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Emergence and spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus strains is becoming major challenge in treatment of soft tissue infections. This study aimed to explore antimicrobial and synergistic antimicrobial potential of three commercially available thiazoline derivatives (2-amino-2-thiazoline, 2-thiazoline-2-thiol and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline) against MDR Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from abscess drainage samples (n=20). MDR Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and were further subjected to molecular identification by 16srRNA amplification and DNA sequencing. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of test compounds and antibiotics (0.25-512µg/mL) were measured and subsequently, synergism assay was performed to calculate Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) index. Out of twenty Staphylococcus aureus isolates, sixteen (80%) were found to be MDR whereas four (20%) were Non-MDR. Moxifloxacin and vancomycine were found most effective antibiotics, inhibiting 100% (n=20) and 95% (n=19) strains respectively. Antimicrobial activity of 2-amino-2-thiazoline (MIC: 32µg/mL), 2-thiazoline-2-thiol (MIC: 64µg/mL) and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline (MIC: 32µg/mL) was found significant against all ten tested MDR strains. Synergistic combinations of thiazoline derivatives with test antibiotics reduced MIC values significantly. Therefore, combination of tested thiazoline derivatives with antibiotics could be used as alternative therapeutic approach to treat soft tissue infections caused by MDR Staphylococcus aureus after further pre-clinical and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiazoles derivatives are consisted in chemical compounds such as antimicrobial and anticancer medicine. Since polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) polymeric nanoparticles has been conversed about nanomedicine applications and particularly as drug delivery systems. Because of molecular self-assemblies and biodegradability of PLGA polymer, it can be used to carry anti-cancer and antimicrobial drugs. The capability of PLGA polymer-based drug delivery system in the treatment of cancer has been studied by quantum MM/QM approach. Theoretical study of the interaction between polylactic-co-glycolic acid polymeric nanoparticles and thiazoline derivatives has been performed by combination of DFT and molecular mechanics approach. The results obtained from this study, displayed that PLGA polymeric nanoparticles has feasible interaction that include hydrogen bond and Vander Waals interaction and showed clearly that these systems have comparatively low permanence and so PLGA polymer is suitable drug delivery that have been studied for anti-cancer drug. Investigation of QM/MM calculations and the interaction energies of the thiazoline derivatives and PLGA polymeric nanoparticles with counterpoise method represent that this carrier can be utilized to modify the biological and anticancer activity of thiazoline derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids of the European Food Safety Authority was requested to evaluate 59 flavouring substances in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 21, Revision 4, using the Procedure in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. This revision is made due to the inclusion of the assessment of new toxicity data on one supporting substance 5,6‐dihydro‐2, 4,6‐tris(2‐methylpropyl)‐4H‐1, 3,5‐dithiazine [FL‐no: 15.113], which is considered to be structurally related to the candidate substances 2‐butyl‐4‐methyl(4H)pyrrolidino[1,2d]‐1, 3,5‐dithiazine [FL‐no: 15.042], dihydro‐2, 4,6‐triethyl‐1, 3,5(4H)‐dithiazine [FL‐no: 15.054], 2,4‐dimethyl(4H)pyrrolidino[1,2e]‐1, 3,5‐dithiazine [FL‐no: 15.055], 4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐(1‐methylethyl)dihydro‐1, 3,5‐dithiazine [FL‐no: 15.057], 2‐isobutyldihydro‐4, 6‐dimethyl‐1, 3,5‐dithiazine [FL‐no: 15.079] and ethyl thialdine [FL‐no: 15.135]. Furthermore, new in vitro genotoxicity studies have become available on the supporting substance 2‐acetyl‐2‐thiazoline [FL‐no: 15.010], which is considered to be structurally related to and a supportive substance for 2‐methyl‐2‐thiazoline [FL‐no: 15.086]. Eighteen of the original 59 candidate substances [FL‐no: 15.037, 15.042, 15.043, 15.064, 15.070, 15.072, 15.077, 15.088, 15.090, 15.091, 15.092, 15.094, 15.099, 15.106, 15.107, 15.114, 15.129 and 15.133], for which additional data were requested, are no longer supported by Industry for use as flavouring substances in Europe and will therefore not be considered any further. Therefore, FGE.21Rev4 will only deal with 41 candidate substances. Two of the substances, 3‐thiazolines, 2,4‐dimethyl‐3‐thiazoline [FL‐no: 15.060] and 2‐isobutyl‐3‐thiazoline [FL‐no: 15.119], were considered to have genotoxic potential. The remaining 39 substances were evaluated through a stepwise approach (the Procedure) that integrates information on structure‐activity relationships, intake from current uses, toxicological threshold of concern, and available data on metabolism and toxicity. The Panel concluded that 32 flavouring substances [FL‐no: 15.038, 15.039, 15.044, 15.050, 15.051, 15.052, 15.054, 15.055, 15.057, 15.058, 15.061, 15.062, 15.063, 15.067, 15.068, 15.069, 15.071, 15.078, 15.079, 15.080, 15.082, 15.084, 15.085, 15.086, 15.087, 15.089, 15.098, 15.108, 15.115, 15.116, 15.118 and 15.135] do not give rise to safety concerns at their levels of dietary intake, estimated on the basis of the MSDI approach. For the remaining seven candidate substances [FL‐no: 15.040, 15.045, 15.074, 15.076, 15.093, 15.096 and 15.097] evaluated through the Procedure, no appropriate NOAEL was available and additional data are required. Besides the safety assessment of these flavouring substances, the specifications for the materials of commerce have also been considered. Adequate specifications including complete purity criteria and identity for the materials of commerce have been provided for all 41 candidate substances.

Two new approaches to impact leukemia cells of different types are considered. The effect of heterocycles serving as NO synthase inhibitors or activators and the possibilities of the use of the zinc-related magnetic isotope effect are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids of the European Food Safety Authority was requested to evaluate 59 flavouring substances in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 21, Revision 4, using the Procedure in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. This revision is made due to the inclusion of the assessment of new toxicity data on one supporting substance 5,6-dihydro-2,4,6-tris(2-methylpropyl)-4H- 1,3,5-dithiazine [FL-no: 15.113], which is considered to be structurally related to the candidate substances 2- butyl-4-methyl(4H)pyrrolidino[1,2d]-1,3,5-dithiazine [FL-no: 15.042], dihydro-2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5(4H)- dithiazine [FL-no: 15.054], 2,4-dimethyl(4H)pyrrolidino[1,2e]-1,3,5-dithiazine [FL-no: 15.055], 4,6-dimethyl-2- (1-methylethyl)dihydro-1,3,5-dithiazine [FL-no: 15.057], 2-isobutyldihydro-4,6-dimethyl-1,3,5-dithiazine [FLno: 15.079] and ethyl thialdine [FL-no: 15.135]. Furthermore, new in vitro genotoxicity studies have become available on the supporting substance 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline [FL-no: 15.010], which is considered to be structurally related to and a supportive substance for 2-methyl-2-thiazoline [FL-no: 15.086]. Eighteen of the original 59 candidate substances [FL-no: 15.037, 15.042, 15.043, 15.064, 15.070, 15.072, 15.077, 15.088, 15.090, 15.091, 15.092, 15.094, 15.099, 15.106, 15.107, 15.114, 15.129 and 15.133], for which additional data were requested, are no longer supported by Industry for use as flavouring substances in Europe and will therefore not be considered any further. Therefore, FGE.21Rev4 will only deal with 41 candidate substances. Two of the substances, 3-thiazolines, 2,4-dimethyl-3-thiazoline [FL-no: 15.060] and 2-isobutyl-3-thiazoline [FLno: 15.119], were considered to have genotoxic potential. The remaining 39 substances were evaluated through a stepwise approach (the Procedure) that integrates information on structure-activity relationships, intake from current uses, toxicological threshold of concern, and available data on metabolism and toxicity. The Panel concluded that 32 flavouring substances [FL-no: 15.038, 15.039, 15.044, 15.050, 15.051, 15.052, 15.054, 15.055, 15.057, 15.058, 15.061, 15.062, 15.063, 15.067, 15.068, 15.069, 15.071, 15.078, 15.079, 15.080, 15.082, 15.084, 15.085, 15.086, 15.087, 15.089, 15.098, 15.108, 15.115, 15.116, 15.118 and 15.135] do not give rise to safety concerns at their levels of dietary intake, estimated on the basis of the MSDI approach. For the remaining seven candidate substances [FL-no: 15.040, 15.045, 15.074, 15.076, 15.093, 15.096 and 15.097] evaluated through the Procedure, no appropriate NOAEL was available and additional data are required. Besides the safety assessment of these flavouring substances, the specifications for the materials of commerce have also been considered. Adequate specifications including complete purity criteria and identity for the materials of commerce have been provided for all 41 candidate substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For the development of new fungicides against rice blast, the quantitative structural–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses for fungicidal activities of thiazoline derivatives were carried out using multiple linear regression (MLR) and neural network (NN). We have studied the substituent effects at para site of R1 and at three sites (ortho, meta, or para) of R2 aromatic rings in compounds. The results of MLR and NN analyses in the training set of Set-3 showed good correlations (r 2 values of 0.829 and 0.966, respectively) between the descriptors and the fungicidal activities. Five descriptors including the non-overlap steric volume , Connolly surface area , hydrophobicity , and Hammett substituent constants ( and ) were selected as important factors of fungicidal activities. Although the descriptors of optimum MLR model were used in NN, the results were improved by NN. This means that the descriptors used in MLR model include non-linear relationships. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the reaction of tris(2,4-pentandionato)vanadium(III) with salicylaldehyde 4-phenyithiosemicarbazone (H2L1) and 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde 4-phenylthiosemicarbazone (H2L2), two new mononuclear complexes of vanadium(V), [VOL1(OCH3)] (1) and [VOL2(OCH3)] (3), as well as thiazoline derivatives, {R-CHNN[CNC(C6H5)C(CH3)C(O)(CH3)S]}[ R = -C6H4(OH) (L1cycl, 2) or -C6H3(OCH3)(OH) (L2cycl, 4)] have been prepared. The isolation of the thiazoline deriatives is the first example of cyclization reactions of thiosemicarbazones with appropriate β-diketone involving vanadium. In vanadium(V) complexes 1 and 3, vanadium is coordinated by one doubly bonded oxygen atom, ONS atoms from the salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone ligand and by an oxygen atom from the methoxo ligand. All compounds have been characterized by means of chemical analyses and IR spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structures of 1-4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]