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The article explored the modern global educational space and university environment with its structure and functioning. It presents key tasks of US university education in a global context, offers the definition of the university environment, and describes core features of the US university setting. The university campus is considered as a main educational space for students to live and study. It has been given the description of the structure, main functions and services of a university campus needed to facilitate students' learning process. Pedagogical support for fostering a welcoming and effective learning environment has been outlined, too. It also lists diverse students' main challenges in an unknown university setting, which they primarily met with; the theoretical findings were justified by the recent research results. The core student competences were studied that are extremely important to be acquired and developed in order to overcome adjustment and studying challenges. The article has explored some primary tasks of the university staff, primarily, international student counselors and educational counselors, who work with students of different cultural backgrounds, aiming at helping them with their adjustment and studying problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess the possibility of asymmetric impact of monetary policy on housing permits issued in each state of the USA. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology and approach are based on the linear ARDL and nonlinear ARDL approach to error-correction modeling and asymmetric cointegration. Findings: The linear models predict that money supply impact housing permits in 28 states in the short run and only nine states in the long run. However, the asymmetric effects are far more pervasive, highlighting the restrictive nature of the linear model. The results from the nonlinear model show at least one lag of positive and/or negative changes in money supply significantly impacts housing permits in nearly all states. Even in the long run, housing permits in 32 states share a long-run relationship with positive and/or negative changes in money supply. The authors also find contractionary monetary policy has a greater influence on housing permits in most states compared to expansionary policy. Originality/value: For the first time, the authors use state-level data and asymmetric approach to assess the impact of monetary policy on house permits issued in each state of the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to present the application of various therapeutic approaches to the treatment of PTSD sufferers, in particular the servicemen who return from active combat duty. The authors hope to demonstrate how the traditional psychotherapy within a certain stream can be supplemented by new elements. Special emphasis is placed on art-therapy, which appears to be one of the most successful techniques. Sadly, the development of art-therapy, as well as other non-traditional psychological treatments is often impeded by insufficient funding and inadequate collaboration among institutions studying the use of this particular approach. The article also discusses the growing awareness of the problem of PTSD in military conflicts in the 20th and 21st centuries. The United States and Ukraine were chosen as the case studies in order to observe how new therapeutic elements are implemented in these two nations, which have recently participated in significant armed conflicts. The USA is a pioneer of new scientific solutions, while Ukraine has always had a limited budget for such initiatives. Nonetheless, progress has been observed in both countries though there is still a lot to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The geopolitical dynamics of the Middle East have always been influenced by the competition among global powers, particularly the United States and China. This study aims to analyze how the US-China rivalry from 2010 to 2022 has impacted Iran's national security. The region's strategic significance and its vast energy resources make it a focal point for these powers, each seeking to expand their influence. Iran, as a key player in the Middle East, finds its security and political landscape significantly affected by this rivalry. The research hypothesizes that the competition between the US and China affects Iran's national security in three main domains: military/security, political, and economic, with both positive and negative impacts. Methods: This research adopts an explanatory method, relying on extensive library and documentary data to dissect the multi-faceted impacts of US-China competition on Iran's national security. The study involves a thorough review of historical and contemporary sources to establish a comprehensive understanding of the geopolitical strategies employed by the US and China in the Middle East and their repercussions on Iran. The analysis is structured to address the competition in the specified domains, offering a detailed examination of each domain to discern the dual effects on Iran's security framework. Results and Discussion: The findings reveal a complex interplay of influences stemming from the US-China rivalry. In the military/security domain, the competition has generally been detrimental to Iran's national security. Increased US military presence and alliances in the region pose direct threats to Iran, while China's military engagements offer limited but notable strategic support to Iran, such as joint military maneuvers and arms sales. However, China's broa der military relations with other regional actors like Saudi Arabia and Israel introduce significant security dilemmas for Iran. Economically, the US's efforts to isolate Iran through sanctions have been countered to some extent by China's continued economic engagements with Iran, including the 25-year cooperation agreement. Nevertheless, China's extensive economic ties with Iran's regional rivals diminish these benefits and perpetuate the economic vulnerabilities due to continued and even reinforced US sanctions. Politically, the situation is somewhat more favorable for Iran. China's refusal to align with US policies aimed at isolating Iran, such as opposing additional sanctions in the United Nations, provides Iran with crucial diplomatic support. Additionally, China's support for the Assad regime in Syria aligns with Iran's strategic interests in the region, reinforcing Iran's influence in the Levant. However, the growing US-Arab-Israeli rapprochement, facilitated by the Abraham Accords, and the US's emphasis on human rights issues against Iran complicate Iran's geopolitical stance. Conclusions: The US-China competition in the Middle East significantly impacts Iran's national security. Militarily and economically, the rivalry presents more threats than opportunities, primarily due to US actions aimed at containing Iran and China's balanced approach to regional partnerships. Politically, however, the competition offers Iran some leverage, as China's opposition to US-led initiatives provides Iran with critical support. Understanding these dynamics is essential for Iran to navigate its foreign policy and security strategies effectively amidst the ongoing great power rivalry. This research underscores the need for a nuanced approach in analyzing the impacts of global geopolitical competitions on regional actors like Iran, highlighting the dual nature of these influences across different domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the USSR's diplomatic notes of 1952 sent to the governments of the United States, Great Britain and France with proposals to resolve the so-called "German question" after the World War II (1939-1945). The problem of a divided Germany turned into a pan-European issue in the first post-war years, but it also determined international relations in "the West-East" complex. The USSR's proposal to unite the country with a neutral status sparked public debate, even though the solution to this issue remained in the hands of the Western allies. Public discussions of the Soviet proposals formed the myth of "lost opportunities", which has become a German historiographical phenomenon. The myth of "lost opportunities" was a product of the chancellor's authoritarian management style on the one hand, and internal confrontation with political opponents - social democrats - and numerous public nationalist groups on the other. The article attempts to reveal the general context of international initiatives to resolve the German question; the strategic vision of the Allied powers on the issue of a united Germany; analyses Soviet proposals and responses of the Western Allies; and outline the reaction of German politicians, who contributed to the myth of a "lost opportunity" for the country's unification. The author concludes that the discussion of Soviet proposals in Germany influenced the development of the strategy of the "new eastern policy" in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the ruling Social Democrats led by W. Brandt concluded that this process could be successful only in cooperation with the USSR. Time has proven that there is no alternative to Germany's economic and military Western integration, and the myth of "lost opportunities" today remains only a means of theoretical exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the reconciliation mechanism of protectionist and liberalization components in the economic policy of the United States and China. Under tightening economic competition, the U.S. and China are implementing a set of measures to support national economies, aimed both at protecting the industries which are crucial for the development of the states, and at ensuring markets for the goods produced in the country. These observations have led to the hypothesis that the set of protectionist and liberalization tools in the economic policy of countries is combined and varied to ensure economic security and international competitiveness of national economies. Based on the analysis of indicators measuring the openness of the US and PRC economies as well as a number of examples of government intervention in the economy, the authors detect the trend towards the strengthening of protectionism in the economic policy of the states since 2008. Taking into consideration the research on the participation of both countries in globalization and integration projects, the authors determine the protectionist instruments implemented by China and the USA to improve the economic growth and competitive advantage of their economies. In particular, government subsidies, fiscal tools, administrative barriers, as well as tariff measures affecting the foreign trade of the countries under study have been identified. On the basis of the comparative analysis of certain indicators measuring the manifestation of protectionist and liberalization components in the economic policy of the United States and China, the authors highlight common and different trends in combining protectionism and free trade. The synthesis of findings has led to the conclusion about the complementarity and interdependence of the tools used in the economic policy of the states aimed at increasing the competitive advantages of national economies.

The relevance of the research topic. Wherever slavery existed, people attempted to escape, and American history is no exception. Sometimes such efforts took on organized and institutionalized forms, a notable example of which is the so-called Underground Railroad, a secret and organized system of resistance to enslavement by facilitating the escape of African Americans to northern states and other territories. In the chosen context of the research, the Underground Railroad can rightfully be considered one of the first mass movements for human rights not only in the United States, but also in the world.The purpose of the research is to reveal the main aspects of the functioning of the Underground Railroad, since this problem is extremely poorly covered by domestic science.The research is based on a scientific analysis of biographical data, literary sources, legal documents, materials from periodicals and has been carried out by applying the principle of historicism, comparative historical, problem-chronological, biographical and descriptive methods.The research results demonstrate that, in order to prevent human trafficking, individuals, families, and communities with anti-slavery attitude created preconditions for the formation of a large-scale institutionalized system that stretched from the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario east to the Atlantic coast, south to Florida and the Caribbean, and west to the border enclaves of Kansas, Texas, and Mexico.On the basis of the research results, it has been concluded that the term «Underground Railroad», although it does not reflect the specifics of its activities, denotes a very real historical phenomenon. The organization and activities of the Underground Railroad became an important component in the difficult task of eradicating slavery in the United States.

Introduction: Previous US studies showed that LGBTQ workers played a key role in persuading their employers to include LGBTQ workers as a protected category in antidiscrimination policies. These studies tended to assume that LGBTQ workers are generally supportive of the policy change, but the assumption has not been directly examined. Further, the assumption may be unrealistic for countries where LGBTQ worker activism is uncommon. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigates how national contexts shape LGBTQ workers' attitudes toward antidiscrimination policies by comparing the USA and Japan. Methods: The study analyzes data from in-depth interviews with LGBTQ young adult workers. The data were collected in the USA between 2011 and 2020 (n = 27) and in Japan between 2018 and 2022 (n = 29). Results: The analysis reveals that US LGBTQ workers strongly support antidiscrimination policies by expressing a sense of collective identity as LGBTQ people and their trust in formal rules. In contrast, Japanese LGBTQ workers question the necessity and effectiveness of antidiscrimination policies by interpreting policy implementation as employers' PR performance and by underscoring their need to develop interpersonal trust with colleagues while staying closeted. Conclusions: US and Japanese workers' contrasting views on antidiscrimination policies reflect national differences in how LGBTQ people experience and cope with social marginalization in each country. Policy Implications: We make policy recommendations as to how employers and governments in the USA and Japan can support LGBTQ workers while addressing limitations of antidiscrimination policies that LGBTQ workers perceive in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The euryhaline species Eurytemora velox (Lilljeborg, 1853) is an active invader like some other Eurytemora species. Having Ponto Caspian origin, it has been actively spread in fresh and brackish waters throughout Europe during recent decades. At present, the species is found even in Western Siberia. No one record of this species outside of Europe and Western Siberia was done. This paper presents finding of mitochondrial haplotype E. velox in North American waters by molecular-genetic methods with morphological identification. This specimen has nITS genes of north Atlantic American E. cf. affinis and mixed E. velox–E. cf. affinis 18S rRNA gene. We suppose it is result of interspecies hybridization between European E. velox and North American E. cf. affinis. Possibly E. velox was invaded North America with the ballast water of ships from Western Siberia. What is surprising, hybrid of the same two species was observed in the Ural, whereas E. cf. affinis was never found outside of the North American Atlantic coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origins of trade wars go back to ancient times. Many civilizations in history have imposed various tariffs and quotas in their trade with other civilizations. These practices can be considered as the first examples of trade wars. However, it can be said that the concept of "Trade Wars" became a hot topic after Donald Trump became the USA President in the 2016 elections. Citing the USA trade deficit with China as a reason and in order to protect USA producers from the dumping effect of Chinese products, Trump passed some tariff laws, quotas and import-export control laws in Congress in 2017 and 2018. This has caused controversy among the USA bureaucracy and the public. These laws have also had some negative impacts on USA producers and consumers. Manufacturers have suffered significant production and profit losses, and consumers' purchasing power has declined. In late 2019, the trade war between the USA and China entered a new phase with the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the trade war between the two countries constituted one of the main steps in the global recession expectations. In this study, the impact of the trade wars between the USA and China on the USA, how much USA consumers and producers are affected by the trade wars, the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the USA economy, the reaction of the USA bureaucracy to the trade wars and the course of the trade wars will be examined and in the context of trade wars, some implications will be drawn for other countries, especially for Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States of America was exposed to a terrorist attack on 11 September 2001 and launched a military operation against Afghanistan in October 2001 which it held responsible for this attack. The USA targeted Iraq, which it claimed to have weapons of mass destruction after Afghanistan and sought support from allied countries in the region in order to successfully operate in Iraq, which is thousands of kilometers away. In this context, support was requested from Türkiye, which borders Iraq and is among the strong allies of the USA in the region. In order to respond to this support requested from Türkiye, the government requested authorization from the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The result of the voting on the request for authorization discussed by the Grand National Assembly on 1 March 2003 did not materialize as expected and the permit was rejected as an absolute majority could not be reached. The rejection of the 1 March Permit caused a great disappointment on the side of the USA and caused a reaction. The fact that the permit did not pass the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye created satisfaction in some Middle Eastern countries. The 1 March Permit, along with disappointment and satisfaction, also affected Türkiye's international relations, and these effects have continued until today. The 1 March Permit took its place on the stage of history as one of the first important tests given by the AK Party, which came to power in 2002. In this study, the developments before and after the resolution rejected by the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye on 1 March 2003 were examined, and the reflections of the rejection of the permit on the relations with the Middle East and the USA were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of current approaches, programs, and trends in the field of primary teacher education in the United States. The author highlights the impact of key educational laws and reforms of the last two decades, in particular the No Child Left Behind Act (2002) and the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), on the transformation and modernization of the US primary teacher education system. A wide range of traditional programs for the preparation of future primary school teachers offered at the bachelor's and master's levels in universities and colleges is considered in detail. Specialization options are analyzed, including bilingual education, teaching gifted children, preparation for junior or older primary school, STEM education, etc. The features of studying in various forms (full-time, part-time, distance, blended), mandatory components (pedagogical practice, licensing exams) and requirements for applicants are highlighted. Alternative ways of obtaining teacher education and certification that do not require university studies are considered separately. The procedure of certification through the American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence (ABCTE) for individuals with a nonteaching bachelor's degree is described. The activities of such organizations as the New Teacher Project (TNTP) and the National Center for Teacher Training (NCTR), and their programs for training and engaging teachers in schools with limited resources are analyzed. The author emphasizes the scale and diversity of approaches in the US system of professional training of primary school teachers, focused on the formation of highly qualified teaching staff to ensure quality elementary education. The experience of the United States in this area is recognized as extremely valuable for exploring to adopt best practices and improve the teacher training system in Ukraine in accordance with modern challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on data from 1995 to 2022, considers the commercial and economic processes between the USA, Japan and China and stock indexes indicators of these countries. In the course of research, the authors have created multiply regression model, adequacy of the model was determined using the Fisher’s F-test, Student’s t-test, and the stability of the parameters of the regression model was checked using the CUSUM test. Stationarity of the time series was checked by the Dickey-Fuller test. As a result, econometrically sound recommendations are developed, which allows to conduct dynamic analyses to effectively regulate economic processes, integration and international trade, foreign investment operations between the three countries. The Granger causality of the relationship was investigated. Johansen tests were implemented to find the cointegration space, after which a vector error correction model was constructed that describes the long-term equilibrium relationship between the studied indicators and the path to return to the equilibrium trajectory in case of deviation from it. During the modelling, all necessary statistical procedures were used to identify and evaluate the parameters of the model and check its adequacy, accuracy of short-term and long-term forecast values using Eviews 8 tools. The results show that not only for the countries studied here, but also for each country, conduction of monitoring by the governments by using the methodology of the vector model of error correction is very important in order to ensure effective regulation of foreign trade and to participate in regional and global integration processes.

Abstract Skilled technical workers are needed to make any country highly competitive and more productive globally. However, there are reports that the supply of skilled technical workers does not adequately meet the current and future demand in the US labor market, and this is expected to continue if proper efforts are not made to increase its supply. As a result, this study examines a relevant sample of the workforce (skilled technical workers) which is important to the USA but has been under-studied in management research by explaining the factors responsible for its sabotage and explaining how these factors should be considered by training service providers to educate and train their target audience to increase skilled technical workers in the country. The narrative literature review was utilized for the study. The study reveals that regulatory, demographic, environmental, educational, and occupational factors are responsible for the shortage of skilled technical workers in the USA. There is a need for training service providers to examine these factors to determine the kind of skilled technical workforce development programs to adopt, the target audience or people to benefit from them, and partner with one another to address the shortage of technical workers. Some of the ways to increase skilled technical workers are formulations of flexible policies backed by effective and efficient implementations, an increase in funding for education and training programs by the government, employers, and non-government organizations, and the motivation of existing workers to attract prospective workers.

Nowadays, the field of information and communication technologies has become a determining factor in economic development and global leadership. Under the current system of global governance, the United States is the main beneficiary, being the world’s center for the development and production of innovations. Over the past few years, China has been claiming this role by creating alternative pro[1]ducts and promoting them abroad. The US and China compete for technological leadership by exporting technology and establishing their influence in the global market. One of these export destinations is the region of Southeast Asia, which unites the developing countries of ASEAN As part of this paper, the authors analyze the technological competition between the United States and China using a theoretical tool in the form of the theory of cascade development and the theory of technology diffusion. The article considers the technological competition between the US and China as an opportunity for the US to maintain its leadership in the field of technology, and for China to reach a new level of technological development and increase its influence in global governance. As a quantitative assessment, the authors use a network analysis technique to determine the intensity of competition and visualize data in the field of trade in value added and high-tech goods.

The present article is focused on the Moscow – Delhi – Beijing strategic “triangle” and its influence on India’s foreign policy. The author traces the history of the “triangle” conceptualizing the dynamic attitude of Russia, India and China to the notion of economic and geopolitical integration in Eurasia. After the dismemberment of the Soviet Union, the “triangle”, for quite a while, was evolving as a “2 plus 1” geometric figure; the highly controversial India – China relationship being the main reason for geostrategic stumbling block. The nascent regrouping of forces at the global level is pushing Beijing and Delhi to geopolitical rapprochement. What is emerging as a pivotal bilateral issue is the strategic stake of the Elephant and the Dragon in the coming polycentric world order. Also, the author believes that this reciprocal motion is encouraged by tectonic powershifts in world politics that have come into the open after the 24th of February, 2022. The “dramatic” remodeling of the international geopolitical space envisages a new intensity of Russia – India economic relations inside the “triangle”. Widening and deepening scope of bilateral economic relations might be sustained by an open mutual clearing system with absolute transparency. In Russia, to raise the effectiveness of bilateral economic ties, the state-guided strategic governance will come to rescue. The principles of strategic governance were successfully tested in the “developmental state” practiced by Japan, South Korea as well as other advanced societies of the Far East and South-east Asia. Another emerging “driver” of Russia – India relations is the scheme of the International Transportation Corridor with an active participation of Iran.

Since NATO’s establishment and Japan’s incorporation into the community of “liberal democracies” these actors hardly cooperated in the sphere of security and defense. In European part of the collective West, cooperation in the security field, with US participation, was multilateral, while, in the Far East, it was bilateral. But the present-day formation of the new world order and the non-West as its part gives a strong impetus to the rapprochement between NATO and Japan. In the new situation, the USA has begun to promote the idea of integrating the systems of deterring Russia and containing China. This inevitably requires substantial NATO-Japan cooperation. The article explores the difficulties, progress, and perspectives of the process by the early 2020s. For this, the author uses the theory of alliances and the method of comparative analysis. The paper presents the practical military difficulties for European NATO member states’ joining the containment of China at the same time as these countries are fully involved in the process of deterrence of Russia. In this situation, the USA encouraged their partners. Firstly, the military potential of NATO as an organization has been growing more rapidly than the strength of the member states’ national armed forces. This means that the Alliance can take part in two confrontations simultaneously. Secondly, this is the arising strategic interest towards the Far East as the new direction of NATO’s global activity. One of the reasons for this was the hasty evacuation of the NATO mission from Afghanistan (2021), which meant the loss of the Alliance’s strategic influence in the Middle East and the necessity to compensate for this loss. But the growing interest of European actors towards the Indo-Pacific region (IPR) was combined with their activity in their national capacities, without involving the auspices of NATO. Trying to change this tendency, the USA have expanded the system of formats in the sphere of security and defense (the activization of QUAD, the creation of AUKUS and the Partners in the Blue Pacific) with the membership of Anglo-Saxon states and Japan. These actors have not only increased their own involvement in the containment of China, but also stimulated European players’ interest towards this. In 2022–2023, the process of political cooperation between NATO and Japan has adjusted and intensified. The parties have prepared the spill-over effect of the cooperation into the military sphere. The paper shows the variants of this cooperation, primarily in the naval field.

The article is aimed at defining the current state and prospects of development of the USA in the global pharmaceutical market. It is defined that American pharmaceutical companies successfully conduct their activities in the global pharmaceutical market. The leading pharmaceutical companies of the USA in terms of income and capitalization are considered. It is determined that the United States has a significant role in regulating the global pharmaceutical market. The activities of the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration ensure a high level of safety and efficacy of medicines used around the world and increase trust in the U. S. pharmaceutical companies. It is further determined that one of the main features of the USA’s participation in the global pharmaceutical market is the strong position of the U.S. pharmaceutical companies in the market of innovative drugs. The costs of research and development by leading pharmaceutical companies are considered. The indicators of foreign trade in the U.S. pharmaceutical products are analyzed. The U. S. exports account for 9.4% of global pharmaceutical exports, the country ranks fourth in the ranking of world exporters. China, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, and Germany were the main importers of the U. S. pharmaceutical products in 2022. On the other hand, the United States itself is the main importer of pharmaceutical products. The U. S. imports account for 17.4% of global pharmaceutical imports. Ireland, Germany and Switzerland are major exporters of pharmaceutical products to the United States. The article generalizes the main trends in the pharmaceutical market of the United States, influencing the prospects of their participation in the global pharmaceutical market. It is concluded that the USA has great prospects in the global pharmaceutical market. The country has a strong scientific base and developed infrastructure, which allows the U. S. pharmaceutical companies to be competitive in the global market and ensure sustainable development of the industry. Also, the United States has a large consumer market. It is determined that the United States may experience certain obstacles in the global pharmaceutical market due to the high cost of drug development, as well as high drug prices.

This article aims to analyze the historical trajectory and current state of relations between India and the United States, spanning from India's independence in 1947 to the present, with a focus on identifying key stages of development, outcomes, and prospects. The establishment of a strategic partnership between the two countries has evolved through various phases, driven by economic, political, and ideological factors. However, certain limitations hinder the further deepening of this partnership, including disagreements on international political issues, India's pursuit of an independent foreign policy and reluctance to assume a subordinate role, inadequate US support on critical matters, and India's continued cooperation with Russia. Conversely, factors stimulating the growth of the strategic partnership encompass India's robust economic growth, its potential role as a counterbalance to China's expanding influence in Asia, shared interests in maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region, mutual concerns about regional security, recent progress in nuclear policy agreements, and expanding avenues for cooperation in diverse domains. The article further examines the unique characteristics of India's relationship with the United States, which shape the nature of their existing strategic partnership, such as the shifting focus from the political and strategic realm to economic interactions, India's commitment to maintaining "strategic autonomy" and non-alignment in its deepening cooperation, its ability to differentiate between political partnership and economic collaboration, and the preservation of a multi-vector foreign policy approach. Based on the analysis, the authors assert that while a strategic military and political alliance between the two powers is unlikely in the near future, their relationship will continue to evolve within the framework of a strategic partnership. The findings of this study will provide insights for policymakers in the South and Southeast Asia region to anticipate developments and adjust their policies accordingly.

As globalization and migration have intensified, the need for integrating immigrants has become vital. Considering the similar but distinct policy and political contexts between Canada and the USA, it has become imperative to develop a thorough understanding of the impact of the localization of immigration policies on various immigrant groups and the places that have shaped their settlement and integration experiences. This scoping literature review presents a comparative perspective to enhance our understanding of the varied non-traditional gateway cities in both countries, as well as the place-based integration initiatives and local actors that play crucial roles in shaping immigrants' lived experiences. The review includes 145 scholarly articles published in English from 2000 onwards that examine immigrant and refugee populations residing in smaller urban, suburban, or rural communities in both countries. It aims to provide a comparative analysis on the following: (1) local place-based initiatives in non-traditional gateway cities; (2) multi-level governance of immigrant integration and the role of municipalities and local actors; and (3) the contributing factors to integration and retention based on immigrants' lived experiences. The scoping review concludes with research gaps and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kafkas University, Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty / Kafkas Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of University of Kafkas, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Skilled technical workers are needed to make any country highly competitive and more productive globally. However, there are reports that the supply of skilled technical workers does not adequately meet the current and future demand in the US labor market, and this is expected to continue if proper efforts are not made to increase its supply. As a result, this study examines a relevant sample of the workforce (skilled technical workers) which is important to the USA but has been under-studied in management research by explaining the factors responsible for its sabotage and explaining how these factors should be considered by training service providers to educate and train their target audience to increase skilled technical workers in the country. The narrative literature review was utilized for the study. The study reveals that regulatory, demographic, environmental, educational, and occupational factors are responsible for the shortage of skilled technical workers in the USA. There is a need for training service providers to examine these factors to determine the kind of skilled technical workforce development programs to adopt, the target audience or people to benefit from them, and partner with one another to address the shortage of technical workers. Some of the ways to increase skilled technical workers are formulations of flexible policies backed by effective and efficient implementations, an increase in funding for education and training programs by the government, employers, and non-government organizations, and the motivation of existing workers to attract prospective workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diversification of energy mix is related to the heterogeneity of contributions of energy sources in the energy consumption basket of nations. Its persistent degree reveals the efficiency of energy-related policies or shocks to diversify the contributions of energy sources in the energy mix. For the first time, the current study measures the diversification level of energy mix of the USA and its 51 states and examines its stochastic behavior to analyze its degree of persistence. To this end, we calculated the diversification of energy mix using Herfindahl–Hirschman index over the period 1960−2020. Then, we applied two novel versions of LM unit root tests that can incorporate sharp or smooth breaks and common factors (to control for cross-sectional dependence) to quantify the stochastic behavior of time series of Herfindahl–Hirschman index. Our results indicate (i) the energy mix of most of the US states diversified over the period. (ii) Most parts of diversification of energy mix occurred from mid of the 1970s to first half of the 1990s. (iii) Sharp breaks of deterministic part (intercept and slope of the linear trend) of Herfindahl–Hirschman indexes occurred coinciding with oil prices shocks in two decades 1970 and 1980. (iv) The Herfindahl–Hirschman index of most of states display stationary behavior, which indicate the pro-diversification policies, e.g., which are implemented to develop renewable energy sources, have transitory effects and policymakers should implement long-horizon policies to achieve their targeted level of diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in economic, technologocial, and political areas is the most serious systemic challenge to the Atlantic bloc after the end of the Cold War. During the era of the U.S. President Donald Trump, the measures against PRC's rising remained one-sided due to Trump's suspicions againts NATO alliance. With the election of Joe Biden to the U.S. presidency, his policy of strengthening transatlantic alliance enabled NATO to adopt a common approach concerning the PRC. The PRC's support to Russia in Russia's invasion of Ukraine, its measures against Uyghur population in Xinjiang, and its strong language in Taiwan issue are factors that led to change in Europe's threat perception. Thus, European countries started to side with the USA concerning the PRC. NATO identified the PRC as a systemic challenger in 2021 and announced that it will act cooperatively against the security threats that PRC caused. NATO identified political, economic, and digital spheres competition areas with the PRC. It should be expected that NATO will strengthen its partnerships in the Asia-Pacific region; solidify cooperation between the USA and European countries to provide common approach concerning the PRC; and adopt an active position in cybersecurity to counter the activities of the PRC in the cyber area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of World History is the property of Institute of World History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of the accelerating pace of globalization and the increasing number of armed conflicts, the destruction of monuments and the theft of historical treasures and works of art have increased dramatically. Until recently, Islamic jihadists simply destroyed religious monuments belonging to another religion; today, amid collectors' interest in Mesopotamian antiquities, they sell ancient artefacts and generate income to finance their activities.The US military presence in the Middle East has played no small role in the destruction of ancient heritage. And here the interests of jihadists coincide with the interests of those who see in the destruction of historical treasures the realization of their ideological interests.Today, according to Interpol, the trade in ancient works of art is considered a real threat to international security. It ranks fourth among transnational crimes and third in volume after drug and arms trafficking.What is happening today in the Middle East, Afghanistan and others is the implementation of a project aimed at destroying evidence of the “roots of civilization” and creating a “new history” that corresponds to the interests of the authors of this project.

Scenario analysis of world electricity in the long-term perspective within the general context of global economic growth allowed the authors to conclude that perspective dynamics of electricity in the world leading production and consumption centers will be decisively influenced by complex and heterogeneous factors, including: first, primary energy resources endowment; second, level and type of economic development; third, countries capacities to mobilize financial and investment resources necessary for promotion of new renewable energy sources; fourth, national economic and energy strategies. Depending on these factors countries will remain at very different stages of energy transition at the foreseeable future. There is no a universal model of energy transition.

For a long time, the Far East was not one of key regions of the FRG's efforts to ensure strategic positions at the global level. The tendency has changed dramatically in 2020-2021, despite the “freezing” the majority of the world political processes during the COVID-19 pandemics. The article explains it, using the methods of event-analysis and the analysis the structure of German diplomatic missions and the profile department of the FRG`s MFA. The goal of the article is to study the features and «narrow places» of deployment German military presence in the Pacific (first of all the political-diplomatic preparations of the process).The article issues the usage of the Indo-Pacific region concept in FRG`s foreign policy at conceptual and practical levels. The author stresses that at the beginning of 2020s Germany really focused not in the Indo-Pacific region as a whole, but in the «extended» Far East. This process is considered in the context of achieving geopolitical and image compensation for the ending of the Bundeswehr long-term presence in Afghanistan (2021). The present paper shows the key regional partners of Germany. The development of bilateral relations with them has become the key way to provide FRG`s military and political presence in the Far East. In most cases, a significant export of German military production was transformed into a willingness for bilateral cooperation of the armed forces. The author issues the features of German political and military dialogue with Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Australia in 2020-2021. The position of the USA during Donald Trump`s presidency made German plans difficult to implement. But most difficult for Germany was the search for balanced forms of support for the United States in their confrontation with the PRC already during the rule of Joe Biden`s administration. The article issues the dispatch to the Pacific Ocean of the first German military ship that was the frigate “Bayern” (2021, August – 2022, February). Special attention is paid to the factor of AUKUS.

The Belt and Road Initiative, proclaimed by China, is ambiguously perceived by its main economic rivals and even meets fierce resistance from Western countries, primarily the United States. This is expressed in putting forward their own initiatives to build infrastructure in developing countries, which, according to the leadership of the United States and the European Union, should counteract the strengthening of the Chinese influence. The article provides evidence that since the leadership of the PRC proposed and launched the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, China has responded to the vital needs of developing countries by cooperating with them in the development of national infrastructure facilities, such as railways, highways and ports, as well as providing financial assistance on exceptionally preferential terms. The essence of the Chinese initiative is to find, form and promote a new model of international cooperation and development through the construction of global transport routes. The article discusses the main infrastructure projects adapted to the real needs of the participating countries of the Chinese initiative. It is noted that China does not impose its own development path on them, and the most important aspect of the implementation of the megaproject is to improve people's lives.

In the 21st century, soft power has proved its effectiveness and expediency and has become one of the most important foreign policy instruments of strong, medium and small powers. The approach proposed by Joseph Nye is considered to be a classic example of soft power politics with the United States being the leading state in this field. However, considering the intensification of glocalization processes and the growth of anti-global and anti-American sentiments, the effectiveness of the US soft power is being called into question. On the contrary, the popularity of South Korean culture has been constantly growing all over the world in recent years, which proves the possibility of successful application of the soft power policy by a non-Western (Asian) state.Aim. The aim is to compare the South Korean and American approaches to the implementation of soft power policy.Tasks. The tasks include studying the elements of the US and South Korean soft power models (culture and way of life, values and ideologies, principles of foreign and domestic policy) and comparing them with each other.Methods. The methods of cross-cultural analysis and secondary analysis of data, including official sources, were used.Results. When implementing the soft power policy, both states use the same resources (elements) distinguished by Joseph Nye (culture and lifestyle, ideology and values, principles of domestic and foreign policy).Conclusion. The difference between national models of soft power lies in the content of these elements. The United States and the Republic of Korea convey different values and prioritize different elements of soft power. The United States, placing the main emphasis on ideology, promotes democratic values, while the Republic of Korea, relying on culture in the broadest sense, appeals to humanistic and Confucian values (love for oneself, caring for others, seeking harmony, cheerfulness). Directions for further research include the analysis of the origins and prospects of such a phenomenon of international relations as Asian waves (Japanese, Korean, Chinese, etc.).

This study explores whether Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Inglehart's values paradigm underlies associations between prayer frequency and happiness. Responses from a comparative analysis of wave six from the World Values Survey for India (n = 4078), Turkey (n = 1605) and the USA (n = 2232) were used to examine associations between prayer frequency and happiness. Prayer frequency interacted with Maslow's model to associate with happiness in India and Turkey. The self-expression variables entirely supplant prayer and are associated with happiness in the USA. The implications are discussed for generating models that impact happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akademik Hassasiyetler is the property of Huzeyfe Suleyman Arslan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Background: Drug overdose deaths in the USA have increased rapidly in the past 20 years, and understanding patterns and trends in mortality is essential to develop policy responses. This study aimed to determine whether cohort patterns in mortality due to drug overdose have changed in the past two decades and assess these patterns by race and sex. Methods: The national records of accidental drug overdose death were extracted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Data for 2000–2020. Age-period-cohort analysis was performed to examine independent effects of age, period and birth cohort on accidental drug overdose mortality. Findings: The number of accidental drug overdose deaths increased by 622% between 2000 and 2020, and age-standardized mortality rates increased nearly four-fold in both men and women. Age-period-cohort decomposition found rapid increases in mortality since 2012 in men and women, with higher mortality risk in cohorts born after 1990. The fastest increase occurred in Black Americans since 2012, and Americans of all races born after 1975 had significantly higher mortality risk, with mortality risk increasing rapidly in more recent cohorts. The peak of mortality has shifted from the 40–59 age group to the 30–40 year age group in the past decade. Interpretation: The burden of drug overdose mortality has shifted to younger Americans, and a new generation of Americans are at significantly higher and rapidly increasing risk of overdose death. Urgent action is needed to prevent an entire generation of young people being consigned to decades of preventable mortality. Funding: None.