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This article discusses the text and its problem in the culture of philosophy of the XX century. It is shown that the peculiarity of this approach is the disclosure of the essence of dialogical thinking in culture through the study of the text as the “primary reality” of any Humanities. The article analyzes the scientific research that the text as a universal form of communication can not be reduced only to the semiotic or only hermeneutic understanding. The paper presents an attempt to chronologically consider the problem of the text in different periods of society. The concept of “test epoch” is revealed in great detail . In conclusion, the article reveals the cultural and philosophical traditions of the XX century in the Russian intellectual field, where of particular interest is the direction of philosophical thought, which seeks to justify the specifics of the methodological approach to social and humanitarian knowledge, which differs from the natural science and mathematical methodology. Central to this area of research are the concepts of symbol, function, communication, game, and text. The main advantage of this study is that such a view will be interesting to specialists in the field of philosophy and Philology.