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The release of microfibres (MFs) from textiles has been observed in various environments, pointing towards the impact of human activities on natural systems. Synthetic textile microfibres, a subset of microplastic fibres (MPFs), are reported to be the primary contributor to microplastic pollution. With the forecasted growth in textile production, the problem of MF pollution is expected to worsen and become more challenging to address. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are crucial in managing microfibre pollution as they can act as a sink and source of these pollutants. Studies have shown that textile industrial effluent can contain MFs at a rate of up to a thousand times higher than municipal wastewater. As more garments are made than sold and worn, the impact of industrial MF release could be higher than predicted. The detection and quantification of microfibres released in industrial wastewater effluents do not have a standard test method, and legislation to address this issue is not yet feasible. To tackle this issue, it is crucial to raise awareness in the industry and tackle it using a more holistic approach. With its urgency, but still being an underdeveloped research area, priorities for mitigation actions are examined where efforts are needed to accelerate. These include the need to raise awareness and encourage more investigations from industry and academia. A consistent protocol will help us to compare studies and find solutions of high impact and measure MFs in WWTPs, which can help define the maximum limit for MF releases and support legislation implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization not only revolutionized the life in the past few decades but also leads to environmental pollution by the continuous addition of effluents. There is need to develop techniques for the economic bioremediation of toxic effluents to maintain sustainable environment. In current study, the textile industrial effluent's biodegradation potential of a locally isolated brown rot fungi, Fomitopsis pinicola IEBL-4, was analyzed and optimized. Response surface methodology under Box–Behnken design was employed for the biodegradation of three industrial effluents. The analysis of biodegradation is followed by the study of the ligninolytic enzymes, i.e., manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase during the process. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluents after treatment were determined to check the quality of the biodegradation process. The results showed that there was 72.06 ± 1.76%, 75.15 ± 1.72%, and 79.02 ± 1.62% biodegradation of MT, FST, and ST effluents, respectively after optimization of fungal growth conditions. Addition of various carbon and nitrogen sources further increase biodegradation 15%, 5%, and 9% for MT, FST, and ST effluents, respectively. There was continuous decrease in the values of BOD and COD after each optimization step and values were well below the WHO recommended after final biodegradation. The BOD of MT effluent reduces from 358.30 mg/L to 49.31 ± 0.87 mg/L, 347.2 mg/L to 51.12 ± 0.76 mg/L for FST effluent, and 412.2 mg/L to 45.34 ± 0.9 mg/L for ST effluent after optimization of biodegradation at two stages. The study of ligninolytic enzymes showed that these are involved in the biodegradation process and lignin peroxidase is the most active among all three. The maximum activities calculated were 942.60 ± 5.70 U mL−1 min−1 for LiP, 694.20 ± 4.10 U mL−1 min−1 for MnP, and 435.60 ± 3.30 U mL−1 min−1 for laccase. The enzymatic activities vary with the biodegradation of the effluent suggested dyes dependent secretion of the enzymes. This study could be concluded that F. pinicola IEBL-4 is suitable fungus for the bioremediation of textile industrial effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of microfibres (MFs) from textiles has been observed in various environments, pointing towards the impact of human activities on natural systems. Synthetic textile microfibres, a subset of microplastic fibres (MPFs), are reported to be the primary contributor to microplastic pollution. With the forecasted growth in textile production, the problem of MF pollution is expected to worsen and become more challenging to address. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are crucial in managing microfibre pollution as they can act as a sink and source of these pollutants. Studies have shown that textile industrial effluent can contain MFs at a rate of up to a thousand times higher than municipal wastewater. As more garments are made than sold and worn, the impact of industrial MF release could be higher than predicted. The detection and quantification of microfibres released in industrial wastewater effluents do not have a standard test method, and legislation to address this issue is not yet feasible. To tackle this issue, it is crucial to raise awareness in the industry and tackle it using a more holistic approach. With its urgency, but still being an underdeveloped research area, priorities for mitigation actions are examined where efforts are needed to accelerate. These include the need to raise awareness and encourage more investigations from industry and academia. A consistent protocol will help us to compare studies and find solutions of high impact and measure MFs in WWTPs, which can help define the maximum limit for MF releases and support legislation implementation.

This research reports the first-ever study on abundantly available, environmentally friendly, low-cost and ready-for-use Nutraceutical Industrial Cumin Seed Spent (NICUS) as an innovative adsorbent for bioremediation of a bisazo Acid Red 119 (AR119) dye, a probable mutagen from textile industrial effluents (TIEs). The experiment at the laboratory scale is designed to suit the concepts of sustainability and valorisation under the domain of circular economy. The experimental qe value obtained was 96.00 mg g−1. The optimised conditions of parameters are as follows: pH of 2; adsorption time, 210 min; adsorbent dosage, 0.300 g L−1; particle size, 175 µM; initial dye concentration, 950 mg L−1; orbital shaking, 165 rpm and temperature, 50 °C, producing an impressive value of 748 mg of dye adsorbing on 1 g of dry NICUS. The adsorption capacity of NICUS obtained from the quadratic model developed for process optimisation gave values of 748 mg g−1. As a prelude to commercialisation, five variables that affect the adsorption process were experimentally studied. For the feasibility and efficiency of the process, a two-level fractional factorial experimental design (FFED) was applied to identify variables that influence the adsorption capacity of NICUS. The identified variables were applied to scale experiments by three orders. Nine isotherm models were used to analyse the adsorption equilibrium data. The Vieth–Sladek adsorption isotherm model was found to be the best fit. The pseudo-second-order reaction was the appropriate mechanism for the overall rate of the adsorption process. Mechanistic studies related to mass transfer phenomena were more likely to be dominant over the diffusion process. Techniques such as SEM, FTIR and CHN analysis were used to characterise NICUS. The dye-adsorbed NICUS obtained as "sludge" was used as a reinforcing material for the fabrication of composites using plastic waste. The physicomechanical and chemical properties of thermoplastic and thermoset composite using dye-adsorbed NICUS were evaluated and compared with NICUS composites. Prospects of integrating Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) into the circular economy of Nutraceutical Industrial Spent (NIS) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coagulation-flocculation is one of the more commonly used techniques for treating industrial effluents. The present work provides the results obtained in the treatment of textile effluent by applying the coagulation-flocculation process with a new reagent derived from cactus Opuntia ficus-indica largely found in Morocco. The objective herein is two-fold: to test the efficiency of this technique and establish the action mechanism of this new biodegradable and natural coagulant. The use of this new cactus-based product has shown a very significant effect on turbidity removal (96%), as well as on sludge production reduction (3.3 mL L-1), compared to other chemical coagulants, such as ferric chloride and aluminum sulfate. Settling time however is relatively long (5 h). To assess the mechanism involved in this coagulation-flocculation, we proceeded with global characterization by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements on the cactus. These measurements indicated that the colloids associated with the cactus material are negatively charged (at pH = 10.0). The IR spectroscopy analyses revealed in this new material the presence of aromatic groups, such as phenols and aromatic proteins, thus suggesting that Moroccan cactus Opuntia ficus-indica rely on a different mechanism than a chemical reagent like metallic salts. The cactus effect likely occurs through a flocculation reaction of a large concentration of metallic hydroxides by tannin molecules of cactus material combined with a "sweep coagulation" mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research reports the first-ever study on abundantly available, environmentally friendly, low-cost and ready-for-use Nutraceutical Industrial Cumin Seed Spent (NICUS) as an innovative adsorbent for bioremediation of a bisazo Acid Red 119 (AR119) dye, a probable mutagen from textile industrial effluents (TIEs). The experiment at the laboratory scale is designed to suit the concepts of sustainability and valorisation under the domain of circular economy. The experimental qe value obtained was 96.00 mg g−1. The optimised conditions of parameters are as follows: pH of 2; adsorption time, 210 min; adsorbent dosage, 0.300 g L−1; particle size, 175 µM; initial dye concentration, 950 mg L−1; orbital shaking, 165 rpm and temperature, 50 °C, producing an impressive value of 748 mg of dye adsorbing on 1 g of dry NICUS. The adsorption capacity of NICUS obtained from the quadratic model developed for process optimisation gave values of 748 mg g−1. As a prelude to commercialisation, five variables that affect the adsorption process were experimentally studied. For the feasibility and efficiency of the process, a two-level fractional factorial experimental design (FFED) was applied to identify variables that influence the adsorption capacity of NICUS. The identified variables were applied to scale experiments by three orders. Nine isotherm models were used to analyse the adsorption equilibrium data. The Vieth–Sladek adsorption isotherm model was found to be the best fit. The pseudo-second-order reaction was the appropriate mechanism for the overall rate of the adsorption process. Mechanistic studies related to mass transfer phenomena were more likely to be dominant over the diffusion process. Techniques such as SEM, FTIR and CHN analysis were used to characterise NICUS. The dye-adsorbed NICUS obtained as “sludge” was used as a reinforcing material for the fabrication of composites using plastic waste. The physicomechanical and chemical properties of thermoplastic and thermoset composite using dye-adsorbed NICUS were evaluated and compared with NICUS composites. Prospects of integrating Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) into the circular economy of Nutraceutical Industrial Spent (NIS) are discussed.

First-ever study on the adsorption of Acid Violet 49 (AV49) dye, onto nutraceutical industrial chillies stalk waste (NICSW) is reported. A two-level fractional factorial experiment design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were adopted to study how initial concentration of the dye, adsorbent dosage, duration of adsorption process, speed of agitation, pH of the reaction mixture and temperature affect the adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of NICSW at equilibrium was analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Jovanovic, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Harkins-Jura isotherms. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were considered for kinetic studies. Maximum adsorption capacity of 45.40 mg/g was obtained by Langmuir isotherm as against the experimental value of 29.00 mg/g, with correlation coefficient of 0.979 at near neutral pH. NICSW was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Elemental (C, H, N, S) analyses of the adsorbent were conducted. Along with thermodynamic parameter evaluation such as Gibb's free energy, enthalpy and entropy and results of the surface characterization showed that the dye adsorption onto the biosorbent has taken place such as a physical process. These results proved that NICSW is a fast and effective adsorbent to remove AV49 from water and textile industrial effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to complex mixtures like textile effluent poses risks to animal and human health such as mutations, genotoxicity and oxidative damage. Aim of the present study was to quantify metals in industrial effluent and to determine its mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic potential and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers in effluent exposed rats. Metal analysis revealed presence of high amounts of zinc, copper, chromium, iron, arsenic and mercury in industrial effluent. Ames test with/without enzyme activation and MTT assay showed strong association of industrial effluent with mutagenicity and cytotoxicity respectively. In-vitro comet assay revealed evidence of high oxidative DNA damage. When Wistar rats were exposed to industrial effluent in different dilutions for 60 days, then activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase and hydrogen peroxide concentration were found to be significantly lower in kidney, liver and blood/plasma of effluent exposed rats than control. Vitamin C in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day significantly reduced oxidative effects of effluent in rats. On the basis of this study it is concluded that industrial effluent may cause mutagenicity, in-vitro oxidative stress-related DNA damage and cytotoxicity and may be associated with oxidative stress in rats. Vitamin C may have ameliorating effect when exposed to effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Dyeing effluents are the main source of water pollution from textile industries. Consequently, the treatment of such effluents is of environmental concern. RESULTS: Decolorization of a textile industry effluent was investigated using, for the first time, the trimeric Scytalidium thermophilum laccase without mediator addition. The maximum effluent decolorization (50%) was achieved after 8 h using a diluted effluent (5 fold) and 4 units of crude enzyme, operating at 50 °C and pH 4. Characterization of raw effluent presents two peaks as demonstrated by the UV-visible spectrum, showing an intensive peak around 670 nm and a smaller one at 290 nm. At the end of the enzymatic treatment, these two peaks disappeared and a new peak emerged at 280 nm. Because laccase catalyzed effluent decolorization percentage did not exceed 50%, an alkaline adapted consortium treatment assay of this effluent was carried out. An alkaline adapted consortium was used at bench scale in order to decolorize the raw effluent. After 24 h of exposure, color and COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal rates reached 73% and 71%, respectively, at pH 11. CONCLUSION: The adapted consortium treatment of the industrial effluent is economically very interesting since the treatment is costless and can be applied at pilot or industrial scales. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discharge of textile industrial wastewater, a complex effluent containing different chemicals, to the environment causes serious bioenvironmental pollution problems.Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of advanced oxidation methods and find the most efficient method to remove dye from textile effluents.Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on Kashan textile industrial effluent on a laboratory scale and in a closed system. Taking into consideration the fixed amount of O3 dose and H2O2 concentration for the four advanced oxidation methods(UV/O3, UV/H2O2, H2O2/O3, O3/UV/H2O2), in three reaction time (10, 20, 30 minutes) and different pH (4, 6, 8, 10), the effect of the methods on dye removal was evaluated and the results were compared using the complex repetitive measurements.Results: Results showed that, in terms of method used and the contact time, the O3/UV/H2O2 method in 30 minutes had the most efficient result (89.2%) and the UV/H2O2method in 10 minutes time the least one (40.7%). Moreover, in terms of the method used and pH, the O3/UV/H2O2 method in pH=6 had the most efficient result (84.7) and the UV/H2O2method in pH=4 the least one (59.4). The results showed that time had a positive effect on dye removal efficiency (P<0.001).Conclusion: The O3/UV/H2O2 method is the most efficient method in removing dye fromtextile wastewater due to the synchronous presence of multi-pollutants and its synergic effect through producing the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutagenic activity of XAD-2 adsorbates and water extracts recovered from nine locations of the Kumho River was tested on S. typhimurium TA98 strain to identify the source of the mutagenicity. A sampling site, receiving effluents from the textile industrial complex located in Daegu City, showed extraordinarily high mutagenic activity, especially in the presence of S9 mixture, at all sampling time in both XAD-2 adsorbates and dichloromethane extracts. This indicated the existence of the frame-shift mutagens in the Kumho River, same type of mutagens detected in previous studies by other researchers in the Nakdong River into which the Kumho River discharges. The fractionation study showed that the mutagenic chemicals in the river water are mid-polar. Furthermore, mean tail length obtained by single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) showed consistent dose-dependent DNA damage, indicating that the chemicals in the river water not only act as frame-shift mutagens but also break human lymphocytes DNA strain. Chemical identification of the mutagens should be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]