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In the traditional mass concrete temperature field calculation, the accuracy of the thermal parameters is extremely important. However, the actual thermal parameters of mass concrete may have some errors with the laboratory-measured values or specification values due to the site ambient temperature, concrete surface insulation measures, cooling water flow, etc. Therefore, it can be combined with the measured temperature of the field temperature sensors using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for the inverse analysis of thermal parameters. Firstly, to address the problem that SSA has low convergence accuracy and easily falls into local optimum, a mixed strategy was adopted to improve the algorithm, including Logistic Chaos mapping initialization of the population, the introduction of adaptive weighting factors, and the use of the Cauchy mutation strategy. Then, the performance test was carried out to compare the performance of the algorithm with three different intelligent algorithms and reflect the superiority of the SSA that was improved by mixed strategies (SSAIMSs). Finally, the proposed method was applied to the thermal parameter inversion of a mass concrete pile cap. The inversion results demonstrated that SSAIMSs can improve the accuracy and speed of thermal parameter inversion, and the calculated results of the thermal parameters and temperatures obtained using the SSAIMSs matched well with the measured results in the field, which can meet the accuracy requirements of the actual engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty is a key issue in thermal analysis and management for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines (PMSMs) and always occurs in both conduction and convection heat transfers. However, this issue has not been evaluated thoroughly. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive sensitivity analysis with uncertainty quantification, and the influences of more than 20 uncertain factors on temperature rises of winding and PM are evaluated. The investigated uncertainties include the convection coefficients under different cooling methods, the main machine losses, the interface gaps, and the materials’ thermal conductivities, where a 3-kW outer rotor PMSM is taken as an example for illustration. Furthermore, the most critical uncertain factors are determined based on a well-calibrated finite element analysis (FEA) model. Finally, the employed FEA model is validated experimentally under different cooling conditions.

In the traditional mass concrete temperature field calculation, the accuracy of the thermal parameters is extremely important. However, the actual thermal parameters of mass concrete may have some errors with the laboratory-measured values or specification values due to the site ambient temperature, concrete surface insulation measures, cooling water flow, etc. Therefore, it can be combined with the measured temperature of the field temperature sensors using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for the inverse analysis of thermal parameters. Firstly, to address the problem that SSA has low convergence accuracy and easily falls into local optimum, a mixed strategy was adopted to improve the algorithm, including Logistic Chaos mapping initialization of the population, the introduction of adaptive weighting factors, and the use of the Cauchy mutation strategy. Then, the performance test was carried out to compare the performance of the algorithm with three different intelligent algorithms and reflect the superiority of the SSA that was improved by mixed strategies (SSAIMSs). Finally, the proposed method was applied to the thermal parameter inversion of a mass concrete pile cap. The inversion results demonstrated that SSAIMSs can improve the accuracy and speed of thermal parameter inversion, and the calculated results of the thermal parameters and temperatures obtained using the SSAIMSs matched well with the measured results in the field, which can meet the accuracy requirements of the actual engineering.

In the construction of artificial freezing methods and cold region engineering, the determination of the accurate temperature field is the demand of both ensuring the stability of frozen soil and reducing the project investment. Affected by the external environment, phase change latent heat, non-linear thermal parameters, etc., the temperature evolution of the soil freezing process is a non-linear form, and the temperature field evolution will be more complex with the change of different influencing factors. Scientific control and utilization of the influencing factors of the frozen soil temperature field play a vital role in improving the freezing efficiency and accuracy of the soil temperature field. This study aims to analyze the sensitivity of thermal factors on the nonlinear formation process of frozen soil temperature field, and to provide the results for the control of various factors in frozen soil engineering. A freezing model test was designed and implemented, the boundary conditions and temperature evolution in the model were monitored. Meanwhile, the thermal parameters and unfrozen water content of the model soil were tested indoor. Then the theoretical relationship between unfrozen water content and parameters was deduced to determine the variation range of unfrozen water content. The boundary condition values (including the maximum, minimum and average values) and thermal parameters were used in the orthogonal simulation of the freezing model, respectively. The temperature simulation values were compared with the model test values, and the factors affecting the nonlinear heat transfer of frozen soils were analyzed quantitatively by both the range method and variance analysis method. Several suggestions of the vital factors in the soil freezing construction were offered based on this research.

Due to the special structure, helical coil once-through steam generators (HCOTSGs) can withstand greater thermal expansion stress, have a larger heat exchange area, and cause the secondary flow phenomenon to improve the heat transfer capacity. Thus, it is inevitable to further study the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of the HCOTSG, a vital component of reactors. The optimal physical models were selected for different heat transfer areas by detailed investigation and comparison, to adopt in the TACS, a self-developed thermal-hydraulic analysis code that is accurate and widely-used in HCOTSG simulation. After verification with experiments of Santini, taking the IRIS reactor as the object, the TACS was employed to briefly study the thermal-hydraulic performances of the HCOTSG system at first, and then discuss the influences of thermal and geometric parameters on the HCOTSG. The analysis results showed that: the variation of the primary flow rate greatly affects the heat transfer coefficient of the primary side, while the maximum value of the heat transfer coefficient of the secondary side only changes drastically with the secondary flow rate; when the primary side flow drops to 70%, superheated steam is not generated on the secondary side; when the secondary mass flow rate decreases to a certain extent, the steam superheat degree increases by a small amplitude; the primary side inlet temperature has a little influence on the primary temperature difference, but significant influence on the two-phase zone length of the secondary side; the secondary inlet temperature has very little influence on the HCOTSG system; the inner diameter and the outer diameter of helical tubes have obvious influences, while the helical diameter has not.

The temperature of concrete arch dam during construction is affected by factors such as ambient temperature, cooling through water, and surface insulation. There is often a significant discrepancy between the actual thermal parameters and the values measured in indoor experimental tests. In this study, intelligent identification of thermal parameters is performed based on temperature monitoring data and an intelligence optimization algorithm so that the thermal characteristics of concrete in a real pouring environment can be obtained in real time. A hybrid algorithm of particle swarm optimization and grey wolf optimizer (HPSOGWO) is proposed. The performance of the hybrid particle swarm algorithm is verified to have some advantages over the other seven algorithms by twelve different test functions. Considering the influences of environmental temperature changes and multistage cooling water, HPSOGWO is utilized for inverse analysis of the thermal parameters of concretes with the same strength grade and concretes with different strength grades. The analysis results show that the concrete temperature values calculated based on the inversion of the HPSOGWO algorithm are in good agreement with the measured values, and the HPSOGWO algorithm has good adaptability in the inversion of thermal parameters of arch dams. The inversion results are of essential to clarify the relationship between temperature changes and thermal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem of low efficiency of NOx emission reduction in self-reflux burners, this study is based on the concept of coordinated control of self-reflux burner structural and thermal parameters. After completing the structural design and optimization of thermal parameters, we continue to adjust the two key structural parameters: the nozzle axis distance and the length of the cylindrical section, to minimize NOx emissions. These are the two parameters that chiefly affect the mixing of flue gas and fuel gas. The results show that increasing nozzle axis distance can delay the mixing of gas and air and create a more uniform oxygen concentration field for the combustion process. The maximum combustion temperature is reduced from 1973.65 K to 1935.88 K and the volume fraction of NOx in the flue gas is reduced from 188.08×10−6 to 143.47×10−6. However, compared with the nozzle axis distance, the length of the cylindrical section of the burner has little effect on the mixing of the flow field. Under different cylindrical section lengths, the maximum combustion temperature does not change more than 3 K, and the volume fraction of NOx in the flue gas changes within 5×10−6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the construction of artificial freezing methods and cold region engineering, the determination of the accurate temperature field is the demand of both ensuring the stability of frozen soil and reducing the project investment. Affected by the external environment, phase change latent heat, non-linear thermal parameters, etc., the temperature evolution of the soil freezing process is a non-linear form, and the temperature field evolution will be more complex with the change of different influencing factors. Scientific control and utilization of the influencing factors of the frozen soil temperature field play a vital role in improving the freezing efficiency and accuracy of the soil temperature field. This study aims to analyze the sensitivity of thermal factors on the nonlinear formation process of frozen soil temperature field, and to provide the results for the control of various factors in frozen soil engineering. A freezing model test was designed and implemented, the boundary conditions and temperature evolution in the model were monitored. Meanwhile, the thermal parameters and unfrozen water content of the model soil were tested indoor. Then the theoretical relationship between unfrozen water content and parameters was deduced to determine the variation range of unfrozen water content. The boundary condition values (including the maximum, minimum and average values) and thermal parameters were used in the orthogonal simulation of the freezing model, respectively. The temperature simulation values were compared with the model test values, and the factors affecting the nonlinear heat transfer of frozen soils were analyzed quantitatively by both the range method and variance analysis method. Several suggestions of the vital factors in the soil freezing construction were offered based on this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers the temperature-dependent thermal parameters (specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity) used when predicting the temperature rise of tissue exposed to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Numerical analysis was performed using the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov equation coupled with a bioheat transfer function. The thermal parameters were set as the functions of temperature using experimental data. The results revealed that, for liver tissue exposed to HIFU with a focal intensity of 3000 W/cm2 for 10 s, the predicted focal temperature rise was 23% lower and the thermal lesion area 41% smaller than those predicted without considering the temperature dependence. The prediction was validated by experimental observations on thermal lesions visualized in a tissue-mimicking phantom. The present results suggest that temperature-dependent thermal parameters should be considered in the prediction of HIFU-induced temperature rise to avoid lowering ultrasonic output settings for HIFU surgery. The aim of the present study was to investigate how significantly the temperature dependence of the thermal parameters affects the thermal dose imposed on the tissue by a typical clinical HIFU device. A numerical simulation was performed using a thermo-acoustic algorithm coupling the non-linear Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation (Meaney et al. 1998; Filonenko and Khokhlova 2001) and a bio-heat transfer (BHT) equation (Pennes 1948). Thermal parameters of liver tissue were modeled in the present study as functions of temperature and were incorporated into the BHT equation to compensate for the variations in thermal parameters with temperature. Experimental validation was achieved by comparing the predictions with the thermal lesions formed in the tissue-mimicking phantoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order lo provide theoretical basis and data support for improving the production mode of covering, this study investigated the nighttime air temperature formed by multiple layers of films with tunnel shells and small tunnel sheds as trial subjects. The experiment was carried out in four tunnel sheds with 0 or 2 small tunnel sheds covered by 0, 1,2 and 3 layers of films, respectively in Jinan, Shandong Province in winter of 2018. The nighttime air temperatures of tunnel sheds and small tunnel sheds formed by 1,2, 3 and 4 layers of plastic film were measured and analyzed to simulate the temperature environment of early-spring season. The results showed that there were little differences l)elween the nighttime air temperatures inside the tunnel sheds which was installed 0-3-layer small tunnel sheds inside, and there were uncertainty in the values of the air temperatures inside and outside the tunnel sheds; and the nighttime temperature conditions were constantly improved with the number of plastic film layers increasing under llie conditions of this study. The analysis indicated that the mechanism of raising the temperature surrounded by plastic film was not only due to its own thermal parameter (thermal conductivity). MATLAB fitting analysis results showed that the increment of nighttime temperature in multi-film coverings became smaller with the number of film layers increasing. In this study, the number of layers in multi-film covering should not exceed 5 lavers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For KDP and 70%-DKDP crystals, knowledge of thermal-stress distribution induced by weak absorption effect is crucial for their applications, especially in high-power laser systems. Based on photo-thermal common-path interferometry (PCI) technique, the correlations of weak absorption effect with different crystal orientations were systematically evaluated at 1064 nm. An obviously anisotropic property is demonstrated, and a similar pattern of z > x > I > II is also represented for KDP and 70%-DKDP crystals. More importantly, crystal uniformity could be reflected by the weak absorption results, indicating that PCI method could be considered as a novel way to identify the crystal quality. Meanwhile, Thermal parameters including thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were obtained. Using the finite-element method (FEM), the temperature gradients and thermal-stresses along z and x-cut samples were distinctly explored, implying that the corresponding distributions are mainly attributed to crystal orientations. Importantly, another fundamental factor is confirmed that the variation of deuterium content could influence the behaviors of temperature gradients and thermal-stresses distributions. Thus, taking advantage of PCI and FEM as a new approach is more conducive to better understanding the mechanism of laser-matter interactions. Highlights • Characteristics of weak absorption were detailed explored for KDP/DKDP crystals. • Thermal performances were systematically demonstrated as a function of temperature. • Exploration of the correlations between weak absorption and thermal-stress. • Deuterium content plays an indispensable role in affecting thermal stress. • Temperature gradient and thermal stress are closely relevant to crystal orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Mechanics / Gongcheng Lixue is the property of Engineering Mechanics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of deep regional hyperthermia with the use of mobile insulator sheets in a capacitively coupled heating device. Materials and methods: The heat was applied using an 8-MHz radiofrequency-capacitive device. The insulator sheet was inserted between the regular bolus and cooled overlay bolus in each of upper and lower side of the electrode. Several settings using the insulator sheets were investigated in an experimental study using an agar phantom to evaluate the temperature distributions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions in several organs were also computed for the three-dimensional patient model. In a clinical prospective study, a total of five heating sessions were scheduled for the pelvic tumours, to assess the thermal parameters. The conventional setting was used during the first, third and fifth treatment sessions, and insulator sheets were used during the second and fourth treatment sessions. Results: In the phantom study, the higher heating area improved towards the centre when the mobile insulator sheets were used. The subcutaneous fat/target ratios for the averaged SARs in the setting with the mobile insulator (median, 2.5) were significantly improved compared with those in the conventional setting (median, 3.4). In the clinical study, the thermal dose parameters of CEM43°CT90 in the sessions with the mobile insulator sheets (median, 1.9 min) were significantly better than those in the sessions using a conventional setting (median, 1.0 min). Conclusions: Our novel heating method using mobile insulator sheets was thus found to improve the thermal dose parameters. Further investigations are expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature changes the internal microstructure of clay and consequently affects its physical and thermal properties. In this paper, the influence of firing temperature (up to 900 °C) on the thermo-physical properties of clay is analyzed through laboratory tests and the relationship between thermal conductivity and density is revealed. Furthermore, the variation of surface characteristics including clay color and cracking is reported. The results obtained indicate that the thermal conductivity and diffusivity as well as the bulk density of clay decrease rapidly as the temperature increases from room temperature to 200 °C, and then become approximately constant. From the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) tests it is also shown that there are two significant stages for the clay exposed to high temperature: 25–200 °C and 400–700 °C. The evaporation of adhered water and bound water are proved to be the main reason for the first stage of clay mass loss at 25–200 °C, while the decomposition of minerals is considered as the second stage of mass loss in the temperature range of 400–700 °C. In addition, the combustion of organic matter in clay is the main reason for its darkening at 300–400 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the iron isotope composition of 130 mafic lavas from 15 arcs worldwide with the hypothesis that the results would reflect the relatively high oxidation state of arc magmas. Although this expectation was not realized, this Fe isotope data set reveals important insights into the geodynamic controls and style of the melting regimes in the sub-arc mantle. Samples are from oceanic arcs from the circum-Pacific, the Indonesian Sunda–Banda islands, Scotia and the Lesser Antilles as well as from the eastern Pacific Cascades. Their mean δ 57 Fe value is +0.075 ± 0.05‰, significantly lighter than MORB (+0.15 ± 0.03‰). Western Pacific arcs extend to very light δ 57 Fe (Kamchatka = −0.11 ± 0.04‰). This is contrary to expectation, because Fe isotope fractionation factors ( Sossi et al., 2016, 2012 ) and the incompatibility of ferric versus ferrous iron during mantle melting, predict that melts of more oxidized sources will be enriched in heavy Fe isotopes. Subducted oxidation capacity flux may correlate with hydrous fluid release from the slab. If so, a positive correlation between each arc's thermal parameter ( ϕ ) and δ 57 Fe is predicted. On the contrary, the sampled arcs mostly contribute to a negative array with the ϕ value. High ϕ arcs, largely in the western Pacific, have primary magmas with lower δ 57 Fe values than the low ϕ , eastern Pacific arcs. Arcs with MORB-like Sr-, Nd- and Pb-isotopes, show a large range of δ 57 Fe from heavy MORB-like values (Scotia or the Cascades) to very light values (Kamchatka, Tonga). Although all basalts with light δ 57 Fe values have MORB-like Pb-, Nd- and Sr-isotope ratios some, particularly those from eastern Indonesia, have heavier δ 57 Fe and higher Pb- and Sr- and lower Nd-isotope ratios reflecting sediment contamination of the mantle wedge. Because basalts with MORB-like radiogenic isotopes range all the way from heavy to light δ 57 Fe values this trend is process -, not source composition -driven. Neither the slab-derived influx of fluids with light iron or sediment-derived melts with heavier iron can drive the iron isotopic shifts. The trend to light iron isotopes is partly the result of repeated, hydrous flux-driven, f O 2 -buffered, melting of initially normal-DMM-like mantle. However the most negative δ 57 Fe must also reflect re-melting of sources that have experienced prior diffusive (disequilibrium) stripping of heavy Fe isotopes due to rapid melt extraction and metasomatism. Data from intra-arc to back-arc rifts in the western Pacific show that these arc signatures are rapidly dispersed by influx of DMM or OIB mantle once intra- and back-arc rifting and slab rollback gains momentum. We suggest that the characteristic light arc signatures only form when the source is lodged under arcs where sub-arc mantle undergoes corner flow forming an isolated roll. This process of heavy iron depletion is most efficient in the high ϕ arcs of the western Pacific and least prevalent in the low ϕ arcs of the eastern Pacific where δ 57 Fe values are MORB-like. This implies that there is a fundamental change in character of sub-arc mantle melting between east and west Pacific, percolative and fluid fluxed in the west and diapiric and decompressional in the east. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1963, the International Heat Flow Commission has been fostering the compilation of the Global Heat Flow Database to provide reliable heat-flow data. Over time, techniques and methodologies evolved, calling for a reorganization of the database structure and for a reassessment of stored heat-flow data. Here, we provide the results of a collaborative, community-driven approach to set-up a new, quality-approved global heat-flow database. We present background information on how heat-flow is determined and how this important thermal parameter could be systematically evaluated. The latter requires appropriate documentation of metadata to allow the application of a consistent evaluation scheme. The knowledge of basic data (name and coordinates of the site, depth range of temperature measurements, etc.), details on temperature and thermal-conductivity data and possible perturbing effects need to be given. The proposed heat-flow quality evaluation scheme can discriminate between different quality aspects affecting heat flow: numerical uncertainties, methodological uncertainties, and environmental effects. The resulting quality codes allow the evaluation of every stored heat-flow data entry. If mandatory basic data are missing, the entry is marked accordingly. In cases where more than one heat-flow determination is presented for one specific site, and all of them are considered for the site, the poorest evaluation score is inherited to the site level. The required data and the proposed scheme are presented in this paper. Due to the requirements of the newly developed evaluation scheme, the database structure as presented in 2021 has been updated and is available in the appendix of this paper. The new quality scheme will allow a comprehensible evaluation of the stored heat-flow data for the first time. • We developed a new quality scheme for heat-flow data. • We adopted and redefined the database structure of the Global Heat Flow Database. • We demonstrate the evaluation of the heat-flow data for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding methodological and biological sources of bias during the measurement of thermal parameters is essential for the advancement of thermal biology. For more than a century, studies on lizards have deepened our understanding of thermal ecophysiology, employing multiple methods to measure thermal preferences and tolerances. We reviewed 129 articles concerned with measuring preferred body temperature (PBT), voluntary thermal tolerance, and critical temperatures of lizards to offer: a) an overview of the methods used to measure and report these parameters, b) a summary of the methodological and biological factors affecting thermal preference and tolerance, c) recommendations to avoid identified pitfalls, and d) directions for continued progress in our application and understanding of these thermal parameters. We emphasize the need for more methodological and comparative studies. Lastly, we urge researchers to provide more detailed methodological descriptions and suggest ways to make their raw data more informative to increase the utility of thermal biology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrazole and its derivatives with rich nitrogen atoms may be potential candidates for energetic materials. Alkaline earth metal coordination compounds based on such ligands are relatively less investigated. Hpytza was prepared from 4-cyanopyridine and sodium azide, ethyl bromoacetate, where Hpytza = 5-(4-pyridyl)tetrazole-2-acetic acid. Hpytza and four alkaline earth metal coordination polymers [Mg(pytza) 2 ] n ( 1 ), [Ca(pytza) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] n ·3nH 2 O ( 2 ), [Sr(pytza) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] n ( 3 ) and [Ba(pytza) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] n ·nH 2 O ( 4 ) were prepared under solvothermal conditions. The thermal behavior of these compounds were characterized by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric-differential thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analyses. Furthermore, the critical temperature of thermal explosion and relevant thermal parameters ΔS, ΔH, ΔG of Hpytza and polymers 1 – 4 were calculated, as well, indicating that these compounds are potential energetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This aim of the study was to evaluate the technological properties of rice starch modified by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Black rice starch (BRS) was dispersed in 20% water and then HHP was applied at pressures of 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 30 min, where morphological, structural, functional and thermal parameters were evaluated. High pressure (BRS600) provided greater morphological damage, such as surface cavities and loss of crystallinity. The treatment HHP > 400 MPa the type of diffraction pattern was changed from type A to type V. The FT-IR spectra showed differences in intensity, especially for control, which revealed better defined peaks of greater intensity. The modified starch showed a greater affinity for water and oil absorption than the native starch as well as for milk absorption, exhibiting a higher binding capacity for the whole milk. HHP treatment is a fast and efficient non-thermal method to improve the technological properties of BRS. • BRS was modified by HHP using pressures ranging from 200 to 600 Mpa for 30 min. • The most intense treatment (600 MPa) did not produce complete gelatinization of the BRS. • HHP > 400 MPa changes the BRS structure from type A to type V. • The increase in pressure promoted granules with surface cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of definitive radiotherapy (RT) plus regional hyperthermia (HT) and investigate the potential contribution of HT to clinical outcomes in patients with prostate carcinoma.Materials and methods: Following our institution’s treatment protocol, HT was combined with RT to improve clinical outcomes in selected patients with high-risk or very high-risk prostate cancer. Data from 82 patients treated with RT plus HT and 64 patients treated with RT alone were retrospectively analysed.Results: Median follow-up duration was 61 months. The 5-year biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS) rate for the 82 patients treated with RT plus HT was 78%, whereas bDFS for the 64 patients treated with RT alone was 72%; this difference was not significant. Among the 75 patients treated with RT plus HT who underwent intra-rectal temperature measurements, higher thermal parameters were significant prognostic indicators of improved bDFS by univariate analysis. A higher CEM43 °CT90 thermal parameter and a T stage of T1–2 were significant prognostic factors based on multivariate analysis. The 5-year bDFS rates for the 40 patients with a higher CEM43 °CT90 and the 64 patients treated with RT alone were significantly different, whereas 5-year bDFS for the 35 patients with a lower CEM43 °CT90 and the 64 patients treated with RT alone were not.Conclusions: The addition of HT with higher thermal parameters to RT may improve bDFS for patients with high-risk or very high-risk prostate cancer. These findings also demonstrate the importance of careful selection of treatable patients with higher thermal parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Journal of Architecture & Civil Engineering is the property of Chang'an Daxue Zazhishe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, roasted and unroasted (control) tomato seeds were cold pressed and the seeds, oils, and seed presscakes (meals) were analyzed. Some physicochemical properties, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, thermal properties, mineral contents, fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols compositions, volatile compounds and sensory evaluation of the tomato seed oils were determined. The tomato seeds contained 3.3 % of ash, 17.3 % of oil and 27.2 % of protein. The cold press oil recovery rate was 7.2 and 10.28 % for control and roasted seeds, respectively. There were eight sensory terms defining the oils together with 34 different aromatic compounds quantified. The volatile compounds furfural, hexanal, benzaldehyde and 2-isobutylthiazole were found with the highest frequency in the samples. Roasted, green and tomato were defined as characteristic sensory terms for tomato seeds oils. Fifteen different minerals, melting and crystallization temperatures and enthalpies of the oil samples were also quantified. This study provides important data for the tomato seed oils, and proves that pre-roasted tomato seed oils are high quality, nutritious and aromatics oils with higher levels of consumer acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using hot wire method, experiments on the thermal conductivity coefficient of 230 mm × 165 mm × 65 mm reactive powder concrete (RPC) test specimens with four different fiber volumes (RPC without fiber, RPC with polypropylene fiber volume content of 0. 2%, RPC with steel fiber volume content of 2% and RPC with volume content 0.2% polypropylene fiber and 2% steel fiber) were made in the temperature of room temperature, 100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C. Research on the thermal conductivity of RPC influenced by temperature, fiber types and fiber volumes has been carried out. The formula reflecting the increase of RPC thermal conductivity with the increase of temperature was fitted. The thermal conductivity coefficient of RPC was compared with high strength concrete and normal concrete. The results show that the thermal conductivity coefficient of RPC is higher than high strength concrete and normal concrete. The inversion test on different fiber volumes in RPC in high temperature was completed, including the measurement of the center temperature of specimens in stove. Combined with the measured values of thermal conductivity of RPC and the temperature curve of specimen center, the simulation of temperature field of RPC specimens in the high temperature was made using the software ABAQUS, and their specific heat capacity was further obtained by inversion. The establishment of the calculation formula for the specific heat capacity of RPC was completed, showing that the constant specific heat capacity is a constant from room temperature to 100 °C and from 600 °C to 900 °C, while increases with the increase of temperature from 100 °C to 600 °C . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The ventilation condition is one of the main factors that determine the Heat Release Rate (HRR). In order to reveal the influence of ventilation condition on the HRR of China Railways High-speed (CRH) passenger rail car and help the fire protection engineers to choose the right HRR during the fire risk assessment of high-speed rail system in China, the HRR and other thermal parameters of the individual materials and component assemblies of CRH passenger rail car, are measured with the Cone Calorimeter and other test instruments, as the input parameters of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), and 2 fire scenarios have been designed to obtain the HRR vs. time curves of CRH passenger rail car on the different ventilation conditions, such as the location and number of the open windows. The research results show that the ventilation condition exerts a significant influence on the HRR of CRH passenger rail car, which is in the range of 18.4∼37.9 MW according to the different ventilation conditions; if only one window is open, the closer the open window gets to the ignition source, the higher the HRR is; if several windows are open at the time, the HRR is the highest as 2 windows are open, which is 37.9 MW. The HRR of CRH passenger rail car dramatically fluctuates with the different ventilation conditions, so the HRR of CRH passenger rail car should be chosen and applied carefully. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to exactly reflect the effect of the radiant tube size on the combustion performance, thermal parameters on uncork-cylinder radiant tube gas-fired combustor were measured using different radiant tubes under three kinds of loads, and the relatively suitable matching relationship among the load, the length and the diameter of radiant tube was obtained, thus the optimization design on the combustor structure was achieved. It is found that 219 mm is the appropriate radiant tube diameter in the test load range, 950 mm, 1000 mm anti 1100 mm are the appropriate radiant tube lengths under loads of 50 kW, 75 kW and 100 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Temperature profoundly affects seismicity and rheology within subducted lithosphere; the thermal parameter Φ is often used to characterize the temperature structure of subduction zones. Φ is usually defined as t Age V ⊥, where t Age is the age of the plate as subduction begins and V ⊥ is the lithosphere''s vertical descent rate. But, interpretations of Φ can be confusing because its relationship with temperature is seldom expressed explicitly and because published estimates of Φ often vary by factors of two or more. This paper presents a particularly simple approximate model that leads to an analytical relationship between Φ/h and the minimum temperature within subducted lithosphere at a depth h. In spite of the model''s simplicity, it gives reasonable approximate temperature estimates, e.g., for subduction zones where Φ is less than about 2500km, the relationship between Φ and the observed maximum depth h max of seismicty is consistent with the observation that seismicity ceases when interior slab temperature exceeds about 600–800°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

On the basis of the existing theories such as permafrost, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, as well as the climate features on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the data collected from both laboratory and the on-the-spot test, this paper puts forward a set of analytical methods and a numerical module for ground thermal regime with consideration of engineering surface features and various natural elements such as wind speed, radiation, evaporation. This paper also probes into the defining method for physical thermal parameter of the silty clay and gravelly sand soil, which widely pervades on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The numerical analysis indicates that the ground thermal regime is a comprehensive reflection of various external elements. It is suggested that the variation of external elements should be fully taken into consideration in engineering design. Furthermore, the analysis of the frozen soil subgrade indicates that the transverse thermal difference in subgrade, which affects the subgrade stability, is caused by transverse difference in external elements along the subgrade surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In hyperthermia for cancer therapy, thermal parameters related to tumor response have not yet been clarified. We investigated thermal parameters that could predict tumor response to hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy in locally advanced malignancies. Methods. Fifty-four patients with locally advanced malignancies who were treated by hyperthermia in combination with radiation therapy were enrolled in this study. Local hyperthermia was induced by ultrasound heating equipment for 60 min, within 30 min after irradiation, twice a week, for a total of six to ten sessions. Radiation therapy was administered with a conventional fractionation regimen, at a total dose of 40–70 Gy. Multi-point thermometry results were obtained with every 10-s temperature data acquisition. An average of seven interstitial sites per tumor was monitored for each treatment. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between tumor response and minimum, maximum, and average intratumor temperature (Tmin, Tmax, Tav); the cumulative minutes of treatment at temperatures exceeded by 90%, 50%, and 10% of the measured intratumoral temperatures (T90, T50, T10); and cumulative minutes of the temperature that achieved above the index temperature value in the tumor center {(Cum min T(center) > T(index)}. Results. Complete and partial response rates were 32.6% and 46.2%, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the temperature parameters with predictive probability were highest for Cum min T(center) > 42.5°C, followed by >42°C and >41°C; and T90. Cum min T(center) > 42.5°C was most significantly associated with complete tumor response ( P < 0.001). Conclusion. These results strongly suggest that hyperthermia is a useful adjunct to radiotherapy for increasing the local control of advanced malignancies, and that Cum min T(center) > 42.5°C could be an important thermal parameter for predicting tumor response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]