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This paper examines the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), focusing on its economic structure, operational mechanism, and current challenges. It also explores the current status and key needs of natural language processing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of NLP on the SCO's member states and their respective populations. It additionally aims to contribute valuable insights to future research on natural language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratives are essential for organizations and states to provide a framework for their decision-making processes and organizational structure and bolster their legitimacy by appealing to shared values and worldviews. These narratives will play a greater role in a multipolar world characterized by a diversity of worldviews and values that shape the internal and external perceptions of international actors. The authors compare the critical narratives forwarded by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), namely the Shanghai Spirit and the ASEAN Way. Drawing on scientific works dedicated to explicating the worldview, values, and norms espoused by the Shanghai Spirit and the ASEAN Way, the authors use syncretic approaches to show how these concepts are applied in these narratives. The Shanghai Spirit is based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, quality, respect for the diversity of civilizations, and the pursuit of common development. Similarly, the ASEAN Way is based on non-interference, non-confrontation, non-use of force, and consensus-based decision-making. The Shanghai Spirit and the ASEAN Way have notable similarities, such as an emphasis on preserving sovereignty, a pragmatic approach to regionalism, and a flexible, non-binding application. Although they also have significant differences, such as the rationale behind them, different preferred means of cooperation, and an emphasis on state security versus human security. The article argues that the unique features of the Shanghai Spirit and the ASEAN Way, which promote loose regionalism, combined with the state-centric Westphalian features of the contemporary international system, result in a new form of regionalism that is open yet preserves and reinforces the individual sovereignty of states. In this sense, the Shanghai Spirit and the ASEAN Way may provide the intellectual basis for a new form of regionalism and international relations that can better respond to the emerging challenges of a multipolar world.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is one of the first international organizations in which the PRC played a key role. However, according to some researchers, over the past 20 years the Chinese leadership’s interest in this mechanism of international cooperation has decreased. This article explores the place of the SCO in Chinese foreign policy by analyzing the representation of this organization in the PRC’s media - Chinese-language publications in the newspapers People’s Daily and Global Times , which both belong to the Chinese Communist Party. Such focus allows better understanding the value of the SCO to China and its position vis-á-vis other Chinese initiatives in Central Asia. The authors use methods of quantitative and qualitative content analysis, namely counting the frequency of single words, identifying and counting the most common frames, and discussing the ways these frames are constructed. Frame analysis demonstrates that the articles focus on the achievements of the SCO in solving regional problems, while existing difficulties are ignored. The SCO is represented as an important element of China’s foreign policy, along with the Belt and Road Initiative, while the details of their interaction are not discussed. It should also be mentioned that the SCO is framed as an association of countries opposing Western hegemonism and advocating a new system of international relations. An extremely positive representation of the SCO serves legitimation of the political regime in the PRC: the articles focus on China’s role as a leader in the SCO and its successes in addressing domestic problems, such as poverty reduction and fighting the coronavirus infection. This narrative is often created by quoting the opinions of high-level foreign politicians and average citizens.

After the Second World War, in order not to experience the great wars that shook the fundamental basement of international relations and disrupted the political, economic and cultural relations between states and to ensure the continuity of these relations, multilateral institutional arrangements were established. However, while the effort to institutionalize inter-state relations with these regulations had been reached a higher level of institutionalization in Western societies where permanent and effective organizations such as the EU and NATO were produced, they did not have similar levels in the rest of the world. The study, which focuses on this fundamental problem, examines the state of institutionalization activities in the Asian region through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. In this context, in the study, it is argued that the SCO, as in other institutionalization activities in Asia, did not reach a strong level of institutionalization due to the problems experienced in elements such as leadership, common interest and common identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This year marks the 20th anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). This is a good opportunity to assess its performance over the past two decades, to draw some conclusions, and to discuss possible future developments of the SCO. The author examines milestones in the formation of the SCO, its institutional structure, as well as its key activities which encompass four focal areas: politics, security, economy, and humanitarian cooperation. The paper focuses on the decisions of the 21st SCO Summit in Dushanbe, especially those aimed at strengthening cooperation in combating the eff ects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and addressing security challenges, arising from the latest developments in Afghanistan. The latter particularly imply an increasing threat of terrorism, extremism, and drug traffi cking from Afghanistan to neighboring countries in Central Asia. The author emphasizes the crucial role of the SCO Regional Antiterrorist Structure (RATS) in countering these threats. Finally, the paper addresses both the circumstances and possible implications of Iran’s ascension to a full SCO member, which was approved during the summit in Dushanbe. The author concludes that over the past two decades the SCO has successfully transitioned from an important, yet regional in scope and framework, organization to an infl uential global actor, which plays a major role in the maintenance of peace and security in Central Asia and could serve as a model for the establishment of a new non-confrontational approach to the interstate relations.

The study aims at identifying some areas of international political interaction between post-Soviet Central Asian states and the major economic powers of Asia -China, India and Japan. The task is to determine their interests in the Central Asian region with an emphasis on the political component. The current state of political cooperation between China, India, Japan and the countries of Central Asia is considered. Their joint efforts to solve the problems and threats facing the sustainable development of the region are characterized, while overcoming those problems occurs within the framework of the formation of both bilateral and multilateral relations. The dynamics of political and military interaction between China and its Central Asian partners is revealed. It is shown that the regional security sphere is directly linked by China with the problem of protecting its own economic interests in the countries undergoing its Belt and Road program, aimed at changing the economic landscape not only in Central Asia, but throughout Asia. India and Japan, whose positions have come closer against the background of rising China, has defined their own strategies for Central Asia. Politics of major Asian powers in post-Soviet Central Asia are analyzed through the prism of the emergence of a polycentric world in Asia. Its distinctive features are: the emergence of new regional “centers of power”; their confrontation along the line of Sino-Pakistani, Sino-Indian rivalries; involvement of external players (the U.S.) in regional processes. In this regard, attention is drawn to the activities of such a multilateral international structure as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), as well as to the development of alternative infrastructure projects and concepts - QUAD, Indo-Pacific, Blue Dot Network. The results of the study are formulated in the following conclusion: the countries of Central Asia and the major regional economic powers in Asia base their relations on the foundation of mutually beneficial interests and equal partnership of independent states.

The article analyzes the causes of the transition of the Russian economy from 2013 to the prolonged stagnation has passed now in stagflation. The authors examine the effects of change emerged in the 2000s. Russia's growth model based on the conversion of oil and gas windfall in domestic demand, as well as a complex geopolitical factors, the state of uncertainty that adversely affects the economic and social development of modern Russia. In the result of the analysis the authors conclude that the real growth potential of the Russian Federation is now rooted in building the «weight» of Russia in the Eurasian geopolitical, economic and cultural space, the development of the Eurasian integration and the strengthening of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization through the instruments of «soft power» - science, education, intercultural exchanges, common professional and educational standards and training programs, especially in the field of public administration, corporate management and economics. The article substantiates the hypothesis that the strength of humanitarian cooperation, built around a unique polietichnoy Russian civilization is able to bring the present conditions of economic and social development of Russia on track for sustainable growth. At the end of the article the authors formulated a number of concrete proposals on the promotion of Eurasian integration in the field of formation of common professional and educational standards and training programs in the field of state and municipal government, some of which are already being implemented in the North-West Management Institute of the Russian President Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

In the article the basic directions of activity of the Russian Federation in the framework of the Shanghai cooperation organization are considered. The conclusion is that Russia from the moment of foundation of the Organization actively supports association of the member countries’ positions of the Shanghai cooperation organization in the sphere of ensuring regional security. The analysis was carried out of economic policy concerning Organization member countries. As a result revealed that the creation of energy club lobbied by the Russian Federation shows the paramount importance of the energy component of the countries cooperation of the Organization. Highlight some positions that determine the importance of Russian energy diplomacy in the activities of the Shanghai cooperation organization.

The article notes that the Republic of Belarus in the Eurasian geopolitical space is a transit country, being the point of contact the Western Christian, Eastern Christian civilization and the border of the two most important geo-economic associations. The paper emphasizes that the SCO should be considered as an important geopolitical subject, one of the main objectives of which is the structuring of the Eurasian geopolitical space. It is noted that the new status of the Republic of Belarus in this organization opens new opportunities associated with the formation of a full-fledged «designers» of the modern Eurasian geopolitical space.

The article analyzes the economic policy of People’s Republic of China concerning members of the Shanghai cooperation organization. It is revealed that, Shanghai cooperation organization has taken a strong position in the political life of the region and especially in Central Asia. Under the aegis of the Shanghai cooperation organization is implementing a number of major projects that could drastically change the lives of the region. At the heart of these projects is an active work of China. People’s Republic of China creates interstate union with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan on the development of energy resources of these countries.

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The article analyzes the main internal problems of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Particular attention is paid to the conflict of interests of the participating countries, as well as identifying obstacles to strengthen the organization and increase its influence in the international arena. The international organizations are created by the states to meet mutual problems in the course of interstate relations requiring regular cooperation mechanism. Given the background of the Organization, it is important to emphasize that the main reason for the establishment of the Shanghai organization was the need for the united front against the strengthening of the region at the turn of centuries against dangerous trends of terrorism, extremism, separatism, the growth of organized crime. Despite the conflict of interests and the internal and external development challenges thirteen-year history of evolution of the SCO, to some extent proves its effectiveness, moreover, there are the preconditions for its consistent transition to a more comprehensive organization.

The article addresses to the Asian vector of the Russian foreign policy in particularly relations between Russia and China since post-Soviet period until nowdays. The author examines the stages of changing the Russian foreign policy as well as the positions of lobby parties in foreign policy. The article gives the detailed analysis of the cooperation between Russia and China in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS. The author examines Russian-Chinese relations in key areas of collaboration such as mutual trade, nuclear power and military-technical sphere. According to the author significant step in Russian-Chinese relations is the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation signed in the July of 2001 during the visit of Jiang Zemin. The author assesses results of three stages of the relations between Russia and China and future development trends.

The article analyzes the main internal problems of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Particular attention is paid to the conflict of interests of the participating countries, as well as identifying obstacles to strengthen the organization and increase its influence in the international arena. The international organizations are created by the states to meet mutual problems in the course of interstate relations requiring regular cooperation mechanism. Given the background of the Organization, it is important to emphasize that the main reason for the establishment of the Shanghai organization was the need for the united front against the strengthening of the region at the turn of centuries against dangerous trends of terrorism, extremism, separatism, the growth of organized crime. Despite the conflict of interests and the internal and external development challenges thirteen-year history of evolution of the SCO, to some extent proves its effectiveness, moreover, there are the preconditions for its consistent transition to a more comprehensive organization.

The paper discusses the main directions of the social and economic cooperation among SCO member states in trade, economic and investment spheres, and transport-communication potential of the region. On the example of The Republic of Uzbekistan, it is discussed the priorities of thesocial and economic development, such as the modernization of industry and competitiveness, theincrease of investment, the development of the transport system, as well as the project of a free industrial economic zone in the context of the SCO member states. The author shows that the equal and mutually beneficial cooperation in the SCO framework in various areas of economic cooperation has to be developed, which in fact confirms the expectations of its role as a key element of strengthening of the economic security and stability, and the harmonization of the integration processes in the region. Also, the articleexamines thelegal framework of cooperation in the SCO framework, such as the Treaty on thelong-term friendship and cooperation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which establishes the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of the SCO countries, peaceful resolution of differences and disputes, as well as mutual respect for the choice of the path of political, economic, social and cultural development, according to national circumstances of each state.

The author considers the main areas of cooperation of SCO member states in the framework of the international organization (the state security and the fight against terrorism, territorial integrity and stability, education, health, environment). The stages of security policy of the SCO are determined. Theevents of recent years have witnessed the growing negativetrends in the SCO region and adjacent territories. The fight against international terrorism, extremism and drug trafficking has become the focal activity of the SCO's security. It is obvious the necessity of diversification of foreign relations and finding new partners who would not seek to have a noticeableimpact on the configuration of alliances and integration structures in the region. Moreover, the author analyzes the problems and prospects of further cooperation and expanding the influence of the international organization. The directions for the strategy of integration of the SC are proposed.