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The objective of this paper is to emphasize, branding as one of the possible ways to take concrete steps towards reaffirming the local values and traditional knowledge of rural populations in Serbia. Based on information gathered in the field, as well as from existing literature sources, the main goal of this study is to promote products from the Visok microregion. Due to very alarming demographic data, this may be the last chance for revitalizing this region. In this study, we highlighted the following products: Pirot kilim (Pirot rug), Pirot/Stara Planina lamb, Pirot Kachkaval cheese, Stara Planina honey, and Stara Planina potato. Besides agriculture, micr oregion Visok also has exceptional tourist potential. The conclusion of this paper emphasizes that the only viable path to revitalization is through planned investment. Such investment would facilitate the development of local infrastructure and help restore the population, thus enabling the creation of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to emphasize, branding as one of the possible ways to take concrete steps towards reaffirming the local values and traditional knowledge of rural populations in Serbia. Based on information gathered in the field, as well as from existing literature sources, the main goal of this study is to promote products from the Visok microregion. Due to very alarming demographic data, this may be the last chance for revitalizing this region. In this study, we highlighted the following products: Pirot kilim (Pirot rug), Pirot/Stara Planina lamb, Pirot Kachkaval cheese, Stara Planina honey, and Stara Planina potato. Besides agriculture, micr oregion Visok also has exceptional tourist potential. The conclusion of this paper emphasizes that the only viable path to revitalization is through planned investment. Such investment would facilitate the development of local infrastructure and help restore the population, thus enabling the creation of sustainable development.

Total defence is a concept that should ensure the response of the state in situations caused by war and other extraordinary circumstances. This comprehensive approach of the state system's response requires that all segments of society as a whole actively act in order to preserve the sovereignty and security of the state. In order for a society to be able to respond positively to threats, challenges and risks, it is necessary that the strategy of deterrence be based on the concept of total defence. The historical beginnings of the establishment of the concept of total defence go back to the period after the Second World War, while the development of the concept intensified during the Cold War. The mentioned periods are characterized by an increase in the fear of aggression and potential occupation, which predicted that states would strengthen their own readiness for defence. The aim of this paper is to present, based on the experiences and examples of other countries, lessons learned that could be used to build the concept of total defense in the Republic of Serbia. The authors, finding important features of the application of the concept of total defense in countries around the world, tried to provide important lessons for strengthening military neutrality and building the concept of total defense of the Republic of Serbia.

The development of modern democratic states implies respect for the principle of subsidiarity, which means bringing down decisions and their execution to the local level. The decisions regarding the use of agrarian potential in the Republic of Serbia are still under the jurisdiction of the central government authorities, which contributes inadequately to the overall stability and development of agriculture in modern geopolitical correlations. The goal of this paper is to point out to the necessity of understanding the need to enable as much as possible the authorities at the local self-government level of the Republic of Serbia to implement the strategic goals of agrarian policy while improving permanently their agricultural capacities. Based on the research on the opinions of relevant state and local authorities and on empirical and theoretical arguments, the authors support this claim and provide a new perspective for the content of agrarian policy, as well as the development of the rich agricultural potential that the Republic of Serbia has at its disposal.

The development of modern democratic states implies respect for the principle of subsidiarity, which means bringing down decisions and their execution to the local level. The decisions regarding the use of agrarian potential in the Republic of Serbia are still under the jurisdiction of the central government authorities, which contributes inadequately to the overall stability and development of agriculture in modern geopolitical correlations. The goal of this paper is to point out to the necessity of understanding the need to enable as much as possible the authorities at the local self-government level of the Republic of Serbia to implement the strategic goals of agrarian policy while improving permanently their agricultural capacities. Based on the research on the opinions of relevant state and local authorities and on empirical and theoretical arguments, the authors support this claim and provide a new perspective for the content of agrarian policy, as well as the development of the rich agricultural potential that the Republic of Serbia has at its disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the research of socioeconomic status of adult female perpetrators of criminal offences in the Republic of Serbia. For this purpose, the following characteristics of adult women perpetrators have been observed: age, marital status, education, employment status , occupation. Empirical research was conducted in which the structure of female perpetrators by age, by education, by marital status, by employment status and by occupation was calculated. The empirical research used data obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia for 2021. The structure was calculated for criminal offences that have the largest share in total crime, namely, for criminal offences against life and limb, criminal offences against marriage and family, criminal offences against property, criminal offences against the economy, criminal offences against human's health and criminal offences against public peace and order. A comparison was made with the adult male perpetrators of criminal offences and with the total population of the Republic Serbia for each of the observed characteristics. The results of the research showed that female perpetrators have a higher unemployment rate and a lower educational structure than male perpetrators and the total population of the Republic of Serbia. The unemployment rate is very high and amounts to 38.7%, and one third of the female perpetrators do not have more than a primary education. The results reveal poor socioeconomic status of adult female perpetrators, indicating the strong influence of socioeconomic status on crime of female perpetrators in the Republic of Serbia.

In the 21st century - the era of digitization, quick and unpredictable changes have included marketing as a social and management process. Namely, it is about the transformation of the traditional into a digital form of marketing (Marketing 4.0). Although traditional marketing strategies are still used to achieve business goals, it seems that in the world of technology, presence and advertising on the Internet (digital marketing) is a requirement and consequently a guarantee of efficient and effective results. In this respect, the subject of this paper is the analysis of the consequences of digitalization on the marketing process, with special reference to their connection and mutual conditioning. The aim of this paper is to point out the possibilities, techniques, and advantages of the use of digital marketing, including an analysis of the changes that characterize the mentioned sector in the Republic of Serbia. This paper begins with a basic hypothesis that the application of digital technologies in marketing is not only an available opportunity and a question of choosing "yes or no", but a necessity in the development and implementation of marketing strategies and thus in achieving recognition and competitive advantage in the market.

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Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The circular economy (CE) is a multidisciplinary approach focused on achieving the sustainability of the whole society. This review aims to reveal the potential impact of the circular economy on quality of life. This systematic review analyzes studies dealing with the concept of circular economy and quality of life. The methodology process included a keyword search and three selection steps. A total of 39 studies were included in the analysis. We define four topics that emerged from the literature review i) urban sustainable development; ii) waste management; iii) material production and iv) human well-being. All these topics emerged in the literature dealing with issues of circular economy and its impact on the quality of life. We assume that it is implied that every step towards circular economy contributes to the life quality, but there is an evident lack of studies that measure that impact. In Serbia, a small number of researchers were involved in this topic, although it represents one step towards the objective of improving the state of the environment. This review of the literature should serve as a starting point for future research.

The Republic of Serbia has numerous predispositions for the development of rural tourism, considering that it represents a factor in the revitalization of the surrounding rural areas. Development and orientation towards "rural Serbia" could bring numerous advantages that relate to stopping migration flows from rural areas to urban areas and provide revitalizing the agricultural sector and other complementary activities. The aim of paper is to point out the importance of rural tourism, as one of the priority products of the Republic of Serbia, through the analysis of the current level of its development, and predicting future trends that promote the future of rural tourism. The methodology includes an overview of the theoretical framework of rural tourism collection of existing statistical data, obtained on the basis of previous research.

The main topic is Serbian agro-food potential. Serbia possesses exceptional natural resources having in mind it is located in the most favourable region of the North latitude. If this potential is used in an optimal measure, it would bring exceptional results. According to agriculture census in 2018 in Serbia there was registered 628.552 family agricultural farms, and 562 896 are family households. By adequate strategic planning, agriculture can provide a significant contribution to the economic development of a country. Agriculture encourages employment, takes a significant part in foreign trade, provides food security for citizens, contributes to the rural development and ecological balance. Therefore, it affects the development of entire country by being related to different sectors.

The subject matter of this paper are the changes in the directions and content of the agrarian strategy and policy in the Republic of Serbia during the last two decades, which occurred primarily due to the need to adjust to the standards of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. The paper starts from the assumption that the process of creating agrarian policy and its transmission to economic flows is very complex and slow and requires the activity of a large number of actors and relevant institutions. Key strategic documents in the field of agriculture as well as measures of the current agricultural policy were analyzed. The aim of the paper is to examine the compliance of current agricultural policy measures with the priorities of agricultural development that are determined by these strategic documents, and above all the Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Serbia for the period 2014-2024.

Social networks represent an indispensable aspect of digital marketing in modern business. Institutions of culture and art face daily challenges in order to offer the audience interesting content, which is the core of communication and promotion on digital platforms. Presence and activity on social networks have a positive impact on business, through quality content and direct communication with the audience, providing opportunities for improvement of business and attraction of new visitors. The aim of this paper is the investigation of the importance of digital marketing in the business environment of institutions of culture and art in the Republic of Serbia, with an emphasis on the institutions of culture and art of national importance, which were the subject of the analysis. Consulting the relevant literature enabled the presentation and definition of the theoretical framework of important concepts, in order to facilitate the understanding of the central part of the research. Based on the collected data and the insight into the current situation of accounts on social networks, the results that are offered show that Facebook, Instagram and YouTube are the most represented platforms in our country and as such, they are suitable starting points for forming a strategy of appearance on social networks, with the aim of increasing the number of followers and expanding potential visitors of cultural and artistic content. Clear formation of digital marketing strategy and determination in the application of its instruments is an area that provides an opportunity to improve business activities, with continuous education and training of marketing staff and expanding their competencies.

Economic crime is a serious security risk, which is present in every country. The factors of current economic, social and broader societal conditions of global trends are considered to be the general factors contributing to the causes of economic crime. If a country’s economic system is established on solid foundations, fully respecting the market economy laws, such a system is less exposed to various forms of criminal attacks. Bearing in mind the importance as well as the complexity of the matter of economic crime, this academic paper deals with the etiology of economic crime as a phenomenon. The study includes a general criminological review of the above-mentioned topic, with a special emphasis on the review of the economic crime causes in Republic of Serbia. It is evident that the emergence and development of new types of economic crime, as well as the refinement of already existing ones, have had a significant impact on the operations of business entities and on the national economy as a whole. The causes of economic crime that are deeply rooted in a particular society have an extremely negative impact on the trust given to business entities and their stable operations. The roots and causes of economic crime are based on the contradictions of socioeconomic relations, which affect the outward forms of this kind of crime, and represent the result of a series of political, economic, geographical, legal, moral, cultural and other factors, which fundamentally negatively affects the overall economic stability.

The importance of the tourism sector for the successful functioning of the national economy differs considerably from one country to another. Economic research has mainly dealt with the impact of tourism on economic growth, development and employment. The subject of this paper is an examination of the tourism sector as a possible factor in reducing the balance of payments deficit in the Republic of Serbia. The goal of the research is to find out to what extent the tourism sector can contribute to the correction of the disequilibrium in balance of payments of the Republic of Serbia. Secondary data analysis, comparative methods and correlation analysis were used in the research. The results of the research indicate that the decline in imports of tourist services, due to the change of direction of domestic tourist demand, can have a positive effect on the reduction of the current account deficit and, consequently, the balance of payments deficit in the Republic of Serbia.

Copyright of Ekonomika is the property of Society of Economists 'Ekonomika' and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We aimed to assess the efficiency of the selected national innovation policy programs in the Republic of Serbia. We analyzed the impact of the Innovation Fund's Mini-Grants and Matching Grants programs on the operating revenue growth of beneficiary micro, small, and medium enterprises. An econometric analysis of panel data was conducted. Because of the small number of periods observed, a model of individual effects was applied. Conclusions and recommendations were based on the results of random effects models. The findings indicate that program funding increased business revenues compared to the period before and that there was a direct link between indebtedness and revenue growth, which confirmed the positive impact of financing on the sustainable development prospects of beneficiaries through facilitating access to funding and innovation capacity improvement. These findings can have important policy implications as they provide guidelines for designing future actions and empirically confirm the need to increase public expenditures for innovation policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hotel & Tourism Management is the property of Faculty of Hotel Management & Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Društvena Istraživanja is the property of Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem of excessive tourism has overnight become an ideology and a part of the past. With the appearance of the COVID-19 pandemic, the flow of tourist movements was abruptly interrupted, and thus the visits to restaurants. The aim of the research was to determine whether the fear of the users of the pandemic infection affects the intention to visit restaurants. The total number of respondents was 508, in 27 restaurants in the Republic of Serbia. The authors used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multiple regression analysis with mediation for data processing. The research concluded that the perceived fears of the respondents may influence the decision to visit restaurants. The importance of research is reflected in the application of results in theory and practice, in order to facilitate business during the pandemic.

Purchases of products and services are mainly the result of planned actions of consumers based on identified needs and desires. However, impulse purchases that consumers did not plan before entering the store are quite common as well. Such purchases are stimulated by the consumers' sudden needs, current mood, recommendations of the seller and/or other consumers, as well as in-store incentives such as: the atmosphere in the sales facility, discounted prices, gifts. Also, numerous innovations make impulse buying easier for consumers, like: flexible working hours of shops, affordable supply of products/services, online sales, offer of so-called "instant" loans, the existence of ATMs. Unplanned purchases are not exclusively a consequence of the impulse-driven reaction of consumers. In addition to pure impulsiveness, there are other types of unplanned purchases, such as: suggestion effect, planned impulsivity, reminder impulse buying effect, and planned purchase of a certain type, but not brand of product. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance and basic characteristics of unplanned purchases, as well as the factors that influence consumer behavior while making such purchases. Conducted empirical research enabled the identification of the most important motives of unplanned purchases made by consumers in the Republic of Serbia, their frequency in buying different product categories, the connection of different shopping situations with unplanned purchases, as well as the determination of differences between certain demographic and economic groups of consumers in making such purchases. The research results and their analysis enabled the formulation of guidelines for the development of marketing strategies of companies from the Republic of Serbia as a model of response to this type of consumer behavior.

At the end of the twentieth century, a qualitatively new concept of regional development policies appeared, and was affirmed, in many world economies. In short, at its center, there is the imperative to improve the region's competitiveness. The focus of new regional development policies is on initiatives that favor networking, the development of cooperative relationships, and the growth of confidence in regional economic actors. In these circumstances, people's readiness for new business ideas and organizational solutions have become far more important drivers of regional development than the number of businesses located in the region. The new concept of regional development policy is predominantly based on the postulates of endogenous growth theory. The imperative to improve the region's competitiveness is at its epicenter. Starting from such prominent theoretical explanations, our own composite index was constructed by analyzing the achieved level of development of individual regions of the Republic of Serbia in 2008 and 2018. The analysis showed that all regions in Serbia have development potentials, but that they manage to increase their level of development to a different extent, both in relation to the previous period and in relation to other regions in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologija/Sociology: Journal of Sociology, Social Psychology & Social Anthropology is the property of MOD International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Policymakers worldwide have been gradually acknowledging the value and enormous potential of the creative industries as a driving force and a catalyst for socio-economic progress. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the sector was expanding at an unprecedented rate. However, because of their unique characteristics, the creative industries were among the industries most heavily affected by the pandemic. The pandemic has also accelerated the sector’s digital transformation by inventing different ways of consuming cultural and creative content. Virtual engagement is expected to level up and become even more realistic in the years to come through the increased usage of advanced digital tools such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and 3D gaming.

Copyright of Hotel & Tourism Management is the property of Faculty of Hotel Management & Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The traditional view that only the police are responsible for security at sports events has largely been abandoned in the sense that stewards have more important place. This is also recognized in the Serbian legislation, in the standards of the Law on Private Security (LPS), the Law on the Prevention of Violence and Misconduct at Sports Events (LPVMSE), the Law on Public Assembly, and the international regulations of sports federations. The Council of Europe Convention on an Integrated Safety, Security and Service Approach at Football Matches and Other Sports Events - No. 218. (CETS 218), together with the Recommendation REC (2015) 1, and its annexes, which supersedes all previous recommendations, resolutions and statements, has also contributed to defining the role of stewards. Recommendation has become an integral part of the Convention (CETS 218). Common to all the aforementioned regulations is that the stewarding operations can be handled by persons who have completed special training. Unlike international regulations that provide extensive training for stewards, the existing programs in Serbia envisage very few hours of training. The work of stewards would certainly be aided by the improvement of certain legal regulations governing this area. The Republic of Serbia is not yet a signatory to the Convention (CETS 218), and it is necessary for the authorities to accede to its signing and ratification in order for Serbia to adopt the newly established European standards in this field as soon as possible.

Today in the new economic and geopolitical circumstances, in the era of globalization with which the world is affected, each individual country has the difficult task to allocate for something and on this basis quality economic and political positions. The Republic of Serbia, as well as any other small country, can and must offer only the best that it has. The people who are coming out as a product of an educational system, which for decades has graced these space are definitely the best of all what this country has always had. However, the situation in the Europe and in the international scene is constantly changing, many other countries our's competitors saw that to big countries may be in the field of interest only if they offer two things: either work or knowledge, or preferably both. Therefore, national education policy makers must continually take attention, except the needs of economic actors which are now present on the Serbian market, on the supply and demand in the domestic and international labor market. It takes ever greater speed and flexibility in creating new educational profiles that will monitor dynamic changes in the economic environment caused by information technology innovation and meet the needs of innovative companies for new human resources. Because, in this way the Republic of Serbia will be interesting in the economically and politically sphare and through this work we want to show the importance of qualified human factor to create a comparative marketing advantages of the Republic of Serbia, in the Europe and in the world market too.

Sustainable development is one of global imperatives and it involves the harmonization of economic, environmental, and social development goals, with an appropriate institutional support. There are plenty of resources pertaining to the sustainable development of agriculture and tourism, as numerous studies and practical examples worldwide confirm. The paper highlights the example of the Republic of Serbia and can be of use for other countries with similar resource potentials and developmental constraints. Namely, agriculture and tourism in the Republic of Serbia are distinguished by abundant natural and cultural-historical resources, but what mostly lacks are funds for serious investment, as well as a modern and holistic approach to development, so the available resources are insufficiently used. Accordingly, the research aims to point to the necessity of a more creative use of agro-tourism resources, i.e. to the more promising directions of the integral development of agriculture and tourism on sustainable grounds. The paper results highlight the extreme importance of institutional support to agriculture and tourism networking within the concept of sustainable development.

The vaccine is considered in academic, foremost medical, but also in political and public discourse as one of the greatest human achievements. Immunization has saved and is saving millions of lives around the world. However, from a historical perspective, immunization was always followed by more or less public resistance due to its alleged negative side-effects, such as outbursts of severe illnesses. A mandatory childhood vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is part of the current controversy over the harmfulness of vaccines in Serbia. In view of the fact that the media is an important source for transmitting health messages and understanding health issues, the subject of this paper is the media presentation of MMR immunization in Serbia. How was the state health care narrative on MMR immunization presented in the Serbian daily press during the last two measles outbreaks in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018? By using the theoretical “text-context-hypertext” approcah to media content by Ljiljana Gavrilović, Serbian broadsheets and daily papers, such as Blic, Kurir, Politika, Večernje Novosti, from the period 2014-2020, are analyzed. The preliminary results show that the news that concurs with the 2014-15 measles epidemic differs greatly from the news during the 2017-18 epidemic. During the first period, the papers carried medical experts’ advice on the benefits and importance of the MMR vaccine, criticizing (irrational and emotional) parents (mostly mothers) who do not vaccinate their children, in parallel with parental lay evidence on its harmfulness. From approximately 2017 anti-vaccination attitudes disappeared from the newspapers, even from the yellow press. This is concomitant with the new Law on the Protection of the Population against Communicable Diseases (2016), which penalizes anti-vaccination lobbying. In other words, instead of gaining public trust in the health sector and the state by presenting facts, offering dialogue with opponents and systematic education, the state leaders discredited and excluded opposing opinions as “uncivilized”, “irrational” and part of “anti-vaccination lobbying”. Studies explained that citizens of post-socialist countries trust more individuals (friends and family) and distrust the state authorities (as enemies). By introducing compulsory penalties for non-vaccination, the state only deepened this historical and cultural distrust between the state and its citizen. To conclude, insults to parents of non-immunized children, threats of penalties and actual penalties, and the exaggeration of the outcomes of the 2014-15 measles epidemic did not lead to mass immunization. On the contrary, all this acted only counterproductively, as the latest epidemic broke out precisely among non-vaccinated and semi-vaccinated populations. Therefore, it is suggested in the paper that this vaccine should be optional, parallel with the introduction of organized promotion of MMR vaccination, its benefits and side-effects, detailed information on vaccine content, greater freedom of media content on the MMR vaccine, and open public dialogue of parents with medical experts.

The recent increased migration of workers has posed a brain drain problem on countries, which lose their citizens to more developed countries offering better working and living conditions. Lowering the tax burden on highly skilled individuals has been one of the most commonly used incentives by both developed and developing countries. The Government of the Republic of Serbia has proposed several tax incentives for providing a more beneficial tax treatment for highly skilled employees with the aim of keeping and attracting them back. The first part of this paper illustrates the problem of emigration, the effects of emigration of highly skilled workers, and the effects of taxation on migration decisions. In the second part, the problem of brain drain and its breadth in the Republic of Serbia is addressed, and a detailed elaboration of newly proposed tax incentives is provided. Furthermore, the author proposes an additional tax incentive.

The subject of this paper is the research of socio-economic characteristics of adult perpetrators of criminal offences in the Republic of Serbia. The following characteristics of marital status, education, employment status, occupation and nationality. The aim of the paper was to examine the social and economic status of perpetrators and to show that this status is more unfavourable if compared with the total population. The data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia for 2016 in the field of the Judiciary statistics were used in the research. The research included the criminal offences with the largest share in the structure of criminal offences: offences against property, offences against economy, offences against life and limb, offences against marriage and family, as well as offences against public peace and order. The educational structure of perpetrators has been analysed, their employment status and the structure per occupations and the comparative analysis has been made with the corresponding indicators for the total population. The results of the analysis have shown that the educational structure of perpetrators is more unfavourable and the unemployment rate four times higher than the unemployment rate of the total population. In the structure of occupations of perpetrators, the predominant professions include those with low wages for which lower degree of education is required. The economic and social status of female perpetrators is particularly unfavourable. The results reveal low social and economic status of perpetrators of criminal offences and suggest the significance of economic causes of crime in the Republic of Serbia.

Are the transitional countries of SEE trapped in institutional transition or not? The institutional transition that has been lasting for almost three decades, and almost two decades in the Republic of Serbia, initiated the rapid destruction of the institutions of the previous political and economic system, but the construction of new market institutions has been slow, inefficient and partial. The Republic of Serbia lost the three decades of economic growth and development, which, as evidenced by economic law, takes twice as much time to restore the system to the previous equilibrium of the length of the time which the system is located in off-balance. The average 3% growth in the seventeen transition years is insufficient to compensate for the enormous backlog of the 1990s. The contribution of the research study to the work focuses on the analysis of the interdependence of economic growth and institution building. A special viewpoint is aimed at the corruption factor destroying institutions in all transition countries, reducing their economic growth and productivity, and negatively affecting the attractiveness of FDIs.

The gender role hierarchy in the Republic of Serbia is an inspirational topic on several grounds: first, this is a specific issue within a wider gender equality problem, which has recently become the priority of ​​structural reforms; second, it is a separate segment of gender segregation, the research issue unjustifiably ignored by the domestic academic community; finally, it is just a piece of the “puzzle” that reflects the situation in the gender inequality field, but exactly the one which neither national nor European statistics provide detailed information for. The above-mentioned reasons represent the basic motivation for writing this paper. In order to determine whether the position of women in science varies according to their position on the career scale, as it usually happens all over Europe, we shall examine the situation in the higher education system in the Republic of Serbia. That is why we apply the methodological procedures of descriptive statistics to the micro-data obtained from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development in order to calculate the following relative indicators: the teaching staff structure by gender and grades across different fields of science and the glass ceiling index. We believe that such a relatively precise insight into the range of vertical segregation could be useful in conceiving future initiatives aimed at the systemic introduction of a gender perspective in the adoption, implementation and monitoring of public policies.

The subject of this paper is the evaluation of the position of women entrepreneurs in Serbia in the aftermath of COVID19 outbreak. The research aims to shed light on the main threats and constraints which women entrepreneurs in Serbia are currently facing due to the global pandemic. We hypothesize that women entrepreneurs in Serbia are particularly affected by the negative effects of COVID19 health crisis. With that regard, the standard desk-research method - the analysis and comparison of secondary data was combined with the case study method that included ten in-depth interviews with selected women entrepreneurs in Serbia during the period January - February 2021. The main conclusions are that empowering women entrepreneurs through various support programs as well as financial assistance provided by the state should be in the focus of decision-makers in the years to come. Furthermore, women entrepreneurs in Serbia should consider regional networking as well as entering the new markets as alternative survival strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The first decade of the 21st century in the Republic of Serbia is characterized by numerous changes of an economic nature. It was, in fact, a period of accelerated reforms based on the neoliberal concept, whose implementation was to steer the economy of the Republic of Serbia towards market economy, enable relatively high rates of economic growth, raise the level of national competitiveness and, ultimately, prepare the Serbian economy for the market match. However, the ten-year application of this concept has directed the Serbian economy in a different direction: towards foreign austerity, the disproportionate growth of the non-tradable goods and services sector and the overheating of domestic demand as the main driver of growth. The inability to autonomously or partially autonomously create their own sources of growth, on the one hand, and the continuation of the spiral of borrowing abroad, on the other, are the key indicators of the current state of the economy. Therefore, the Republic of Serbia was forced to change its economic growth model. According to many opinions, the development processes in industry, their position in the newly formed economic structure of the country, as well as the structural changes within the industry itself, are one of the key causes of negative development flows in the economy of the Republic of Serbia during the first decade of the 21st century. With this in mind, this paper analyzes the development processes in the industry of the Republic of Serbia during the first decade of the 21st century, namely: the changes in the structure of industry, the results of privatization of industry, the trends in employment in industry and the developments in foreign trade of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important reason for the lack of rural tourism development, in most rural areas in Serbia, is undefined strategic development directions and the lack of financial investment. The aim of this paper is to highlight the need for the adoption of the strategy for sustainable development of rural tourism in the actual transition period in the Republic of Serbia, with clearly defined development priorities and modalities of financing for all segments of rural tourism offer. The adoption of this strategy is necessary in the Republic of Serbia, in the actual transition period, in order to develop rural areas, to reduce regional differences in economic development, and in order to stop actual depopulation process of rural areas. Defining innovative and additional sources of funding is necessary, because the existing are limited and insufficient. The paper used a method of analysis and synthesis, descriptive, and comparative method.

This work gives a short review of the development of education in the territory of Kosovo since the period of the Ottoman Empire. Different schools as well as syllabus and curriculum have contributed to the understanding and acceptance of national identities of various people who lived or still live in that territory. Century-long conflicts in their struggle for the territory, together with their religion, have created a multicultural society which still shows signs of intolerance due to different interpretations of history and perception of the first settlers of this territory. Just as with any other ethnic conflicts, the truth is never unilateral. The territory of Kosovo has faced numerous challenges for centuries, with education being only one of them. During the Ottoman Empire rule in the territory of Kosovo there were educational institutions in which non-Muslims were taught in their own language and religion so that after the Tanzimat period they could be entitled to attend Ottoman high schools and be included in the civil service. After the Balkan wars, the Ottoman Empire lost part of its territories, which changed the map of the Balkans of the time by creating national states as well as the national system of education. After the First World War, Kosovo became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes where schools in the Serbian language were introduced, while after the Second World War the common system of education was established. The Constitution from 1974 granted the minorities the right to use their own languages and alphabets. Positive changes in the educational policy did not alleviate the feeling of unequal treatment of the Albanian people, which will escalate in the student protests and requests for the establishment of the republic due to the larger number of inhabitants of Albanian nationality. Since the declaration of Kosovo independence in 2008, two separate systems of education have been applied. In the past few years the dialogue between Serbia and Kosovo, the work on the accession to the community of the European nations, building relations of mutual respect based on the non-discrimination principle have been more significant than the education issue, which has become highly politicised. Although ethnic and national identities play an important role in the political behaviour of a nation, education should be the foundation for building social prosperity and political stability. In the multicultural environment it is very important to develop intercultural understanding through dialogue which may also be promoted by educational institutions recognising specific cultural features of the other side, as well as confronting different perspectives for the members of the community in the same territory.

The first preliminary national list of invasive plant species for the territory of the Republic of Serbia was published in 2012 in the paper 'Preliminary List of Invasive Species in the Republic of Serbia with General Measures of Control and Suppression in Support of Future Legislative Acts'. At that time there was already a list of invasive species of plants and animals on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. In 2018, a comparative Table of invasive plant species of the Republic of Serbia and countries in the region was prepared for the purposes of internship research paper entitled 'Revision of the preliminary national list of invasive plant species with proposed measures on control and suppression.' When analyzing the invasive flora of each individual country in the region, it has been noted that the criteria for proposing invasive species are different among the countries of the region, and that the major problem in comparing the lists of invasive species are the synonyms of taxa. Considering that the species is invasive on the territory of a country if it is listed on the 'official' list of invasive species of that country, a total of 165 species of invasive plants have been recorded for the Republic of Serbia and eight countries in the region by means of a comparative analysis of the aforementioned lists and by validation of the synonyms according to the 'Plant List, a working list of all known plant species.' The obtained results were taken only as one of the numerous indicators in the process of revision of the existing national preliminary list in order to develop a more complete list needed for adoption of the act containing measures on control and suppression of invasive species in accordance with the Law on Nature Conservation.

When it comes to public-private partnerships in the Republic of Serbia, there has been an evident lack of adequate and supportive legal framework for many years. The first law in this area was adopted in 2011. This paper analyzes the content and significance of the current legislative framework for public-private partnerships and concessions in Serbia. The paper is methodologically based on the theoretical analysis of relevant contemporary perspectives in theory and the normative analysis of the primary legislative source - the Law on Public-Private Partnership and Concessions. Given the complexity and multidimensionality of public-private partnership projects, it is certain that the future development of cooperation between the public and the private sector primarily requires continuous work on the development and improvement of the legislative framework covering all relevant issues in this area.

In the Republic of Serbia, librarians are educated at two university departments - the Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, and the Department of Librarianship, Faculty of Education in Sombor, Novi Sad University. Librarianship studies in Sombor began in 2005, and since 2015 the faculty has been offering the M.A. programme in the field of library and information science. The paper traces the development of the study program at the Department of Librarianship in Sombor and the further path of its students - graduate librarians. Due to the fact that the purpose of the study program is to educate experts in library and information science, after completing four years of study, the graduate librarians/information specialists are trained to perform tasks in all types of libraries. After examining the documentation of the Faculty of Education on the number of students who enrolled in studies and the number of graduate students, the authors analyze how many of them found job in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У раду је приказана структура кадра у јавним библиотекама Републике Србије према степену и области образовања. Издвојени су подаци за 2013. и 2018. годину како би се установио ефекат забране запошљавања у јавном сектору која је донета крајем 2013. Евидентно је да се број запослених са средњом и вишом стручном спремом смањио, док је број високообразованих повећан. Како се у постојећем закону и националним стандардима који се односе на библиотечко-информациону делатност не издваја образовни профил дипломираног библиотекара као приоритетан приликом запошљавања, циљ је утврдити из којих струка долазе високообразовани запослени у јавним библиотекама. Као посебна категорија издвојени су упосленици са дипломом из области библиотекарства и информатике, да би се сагледало који проценат заузимају међу универзитетски образованим кадром. Чињеница да је број корисника библиотека испод утврђеног стандарда, указује да је потребно променити нешто у начину рада јавних библиотека. За почетак би било добро преиспитати тренутно стање у Србији и проучити прописе земаља које су ово питање решиле на адекватнији начин те на основу тога експлицитније прописати који би образовни профили, у коликој мери, требало да буду заступљени у јавним библиотекама. The paper presents the structure of employees in public libraries according to the level and field of education. Data relating to 2018 and 2013 have been highlighted in order to determine the effect of the ban on public sector employment that was enacted at the end of 2013. It is evident that the number of employees with a high school degree and a college degree has decreased while the number of university graduates has increased. As it is not specified, at any level, who can do the job of a graduate librarian, the aim is to determine which professions are represented among the highly educated employees in public libraries. Employees with a bachelor's or master's degree in librarianship are grouped into a special category, in order to find out what percentage of the staff with higher education they make. The fact that the number of library users in Serbia is below all standards indicates that something needs to be changed. First of all, it would be good to examine the current situation in Serbia and study the regulations in the countries that are more advanced in this matter, and then to specify more explicitly what educational profiles should be represented in public libraries here. Balance should be found through the joint work of older and younger experts, those who have completed their studies at the Department of Library and Information Science, and those from other faculties, in order to find motivation and achieve a common goal - raising awareness of the importance of using libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate management of waste originating from industry and other activities, communal and service actions, health protection, agriculture and natural person’s activities, creates threats and security challenges at the local level within the Republic of Serbia (RS). In this paper, the author systemically analyzes and assess all these problems regarding the diverse generation of waste putting it in the context of public authorities’ jurisdiction on all levels, as well as in the context of waste generators. It is specifically assessed in the context of strategic planning documents, laws and bylaws, historical pollution (temporarily stored waste), unsuitable (criminal) waste disposal in locations that are not designed for such purposes, as well as security challenges and threats in that sense. A landfill as a complex has a direct impact on the environment and its mediums, which is especially analyzed in this paper, as well as its impact on human health and the quality of life. Moreover, through an analysis of these impacts and threats (by stating concrete examples for these statements) in the Republic of Serbia, the manners for potential reduction of all these challenges and threats in the local environment are analyzed and discussed with the help of various contemporary approaches and models already applied world-wide, and the recommendations for their use are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized enterprises are holders of economic development. Their part in one country's economy is very important, especially they're important for countries that are developing. Those sort of enterprises are significant part of economic reforms, driver of economic recovery and the engine of its further development and growth. Because of this sector's importance, finish line of this thesis is to determine and growth. Because of this sector's importance, finish line of this thesis is to determine the condition, and to analyze development trends os small and medium-sized enterprises in the Republic of Serbia.

The Republic of Serbia has a favorable conditions for agricultural and rural development (5,097 million ha of agricultural land, 85% of the territory is rural). Serbia has a skilled and educated human resources and appropriate institutions for education (high schools, colleges, institutes), as well as a long agricultural tradition. Nevertheless agriculture and villages in Serbia are in the process of decay, devastation and backwardness. Agricultural production in the period from 2000-2015 for example had positive outcome in only four years. The negative development trend was followed with de-agrarianism and demographic emptying of villages. The causes for this are numerous. The authors come to the conclusion that a new paradigm of sustainable agricultural and rural development, as well as the new agricultural policy is need.