel field-effect transistor (SiNT-TFET). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing understanding of the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in embryo)maternal communication has sparked considerable interest in their therapeutic potential within assisted reproductive technology, particularly in enhancing implantation success. However, the major obstacle remains the large-scale production of EVs, and there is still a gap in understanding how different culture systems affect the characteristics of the EVs. In the current study, trophoblast analogue human chorionic carcinoma cell line was cultivated in both conventional monolayer culture (2D) and as spheroids in suspension culture (3D) and how the cell growth environment affects the physical, biochemical and cellular signalling properties of EVs produced by them was studied. Interestingly, the 3D system was more active in secreting EVs compared to the 2D system, while no significant differences were observed in terms of morphology, size, and classical EV protein marker expression between EVs derived from the two culture systems. There were substantial differences in the proteomic cargo profile and cellular signalling potency of EVs derived from the two culture systems. Notably, 2D EVs were more potent in inducing a cellular response in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) compared to 3D EVs. Therefore, it is essential to recognize that the biological activity of EVs depends not only on the cell of origin but also on the cellular microenvironment of the parent cell. In conclusion, caution is warranted when selecting an EV production platform, especially for assessing the functional and therapeutic potential of EVs through in vitro studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies is the property of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria. Studies mainly focused on linear and angle measurement for resting and smiling faces and landmark movement from resting to smiling. Most studies conducted analysis of smiles stratified by sex, ethnicity, smile type, dental occlusion, skeletal pattern, and age. Two studies compared smiling with the resting position and one study compared the attractive smiling group with the ordinary group. Our scoping review revealed the insufficiency of some measurement methods, such as those employing area, volume, and soft tissue thickness. Furthermore, few studies were conducted in Asian populations, and comparisons of various smile types, overjet types, horizontal skeletal patterns, and comparisons of smiles between people with untreated normal occlusion and those who had been orthodontically treated were lacking.

This paper explores the impact of height ratios on the seismic Structure-Soil-Structure Interaction (SSSI) for three adjacent bridges with varying superstructure masses (Mst = 350, 1050, 350 t) through 3D numerical simulations. A comprehensive series of numerical analyses has been conducted across different height ratios (R = 1, 1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.5, 2, and 3) to assess their influence on superstructure acceleration and the internal forces within the foundation piles. The bridges under investigation are supported by groups of piles embedded in nonlinear clay. The numerical simulations were executed using fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions (FLAC 3D), a three-dimensional finite differences modeling software. The findings revealed that variations in mass ratios significantly impact the SSSI effects on superstructure acceleration and pile internal forces. Notably, adverse effects were more pronounced for mass ratios of R = 1.1 and 1.2, leading to an increase in bending moment, shear force, and superstructure acceleration by up to 237.8%, 291.4%, and 70.33%, respectively. In contrast, a mass ratio of R = 3 resulted in a decrease in bending moment, shear force, and superstructure acceleration by up to 72%, 82.14%, and 81.13%, respectively. This implies that a careful arrangement of adjacent structures with different masses can be employed effectively to manage the (SSSI) effects.

Background: The use of ex vivo assays associated with biomaterials may allow the short-term visualization of a specific cell type response inserted in a local microenvironment. Blood is the first component to come into contact with biomaterials, providing blood clot formation, being substantial in new tissue formation. Thus, this research investigated the physiological blood clot (PhC) patterns formed in 3D scaffolds (SCAs), based on chitosan and 20% beta-tricalcium phosphate and its effect on osteogenesis. Initially, SCA were inserted for 16 h in rats calvaria defects, and, after that, osteoblasts cells (OSB; UMR-106 lineage) were seeded on the substrate formed. The groups tested were SCA + OSB and SCA + PhC + OSB. Cell viability was checked by MTT and mineralized matrix formation in OSB using alizarin red (ARS). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression in OSB was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). The OSB and PhC morphology was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The SCA + PhC + OSB group showed greater cell viability (p = 0.0169). After 10 days, there was more mineralized matrix deposition (p = 0.0365) and high ALP immunostaining (p = 0.0021) in the SCA + OSB group. In contrast, BSP was more expressed in OSB seeded on SCA with PhC (p = 0.0033). Conclusions: These findings show the feasibility of using PhC in ex vivo assays. Additionally, its inclusion in the experiments resulted in a change in OSB behavior when compared to in vitro assays. This “closer to nature” environment can completely change the scenario of a study.

Three-dimensional (3D) facial models have been increasingly applied in orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and various medical fields. This study proposed an approach to reconstructing 3D facial models from standard orthodontic frontal and lateral images, providing an efficient way to expand 3D databases. A total of 23 participants (average age 20.70 ± 5.36 years) were enrolled. Based on the Hifi3D face model, 3D reconstructions were generated and compared with corresponding face scans to evaluate their accuracy. Root mean square error (RMSE) values were calculated for the entire face, nine specific facial regions, and eight anatomical landmarks. Clinical feasibility was further assessed by comparing six angular and thirteen linear measurements between the reconstructed and scanned models. The RMSE of the reconstruction model was 2.00 ± 0.38 mm (95% CI: 1.84–2.17 mm). High accuracy was achieved for the forehead, nose, upper lip, paranasal region, and right cheek (mean RMSE < 2 mm). The forehead area showed the smallest deviation, at 1.52 ± 0.88 mm (95% CI: 1.14–1.90 mm). In contrast, the lower lip, chin, and left cheek exhibited average RMSEs exceeding 2 mm. The mean deviation across landmarks was below 2 mm, with the Prn displaying the smallest error at 1.18 ± 1.10 mm (95% CI: 0.71–1.65 mm). The largest discrepancies were observed along the Z-axis (Z > Y > X). Significant differences (p < 0.05) emerged between groups in the nasolabial, nasal, and nasofrontal angles, while the other 13 linear and 3 angular measurements showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05). This study explored the feasibility of reconstructing accurate 3D models from 2D photos. Compared to facial scan models, the Hifi3D face model demonstrated a 2 mm deviation, with potential for enriching 3D databases for subjective evaluations, patient education, and communication. However, caution is advised when applying this model to clinical measurements, especially angle assessments.

INTRODUCTION: Three‐dimensional (3D) histology analyses are essential to overcome sampling variability and understand pathological differences beyond the dissection axis. We present Path2MR, the first pipeline allowing 3D reconstruction of sparse human histology without a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reference. We implemented Path2MR with post‐mortem hippocampal sections to explore pathology gradients in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Blockface photographs of brain hemisphere slices are used for 3D reconstruction, from which an MRI‐like image is generated using machine learning. Histology sections are aligned to the reconstructed hemisphere and subsequently to an atlas in standard space. RESULTS: Path2MR successfully registered histological sections to their anatomic position along the hippocampal longitudinal axis. Combined with histopathology quantification, we found an expected peak of tau pathology at the anterior end of the hippocampus, whereas amyloid‐beta (Aβ) displayed a quadratic anterior‐posterior distribution. CONCLUSION: Path2MR, which enables 3D histology using any brain bank data set, revealed significant differences along the hippocampus between tau and Aβ. Highlights: Path2MR enables three‐dimensional (3D) brain reconstruction from blockface dissection photographs.This pipeline does not require dense specimen sampling or a subject‐specific magnetic resonance (MR) image.Anatomically consistent mapping of hippocampal sections was obtained with Path2MR.Our analyses revealed an anterior‐posterior gradient of hippocampal tau pathology.In contrast, the peak of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) deposition was closer to the hippocampal body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria. Studies mainly focused on linear and angle measurement for resting and smiling faces and landmark movement from resting to smiling. Most studies conducted analysis of smiles stratified by sex, ethnicity, smile type, dental occlusion, skeletal pattern, and age. Two studies compared smiling with the resting position and one study compared the attractive smiling group with the ordinary group. Our scoping review revealed the insufficiency of some measurement methods, such as those employing area, volume, and soft tissue thickness. Furthermore, few studies were conducted in Asian populations, and comparisons of various smile types, overjet types, horizontal skeletal patterns, and comparisons of smiles between people with untreated normal occlusion and those who had been orthodontically treated were lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alveolar ridge reconstruction of vertical and combined bone defects is a non-predictable procedure with varying percentages of success. The greatest challenge for vertical and combined bone augmentation is to maintain mechanical stability of the bone graft; therefore, it is mandatory to provide and preserve space for bone regeneration. The development of biomaterials and 3D printing has enabled the use of polymer scaffolds in the reconstruction of alveolar ridge defects. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of an innovative individualized biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold, under dynamic conditions, simulating biodegradation and the influence of masticatory forces. After the design and 3D printing of PLA scaffolds, two groups of 27 scaffolds were formed according to the compression testing procedure. The compression tests were performed in occlusal and lateral directions. In each of the two groups, nine subgroups of three scaffolds were formed for different testing periods during in vitro degradation with a total period of 16 weeks. Results showed that biodegradation and load application had no significant influence on mechanical characteristics of tested scaffolds. It can be concluded that simulated masticatory forces and biodegradation do not significantly influence the mechanical characteristics of an individualized biodegradable augmentation scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of glenohumeral osteoarthritis has improved greatly in recent decades. Modifications of existing classification systems, as well as new classification systems have been proposed based on this improved understanding. Given the difficulty and importance of accurate positioning of the glenoid component in shoulder arthroplasty, it is critical that surgeons have a comprehensive understanding of glenoid imaging modalities and classification systems, as well as the advantages and limitations of each. The purpose of this article is to review the history, evolution, and current usage of glenoid classification systems. Additionally, the role of imaging in glenoid classification, accuracy of different modalities, and the utility and implications of three-dimensional reconstruction and computer navigation technologies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of 3D elasticity theory, the static behavior of functionally graded viscoelastic cylindrical panels with piezoelectric layers under electro-mechanical loads is investigated. The viscoelastic material is modeled using Boltzmann's integral model, and its Poisson's ratio is constant, and for its time-dependent Young's modulus, spatially, the power distribution in the radial direction is considered. Modulus time changes are also expressed using the Prony series. For simply supported edges, the state space method and Fourier expansion, and for other boundary conditions, the semi-analytical approach by the state space differential quadrature method (DQM) are used. Equations of motion are solved in the Laplace domain and by the Laplace inverse technique, results are transferred back to the time domain numerically. Also, the results of this research have been validated with other similar research. Finally, the effect of different parameters such as the type of supports, the relaxation time constant, thickness of the piezoelectric layer, and other important parameters on the static response of the panel have been investigated. Results demonstrate that if the ratio of the total layer thickness to the piezoelectric thickness exceeds a specified value, the effect of the thickness of the piezoelectric layer on mechanical behavior can be disregarded. Furthermore, when relaxation time constant increases, the amount of stress remains constant for a constant thickness and equals the amount of stress in the elastic panel. However, the amount of displacement decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing understanding of the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in embryo-maternal communication has sparked considerable interest in their therapeutic potential within assisted reproductive technology, particularly in enhancing implantation success. However, the major obstacle remains the large-scale production of EVs, and there is still a gap in understanding how different culture systems affect the characteristics of the EVs. In the current study, trophoblast analogue human chorionic carcinoma cell line was cultivated in both conventional monolayer culture (2D) and as spheroids in suspension culture (3D) and how the cell growth environment affects the physical, biochemical and cellular signalling properties of EVs produced by them was studied. Interestingly, the 3D system was more active in secreting EVs compared to the 2D system, while no significant differences were observed in terms of morphology, size, and classical EV protein marker expression between EVs derived from the two culture systems. There were substantial differences in the proteomic cargo profile and cellular signalling potency of EVs derived from the two culture systems. Notably, 2D EVs were more potent in inducing a cellular response in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) compared to 3D EVs. Therefore, it is essential to recognize that the biological activity of EVs depends not only on the cell of origin but also on the cellular microenvironment of the parent cell. In conclusion, caution is warranted when selecting an EV production platform, especially for assessing the functional and therapeutic potential of EVs through in vitro studies.

Abstract This work uses a numerical method to investigate the effects of diffusion on the flow of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluids. The applicable equations for this problem are derived from the Nano-Powell-Erying fluid model. The result of the differential equation is calculated by solving the problem using the finite element method. The numerical solutions are used to study the three-dimensional structures with the flow of nanofluid to investigate the influence of well-known fluid parameters. The study found that the Hartmann number and buoyancy ratio parameter have a significant impact on the velocity profile, while the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters, as well as the thermal and mass Biot numbers, are the main factors influencing the temperature and concentration fields. This study aims to analyse the effect of two different parameters on the flow of MHD nanofluids to improve our basic understanding of this phenomenon. The findings that were produced are compared to the previous work and incipiently, the present numerical results are veritably in good agreement with the previous results. The results of this study can be useful for the optimization and design of various engineering applications.

Recent advances in genetics, molecular biology, and stem cell biology have accelerated our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders, like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). This progress highlights the incredible complexity of both the human brain and mental illnesses from the biochemical to the cellular level. Contributing to the complexity of neuropsychiatric disorders are their polygenic nature, cellular and brain region interconnectivity, and dysregulation of human-specific neurodevelopmental processes. Here, we discuss available tools, including CRISPR-Cas9, and the applications of these tools to develop cell-based two-dimensional (2D) models and 3D brain organoid models that better represent and unravel the intricacies of neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology.

Purpose: The aim was to analyze the accuracy of digital models and 3D-printed casts from full-arch digital impressions using two intraoral scanners (iTeroTM and PrimescanTM). Materials and methods: A crossover reliability study was designed, scanning children and teenagers with iTeroTM and PrimescanTM. Accuracy was evaluated by measuring intercanine, intermolar, and ipsilateral canine–molar distances intraorally and comparing these measurements with those from plaster casts, digital models obtained with intraoral scanners, and 3D-printed casts. A paired comparison and a general linear model with a one-way repeated measures ANOVA procedure were carried out with a confidence level of 95% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: A total of 51 subjects were analyzed (mean age 12.35 ± 2.57). Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in the upper and lower arch regarding accuracy in comparison to intraoral measurements, except for the iTeroTM-printed cast and canine–molar upper right and intercanine lower distances (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Regarding a comparison between reproduction methods, the plaster cast oversized the intercanine upper distance in comparison with both intraoral scanners’ digital models and the PrimescanTM-printed cast (p = 0.001), but there were no differences in the lower arch (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: Intraoral scanners reproduce tooth structures with similar accuracy to conventional methods.

Manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in a patient or a population differ based on inherent biological makeup, lifestyle, and exposure to environmental risk factors. These variables mean that therapeutic interventions may not provide the same benefit to every patient. In the context of CVDs, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) offer an opportunity to model CVDs in a patient-specific manner. From a pharmacological perspective, iPSC-CM models can serve as go/no-go tests to evaluate drug safety. To develop personalized therapies for early diagnosis and treatment, human-relevant disease models are essential. Hence, to implement and leverage the utility of iPSC-CMs for large-scale treatment or drug discovery, it is critical to (i) carefully evaluate the relevant limitations of iPSC-CM differentiations, (ii) establish quality standards for defining the state of cell maturity, and (iii) employ techniques that allow scalability and throughput with minimal batch-to-batch variability. In this review, we briefly describe progress made with iPSC-CMs in disease modelling and pharmacological testing, as well as current iPSC-CM maturation techniques. Finally, we discuss current platforms for large-scale manufacturing of iPSC-CMs that will enable high-throughput drug screening applications.

Introduction: Using three-dimensional printed duplicates of the donor teeth, three-dimensional auto-transplantation is a medical procedure that moves a tooth from one location inside a patient to another. The intraoperative practicability during 3D auto-transplantation of teeth was evaluated in the present study. Material and Methods: A prospective multicenter clinical study was done among the subjects. ”Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography imaging,” “computer-assisted design (CAD),” and “computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)” were used in all operations to make a 3D duplicate of the donor teeth. The clinical parameters that were evaluated were the time required for the fit, number of attempts to fit, and intra-operative experience. Results: Canines, premolars, molars, and one extra tooth were all transplanted during the 200 auto-transplantation surgeries among 152 subjects. An initial satisfactory fit of the donor tooth and an extra-alveolar time of less than one minute were achieved in 80% of the surgeries. The extra-alveolar time exceeded 3 minutes in ten teeth. Difficulties that were faced were related to the imaging, patient cooperation, and the bone quality. Conclusions: The application of the duplicate teeth by 3D printing of a donor tooth all through auto-transplantation techniques reduced the time the tooth stays extra-alveolar as well as the efforts at transplant fitting during implantation. This allowed for more challenging surgeries as well as a speedy and reliable therapy.

Background: Scaffold (SCA) functionalization with aptamers (APT) provides adsorption of specific bioactive molecules on biomaterial surfaces. The aim of this study was to observe if SCA enriched with anti-fibronectin APT can favor coagulum (PhC) and osteoblasts (OSB) differentiation. Methods: 20 μg of APT was functionalized on SCA by simple adsorption. For PhC formation, SCAs were inserted into rat calvaria defects for 17 h. Following proper transportation (buffer solution PB), OSBs (UMR-106 lineage) were seeded over PhC + SCAs with and without APT. Cells and PhC morphology, PhC cell population, protein labeling and gene expression were observed in different time points. Results: The APT induced higher alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein immunolabeling in OSB. Mesenchymal stem cells, leukocytes and lymphocytes cells were detected more in the APT group than when scaffolds were not functionalized. Additionally, an enriched and dense fibrin network and different cell types were observed, with more OSB and white blood cells in PhC formed on SCA with APT. The gene expression showed higher transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1) detection in SCA with APT. Conclusions: The SCA functionalization with fibronectin aptamers may alter key morphological and functional features of blood clot formation, and provides a selective expression of proteins related to osteo differentiation. Additionally, aptamers increase TGF-b1 gene expression, which is highly associated with improvements in regenerative therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussed in this investigation is the three-dimensional gravity-driven flow of a thin fluid layer down an incline and over topography. A new three-dimensional integral-boundary-layer (IBL) model is proposed to describe the flow. Numerical simulations are presented and comparisons with lubrication and two-dimensional IBL models are discussed for both steady and unsteady flows. Subcritical and supercritical cases are considered, along with symmetrical and asymmetrical bottom topographies. Also, good agreement was found with experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microphysiological systems (MPSs) (i.e., tissue or organ chips) exploit microfluidics and 3D cell culture to mimic tissue and organ-level physiology. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has accelerated the use of MPSs to study human disease in a range of organ systems. However, in the reduction of system complexity, the intricacies of vasculature are an often-overlooked aspect of MPS design. The growing library of pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cell and perivascular cell protocols have great potential to improve the physiological relevance of vasculature within MPS, specifically for in vitro disease modeling. Three strategic categories of vascular MPS are outlined: self-assembled, interface focused, and 3D biofabricated. This review discusses key features and development of the native vasculature, linking that to how hiPSC-derived vascular cells have been generated, the state of the art in vascular MPSs, and opportunities arising from interdisciplinary thinking.

Introduction: Using three-dimensional printed duplicates of the donor teeth, three-dimensional auto-transplantation is a medical procedure that moves a tooth from one location inside a patient to another. The intraoperative practicability during 3D auto-transplantation of teeth was evaluated in the present study. Material and Methods: A prospective multicenter clinical study was done among the subjects. "Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography imaging," "computer-assisted design (CAD)," and "computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)" were used in all operations to make a 3D duplicate of the donor teeth. The clinical parameters that were evaluated were the time required for the fit, number of attempts to fit, and intra-operative experience. Results: Canines, premolars, molars, and one extra tooth were all transplanted during the 200 auto-transplantation surgeries among 152 subjects. An initial satisfactory fit of the donor tooth and an extra-alveolar time of less than one minute were achieved in 80% of the surgeries. The extra-alveolar time exceeded 3 minutes in ten teeth. Difficulties that were faced were related to the imaging, patient cooperation, and the bone quality. Conclusions: The application of the duplicate teeth by 3D printing of a donor tooth all through auto-transplantation techniques reduced the time the tooth stays extra-alveolar as well as the efforts at transplant fitting during implantation. This allowed for more challenging surgeries as well as a speedy and reliable therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of corrective surgical treatment for craniofacial asymmetry using four different methods with the aim of developing the best technique for craniofacial asymmetry assessment. Materials and methods: CBCT images of twenty-one class III subjects with surgically corrected craniofacial asymmetry and twenty-one matched controls were analyzed. Twenty-seven hard tissue landmarks were used to quantify asymmetry using the following methodologies: the asymmetry index (AI), asymmetry scores based on the clinically derived midline (CM), Procrustes analysis (PA), and modified Procrustes analysis (MPA). Results: Modified Procrustes analysis successfully identified pre-operative asymmetry and revealed severe asymmetry at the mandibular regions compared to controls, which was comparable to the asymmetry index and clinically derived midline methods, while Procrustes analysis masked the asymmetric characteristics. Likewise, when comparing the post-surgical outcomes, modified Procrustes analysis not only efficiently determined the changes evidencing decrease in facial asymmetry but also revealed significant residual asymmetry in the mandible, which was congruent with the asymmetry index and clinically derived midline methods but contradictory to the results shown by Procrustes analysis. Conclusions: In terms of quantifying cranio-facial asymmetry, modified Procrustes analysis has evidenced to produce promising results that were comparable to the asymmetry index and the clinically derived midline, making it a more viable option for craniofacial asymmetry assessment. Clinical relevance: Modified Procrustes analysis is proficient in evaluating cranio-facial asymmetry with more valid clinical representation and has potential applications in assessing asymmetry in a wide spectrum of patients, including syndromic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trabecular meshwork is a sieve-like tissue with large pores, which plays a vital role in aqueous humor outflow. Dysfunction of this tissue can occur, which leads to glaucoma and permanent vision loss. Replacement of trabecular meshwork with a tissue-engineered device is the ultimate objective. This study aimed to create a biomimetic structure of trabecular meshwork using electrospinning. Conventional electrospinning was compared to cryogenic electrospinning, the latter being an adaptation of conventional electrospinning whereby dry ice is incorporated in the fiber collector system. The dry ice causes ice crystals to form in-between the fibers, increasing the inter-fiber spacing, which is retained following sublimation. Structural characterization demonstrated cryo-scaffolds to have closer recapitulation of the trabecular meshwork, in terms of pore size, porosity, and thickness. The attachment of a healthy, human trabecular meshwork cell line (NTM5) to the scaffold was not influenced by the fabrication method. The main objective was to assess cell infiltration. Cryo-scaffolds supported cell penetration deep within their structure after seven days, whereas cells remained on the outer surface for conventional scaffolds. This study demonstrates the suitability of cryogenic electrospinning for the close recapitulation of trabecular meshwork and its potential as a 3D in vitro model and, in time, a tissue-engineered device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The operative microscope (OM) has revolutionized the field of modern spine surgery, however, it remains limited by several drawbacks. Recently, the exoscope (EX) system has been designed to assistant spine surgery. It provides a three‐dimensional (3D) high‐definition (HD) operative experience and becomes an alternative to the OM. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes, advantages and limitations of EX‐assisted minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (EMIS‐TLIF) and OM‐assisted MIS‐TLIF (OMIS‐TLIF). Methods The clinical outcomes were assessed in 47 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases (LDD) who underwent MIS‐TLIF assisted with the OM or EX between January 2019 and September 2020. A total of 22 were treated with EMIS‐TLIF, and 25 received OMIS‐TLIF. Perioperative parameters (including sex, age, number of fusion levels and body mass index), perioperative parameters (operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, postoperative hospitalization stay, and duration of follow‐up), visual analogue scale (VAS) of back pain, VAS of leg pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores and clinical outcomes were assessed and compared. Image quality, handling of equipment, ergonomics, 3D glasses and educational usefulness were scored according to a questionnaire. Results Operation time in the OMIS‐TLIF group (121.92 ± 16.92 min) was significantly increased compared with that in the EMIS‐TLIF group (111.00 ± 19.87 min) (P

Background: Patient education and demonstration of osseous defects by teachers and clinicians are difficult even though there are different models made up of metal, plastic, plaster, stone, and acrylic. To overcome such difficulty, 3D printed Vanperio model was printed for multifunctional activity. Aims and Objective: The aim of this article was to provide information on the 3D printed VANPERIO model and its implications in the field of periodontics and general dentistry. Conclusion: Vanperio model proves to be a promising model for teachers, students, and clinicians in the field of periodontics and general dentistry as it helps in patient education, student learning and also for various demonstrations which is not possible to achieve in other available expensive models.

Teeth are considered to be the prime organs for mastication, speech, and esthetics. The basic structure of tooth involves enamel, dentin, and pulp. Each of these is formed by specialized structures during the various phases of tooth development. One of such specialized structures forming dentin of the tooth are odontoblasts. Being present at the periphery of the pulp chamber, they are in close contact with dentin through cytoplasmic extensions which travel into the entire length of dentin through dentinal tubules. In addition to dentin formation, they play a vital role in performing the various functions of the tooth including nerve sensation. They are functionally active throughout the life span of a healthy tooth and are subjective to numerous injuries causing various oral lesions. This review aims to collect the information with an additional note on the role of odontoblasts and their characteristics in a healthy and diseased tooth structure, their significance in endodontics and three-dimensional (3D) histological means.

Introduction: The success of orthodontic treatment depends on accurate bracket placement, so researchers are constantly exploring new direct and indirect bonding methods with the help of cutting-edge imaging technologies like cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which provides full three-dimensional visualization of tissues down to the root of the tooth. Aim: The primary goals of this analysis are to determine the degree of section angulation and adhesive thickness, as well as the accuracy of the vertical and flat section positions. The correlation between total clinical crown height, minor edge to focus of section, and minimum edge to complete curve crown length is one of several possible goals of this investigation (FACC). Materials and Methods: Currently, 10 patients aged 15-30 who needed fixed appliance treatment were enrolled in an in vivo research conducted by the orthodontics department. Cases with and without extractions of the crooked teeth were counted. Full mouth analysis is being used in this investigation. Ten patients were selected at random and placed in either Group A (the study group) or Group B (the control group) (control group). Group A bonds are more indirect, whereas group B bonds are more like “normal” direct bonds. We used a Canon 700D camera, a biocompatible transparent 3D printing resin, and a 3M Gemini MBT.022 in bracket kit for CT scanning and imaging. Brackets are placed by experienced orthodontists in both treatment groups. Result: There is a statistically significant (P 0.05) difference between the indirect and direct bonding group when all five factors are taken into account, with the indirect bonding group demonstrating superiority in terms of accuracy. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation support the premise that there is a clinically significant difference between direct bonding and 3D indirect bonding in terms of bracket placement accuracy.

Background: Sexual dimorphism is important for sex determination in the field of forensics. However, sexual dimorphism is commonly assessed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) rather than three-dimensional (3D) modeling software; therefore, studies using a more accurate measurement approach are necessary. This study assessed the sexual dimorphism of the MS using a 3D modeling program to obtain information that could contribute to the fields of surgery and forensics.Methods: The CBCT data of 60 patients (age, 20∼29 y; 30 males and 30 females) admitted to the Department of Orthodontics at the Dankook University School of Dentistry were provided in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. The left MS and right MS were modeled based on the DICOM files using the Mimics (version 22; Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) 3D program and converted to stereolithography (STL) files used to measure the width, length, and height of the MS, infraorbital foramen (IOF), right MS, and left MS. The average of three repeated measurements was calculated, and a reliability test was performed to ensure data reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.618). A canonical discriminant analysis was performed using a standard approach (left: Box’s M=0.096; right: Box’s M=0.115). Results: Males had greater values for all parameters (MS width, MS length, MS height, IOF, right MS, left MS) than females. The discriminant analysis identified six independent variables (MS width, MS height, MS length, IOF, right MS, left MS) that could identify sex. The left MS and right MS correctly identified the sex of 81.7% and 71.7% of the patients, respectively, with the left MS having higher accuracy. Conclusion: This study confirmed that, for Korean individuals, the left MS has a better ability to identify sex than the right MS. These results may contribute to sex identification in the fields of surgery and forensics.

Introduction: The success of orthodontic treatment depends on accurate bracket placement, so researchers are constantly exploring new direct and indirect bonding methods with the help of cutting-edge imaging technologies like cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which provides full three-dimensional visualization of tissues down to the root of the tooth. Aim: The primary goals of this analysis are to determine the degree of section angulation and adhesive thickness, as well as the accuracy of the vertical and flat section positions. The correlation between total clinical crown height, minor edge to focus of section, and minimum edge to complete curve crown length is one of several possible goals of this investigation (FACC). Materials and Methods: Currently, 10 patients aged 15-30 who needed fixed appliance treatment were enrolled in an in vivo research conducted by the orthodontics department. Cases with and without extractions of the crooked teeth were counted. Full mouth analysis is being used in this investigation. Ten patients were selected at random and placed in either Group A (the study group) or Group B (the control group) (control group). Group A bonds are more indirect, whereas group B bonds are more like "normal" direct bonds. We used a Canon 700D camera, a biocompatible transparent 3D printing resin, and a 3M Gemini MBT.022 in bracket kit for CT scanning and imaging. Brackets are placed by experienced orthodontists in both treatment groups. Result: There is a statistically significant (P 0.05) difference between the indirect and direct bonding group when all five factors are taken into account, with the indirect bonding group demonstrating superiority in terms of accuracy. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation support the premise that there is a clinically significant difference between direct bonding and 3D indirect bonding in terms of bracket placement accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of missing teeth as a result of dental trauma or associated with hypodontia in children and adolescents presents as a clinical challenge for the dental team. One of the options that is regaining popularity is dental autotransplantation. To improve autotransplantation outcomes, careful interdisciplinary planning, surgical simulation using cone beam computed tomography images and three‐dimensional‐printed teeth replicas should be undertaken for presurgical preparation. This case report showcases two applications of autotransplantation, with emphasis on interdisciplinary management, presurgical preparation and postsurgical orthodontic and aesthetic management to deliver a good long‐term, sustainable, biological outcome, as a part of a comprehensive rehabilitation treatment plan in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]