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Intrusion Detection Model (IDM) is an essential device for network defence in current trend. Malicious users analyse the vulnerabilities of IDSs to capture unauthorized access. Furthermore, intrusion detection encompasses numerous numerical attributes and models, resulting in elevated detection errors and triggering false alarms. Hence, optimal computational intelligence shall be incorporated in IDM to achieve high detection rate and less number of false alarms. Considering the same, a new hybrid IDM framework is developed as the combination of Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm with Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization that maximizes the detection accuracy, minimizes the false alarms and takes less computational complexity which will be explained first phase. The existing IDSs are constraint to the information trained incur into false positives based on user continuity for normal activity. The objective of this proposal is to extract optimal classification rules automatically from training data that helps to identify types of attacks correctly including the unknown attack types. For achieving this goal, Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) is used as classifier to enhance the identification of the rare attack classes within the IDM. The effectiveness of this method lies in its capacity to leverage information within an unfamiliar search space, guiding subsequent searches towards valuable subspaces. It provides better separability of various classes' i.e. normal behaviour and false alarms. In this FGA-MOPSO model, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) serves as the feature selection technique employed to identify pertinent features within the dataset, thereby enhancing the classifier's performance and Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm (FGA) is used to create new population for training the classifier with the help of three operations namely selection, crossover and mutation that helps to practice more patterns in training phase and to obtain better understanding of the proposed classifier. The simulation will illustrate that the system is competent to speed-up the training and testing process of intrusions detection is important for network applications.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [Arun Kumar] Last name [Ramamoorthy]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.Checked and Verified for Author 1. In Author 2 name, Given Name was [K.] and last name was[Karuppasamy], But its is just the opposite. Given Name is [Karuppasamy] and Last Name is [K.]. I have edited it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental structural durability proof bases on a damage equivalent shortening of the design spectrum into a test spectrum with reduced length taking statistics founded safety factors into account. Historically, test spectra were first derived for steel parts using Woehler‐lines for steel; the damage equivalence was calculated by applying the Palmgren–Miner rule with the modification according to Haibach. When aluminium parts were introduced later, the question arose, whether test spectra developed for steel parts could be applied without modifications for their durability proof. Caused by different slopes of aluminium before and after the knee‐point, the test spectra derived for steel wheels result for aluminium components a lower cumulated damage in comparison to the design spectra. This fact requires a longer test duration for aluminium components when test spectra or proving grounds developed for steel components are used. By the example of steel and aluminium wheels for commercial vehicles with comparable highly stressed areas, the material dependent features regarding the required test life for the structural durability proof of aluminium parts are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The KLASS computer program planned for development is designed to work as a part of the ARION-plus software package and allows you to perform an automated assessment of the reliability of electronic products, including semiconductor devices. At the stage of work planning on the creation of the KLASS program, as a module of the ARION-plus complex, the question arose about the working time allotted for the procedure for testing a computer program. The approaches described in the scientific literature used to assess the operational reliability of computer programs, taking into account their testing, proceed from the fact that the program code has been written and debugged and there are certain data on the results of testing the computer program. Software developers would like to know the predicted testing time, which ensures a given operational reliability of a computer program, even before starting work on writing program code. Based on the analysis of the experimental data on the reliability of computer programs in various fields of application, a model is proposed for determining the testing time required to ensure the operational reliability of programs. The model was used for the computer program KLASS planned for development and takes into account the programming language, the amount of program code, the speed of the computer processor, and the scope of the program. Based on the obtained model, a nomogram with two binary fields was constructed, which allows one to quickly determine the predicted time for testing computer programs.

The experimental structural durability proof bases on a damage equivalent shortening of the design spectrum into a test spectrum with reduced length taking statistics founded safety factors into account. Historically, test spectra were first derived for steel parts using Woehler‐lines for steel; the damage equivalence was calculated by applying the Palmgren‐Miner rule with the modification according to Haibach. When aluminium parts were introduced later, the question arose, whether test spectra developed for steel parts could be applied without modifications for their durability proof. Caused by different slopes of aluminium before and after the knee‐point, the test spectra derived for steel wheels result for aluminium components a lower cumulated damage in comparison to the design spectra. This fact requires a longer test duration for aluminium components when test spectra or proving grounds developed for steel components are used. By the example of steel and aluminium wheels for commercial vehicles with comparable fatigue critical areas, the material dependent features regarding the required test life for the structural durability proof of aluminium parts are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing of traffic accidents, there is an urgent need to control and reduce driving mistakes. Driver fatigue or drowsiness is one of these major mistakes. Many algorithms have been developed to address this issue by detecting fatigue and alerting the driver to this dangerous condition. The major problem of the developed algorithms is their detection accuracy, as well as the time required to detect fatigue status and alert the driver. The accuracy and the time represent a critical condition that affects the reduction of traffic accidents. Several datasets have been used in the development of fatigue or drowsy detection techniques. These data are gathered from the deriver’s brain Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals or from video streaming recordings of the driver behavior. This paper develops two distinct approaches, the first based on the use of machine learning classifiers and the second depends on the use of deep learning models to produce a high-performance fatigue detection system. The machine learning approach is used to process EEG signals, whereas the deep learning approach is used to process video streams. In machine learning classifiers, Support Vector Machine (SVM) provides up to 98% of detection accuracy, which is the highest accuracy among the other five deployed classifiers. In deep learning models, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) provides up to 99% detection accuracy, which is the highest accuracy among the other two deployed models. The experimental results demonstrate that the two proposed algorithms provide the highest detection accuracy with the shortest Testing Time (TT) when compared to all other recent and efficient fatigue detection algorithms.

The obstacle faced during the fatigue test is the waiting time which is quite long and inefficient, especially for test specimens made of ductile metal with waiting times of up to several days. The research method includes reducing the specimen radius to obtain a flexural stress approaching 400 MPa which was originally 229 MPa from a radius of 254 mm to 240 mm with the results of turning the original specimen obtained a minimum diameter of 8.6 mm is reduced to 7.3 mm at a maximum loading of 10 kg. Results of the research are brass specimens C3604BD type with a minimum diameter of 8.6 mm at a flexural stress of 298 MPa showing a fatigue life of 2455546 cycles with a test duration of 1754 minutes and a minimum specimen diameter of 7.3 mm at a flexural stress of 299 MPa showing a fatigue life of 684311 cycles with a test duration of 489 minutes which means that with a minimum specimen diameter of 7.3 mm the fatigue life is 3.59 times shorter than a minimum specimen diameter of 8.6 mm. Meanwhile, for aluminium AA1101 type with a minimum specimen diameter of 7.3 mm at a flexural stress of 182 MPa, the fatigue life is 422117 cycles with a test duration of 278 minutes and with a minimum specimen diameter of 8.6 mm at a flexural stress of 183 MPa, the fatigue life is 389232 cycles with a test duration of 302 minutes which means that with a minimum specimen diameter of 7.3 mm the fatigue life is 1.05 times shorter than the minimum specimen diameter of 8.6 mm or almost the same.

Soil nutrient testing is an effective way to uncover soil nutrient status. However, the conventional testing method (CT method) and Mehlich 3 method (M3 method) demand long-time consumption, tedious testing steps, high testing cost, dangerous chemicals contained in extractant, etc. Therefore, it is important to develop a new rapid test method or improve the existing rapid test method of soil available nutrients. In this study, an improved Mehlich3 method (IM3 method) with the new combined extractant were developed and evaluated on the testing feasibility, precision, efficiency, and cost. The results showed that: (1) IM3 method avoided the usage of two hazardous chemicals, i.e., ammonium nitrate and nitric acid, which were difficult in purchase and storage but contained in the combined extractant of M3 method. (2) The correlation coefficients of available P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in calcareous soil between M3 and CT, and between IM3 and CT methods all reached highly significant level. The correlation coefficient of available Zn between IM3 and CT method was significantly higher than that between M3 and CT method, and those of the other elements had not obviously changed. (3) The variation coefficients of available P, K, Fe and Cu determined by M3 and IM3 methods were all lower than those determined by CT method. The variation coefficients of available Mn and Zn determined by IM3 were 3.67% and 6.43%, which were slightly higher than those determined by CT method with 2.72% and 5.29%, but were lower than those determined by M3 method. (4) Under the premise of ensuring testing precision, IM3 method took only 6.3 min/piece for determining six elements, reducing testing time by 70.7% and 3.08% compared with CT (21.5 min/piece) and M3 (6.5 min/piece) methods, respectively. The testing cost of IM3 method was reduced by 26% and 61.2% compared with M3 and CT methods, respectively. In conclusion, IM3 method is an ideal rapid measurement method for the simultaneous determination of available soil nutrients in calcareous soil.

Thermal Response Test (TRT) is commonly conducted in geothermal projects to determine the effective ground thermal conductivity. However, the tests are hardly conducted in small or medium projects due to its considerable costs. Moreover, these projects are more likely to be influenced by the environmental conditions (climate and groundwater level) due to the shallow installation depth of the Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHEs). The objective of this investigation is to find an alternative approach for the estimation of the field effective soil thermal conductivity by considering various testing times, field conditions and U-pipe lengths. To reach this objective, a numerical framework is initially validated by the in-situ measurements. Then, it is used to simulate the TRTs conducted in clay, sandy loam and sand during the hottest day(s) of a year in summer and the coldest day(s) of a year in winter with various U-pipe lengths and groundwater levels. The results show that there is a higher effective soil thermal conductivity in winter than in summer while this difference becomes less significant for the U-pipes longer than 30 m. Among the studied soils, clay has the least effective thermal conductivity. Sandy loam shows a higher effective thermal conductivity than sand especially in the short U-pipes. The effective soil thermal conductivity varies linearly with a newly defined λ ratio (the water level depth divided by the U-pipe length). It also varies with the U-pipe length in a polynomial form (2nd degree). Finally, an analytical approach is proposed to estimate the effective soil thermal conductivity. The approach is validated by 6 in-situ measurements. The capacity of the approach is also evaluated by a regional multi-layered field. • A λ ratio (= water level/U-pipe length) is defined for the Thermal Response Tests. • The testing time, λ ratio and U-pipe length affect the Thermal Response Test results. • The effective soil thermal conductivity varies linearly with the λ ratio. • The soil thermal conductivity varies with the pipe length in a polynomial (2nd degree) form. • An analytical solution is proposed for the effective soil thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Checking software quality and reliability of developed software system is one of the important activities for developing highly-reliable software system. In software testing phase, which is located in the final stage of software development process, software faults remaining the developed software system must be eliminated as possible as the testing manager could. Further, it is also important to develop testing plan to conduct testing activities efficiently under the certain constraints because there are some constraints, such as cost and delivery, in the actual testing phase. This paper discusses method to estimate the number of detectable faults under constant budget constraint by applying a two-dimensional Weibull type software reliability model, in which the software reliability growth process depends on testing time and testing effort factors. We finally show numerical examples of our method by using actual data.

A new method for determining the P‐S‐N curves is proposed by the probabilistic analysis of the mixed samples that are composed of the testing fatigue lives and equivalent fatigue lives. The equivalent fatigue lives at each level are converted from all the testing data at all the testing levels according to the equivalent fatigue failure probability, where the life distributions are determined by the medians of logarithmic fatigue lives at respective levels and a unified coefficient of variation. Comparison results of the P‐S‐N curves of 2024‐T3 and A356.0‐T6 alloys with the different methods indicate that the new method can determine the high‐precision P‐S‐N curves with different sample sizes of the S‐N testing data, and can save testing time and improve testing efficiency, especially for the situation of large‐scatter S‐N testing data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Different timing and light phases are critical factors in behavioural neuroscience, which can greatly affect the experimental outcomes of the performed tests. Despite the fact that time of testing is one of the most common factors that varies across behavioural laboratories, knowledge about the consequences of testing time on behavioural readouts is limited. Thus, in this study we systematically assessed the effect of this factor on the readout of a variety of elementary and recurrent behavioural paradigms in C57Bl/6 mice. Furthermore, we investigated potential neuronal correlates of this phenomenon by analysing how testing time influences the expression pattern of genes relevant for neuronal activation functions and the control of brain circadian rhythms. We show that animals tested in the light phase display reduced social approach behaviour and sensorimotor gating and increased locomotor activity, whereas anxiety-related behaviour and working memory are not affected. In addition, animals tested in the light phase also exhibit increased locomotor response to systemic amphetamine treatment, which is paralleled by alterations in the expression patterns of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) and/or Midbrain (Mid). Lastly, we observed that neuronal activation, indexed by the gene expression levels of cFos, was increased in the NAc and Mid of animals tested during the light phase. Our data thus suggest that daily alterations in gene expression in mesolimbic brain structures might be involved in the different behavioural responses of mice tested in the light- versus the dark-phase. At the same time, our study adds further weight to the notion that the specific timing of testing can indeed strongly affect the readout of a given test. As comparison and reproducibility of findings is pivotal in science, experimental protocols should be clarified in detail to allow appropriate data comparison across different laboratories. Highlights • Behavioural testing during the night or during the day yields different results • Different day/night behavioural performances are paralleled by changes in gene expression • Dopaminergic markers are differentially expressed during the day and the night [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: The current study proposes a new and fast technique to record the auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) simultaneously (BiSi-ABR) from two ears. The BiSi-ABR technique can be used to record the ABRs two times faster than with a conventional ABR recording method. The objective of the study was to show the proof of concept and to compare the BiSi-ABR technique with that of a conventional ABRs recording method to test its clinical feasibility. MATERIALS and METHODS: A repeated-measures design was used, wherein ABRs recorded in the BiSi-ABR were compared with that of conventional ABRs recordings. Twenty-five normal-hearing adults participated in the study. ABRs were recorded using the BiSi-ABR technique, as well as the conventional method. The peak latencies (in ms) of waves III and V between the new technique and conventional method were compared. The minimum intensity at which the wave V was present was tracked using both the methods. RESULTS: The wave latencies and thresholds of ABR using the BiSi-ABR technique were remarkably similar to those recorded in the conventional ABR technique. The ABR wave latencies and thresholds did not differ significantly between the new technique and the conventional method. CONCLUSION: ABRs recorded with the BiSi-ABR technique can be used to estimate ear-specific hearing thresholds with the same reliability as that of conventional ABRs, in half the recording time. The results of the study have strong implications for screening, diagnostic, and research purposes as they aid in cutting down the ABR testing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the paper is to present a way to shorten the time required to perform laboratory tests of materials in metallurgy. The paper finds a relation between the time to perform a test of materials and the number of technicians carrying out the test. The relation can be used to optimize the number of technicians. The approach is based on probability theory, as the amount of material to be tested is unknown in advance, and uses powerful modelling techniques involving the generalized estimating equations.

Organizasyonların personel seçiminde kullanılan bilişsel yetenek ölçümlerinin, objektif ve yansız olarak yapılması, ihtiyaç duyulan uygun nitelikteki insan kaynağının temin edilmesi için önemli bir husustur. Ancak, bilişsel yetenek testlerinin kişilik özelliklerinden etkilendiğine dair bazı bulgular öne sürülmektedir. Mevcut araştırmada, genel bilişsel yetenek (GBY) ölçümlerinde süre ve performans ilişkisinde A Tipi kişiliğin rolü 271 üniversite öğrencisinden elde edilen verilerle incelenmiştir. Veriler, A Tipi Kişilik Ölçeği ve Raven Standart Progresif Matrisler Testi ile toplanmıştır. Genel örneklemde ve A Tiplerinde GBY test performansı ve süresi ile A Tipi kişilik arasında anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmezken, B Tiplerinde test süresinin ve yaşın GBY test performansının yordayıcısı olduğuna ilişkin bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Objectively and impartially application of cognitive ability measurements that used in personnel selection of organizations, is a vital issue for providing needed appropriate human resources. But, some findings have been suggested that personality traits influence the measurement of cognitive abilities. In the current study the relationship between general cognitive ability (GCA) and Type A personality (TAP) was investigated with the data collected from 271 university students. The assessment instruments used were: Type-A Behavior Scale and Raven Standard Progressive Matrices Test. The findings revealed that, while there was no relationship between GCA, testing time and TAP in the general sample and Type A group, testing time and age were predictors of the GCA test performance in the Type B group

Background: Although testing to detect weak D antigens using the antihuman globulin reagent is not required for D- patients in many countries, it is routinely performed in Korea. However, weak D testing can be omitted in D- patients with a C-E- phenotype as this indicates complete deletion of the RHD gene, except in rare cases. We designed a new algorithm for weak D testing, which consisted of RhCE phenotyping followed by weak D testing in C+ or E+ samples, and compared it with the current algorithm with respect to time and cost-effectiveness. Methods: In this retrospective study, 74,889 test results from January to July 2017 in a tertiary hospital in Korea were analyzed. Agreement between the current and proposed algorithms was evaluated, and total number of tests, time required for testing, and test costs were compared. With both algorithms, RHD genotyping was conducted for samples that were C+ or E+ and negative for weak D testing. Results: The algorithms showed perfect agreement (agreement=100%; κ=1.00). By applying the proposed algorithm, 29.56% (115/389 tests/yr) of tests could be omitted, time required for testing could be reduced by 36% (8,672/24,084 min/yr), and the test cost could be reduced by 16.53% (536.11/3,241.08 USD/yr). Conclusions: Our algorithm omitting weak D testing in D- patients with C-E- phenotype may be a cost-effective testing strategy in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switching activity and Transition density computation is an essential stage for dynamic power estimation and testing time reduction. The study of switching activity, transition densities and weighted switching activities of pseudo random binary sequences generated by Linear Feedback shift registers and Feed Forward shift registers plays a crucial role in design approaches of Built-In Self Test, cryptosystems, secure scan designs and other applications. This paper proposed an approach to find transition densities, which plays an important role in choosing of test pattern generator We have analyze conventional and proposed designs using our approache, This work also describes the testing time of benchmark circuits. The outcome of this paper is presented in the form of algorithm, theorems with proofs and analyses table which strongly support the same. The proposed algorithm reduces switching activity and testing time up to 51.56% and 84.61% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an automated POCOFAN-POFRAME algorithm that partitions large combinational digital VLSI circuits for pseudo exhaustive testing. In this paper, a simulation framework and partitioning technique are presented to guide VLSI circuits to work under with fewer test vectors in order to reduce testing time and to develop VLSI circuit designs. This framework utilizes two methods of partitioning Primary Output Cone Fanout Partitioning (POCOFAN) and POFRAME partitioning to determine number of test vectors in the circuit. The key role of partitioning is to identify reconvergent fanout branch pairs and the optimal value of primary input node N and fanout F partitioning using I-PIFAN algorithm. The number of reconvergent fanout and its locations are critical for testing of VLSI circuits and design for testability. Hence, their selection is crucial in order to optimize system performance and reliability. In the present work, the design constraints of the partitioned circuit considered for optimization includes critical path delay and test time. POCOFAN-POFRAME algorithm uses the parameters with optimal values of circuits maximum primary input cone size (N) and minimum fan-out value (F) to determine the number of test vectors, number of partitions and its locations. The ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits have been successfully partitioned, the test results of C499 shows 45% reduction in the test vectors and the experimental results are compared with other partitioning methods, our algorithm makes fewer test vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article is made an opening for the software reliability issues, through wide-ranging statistical indicators, which are designed based on information collected from operating or testing (samples). It is developed the reliability issues also for the case of the main reliability laws (exponential, normal, Weibull), which validated for a particular system, allows the calculation of some reliability indicators with a higher degree of accuracy and trustworthiness

The objective of the paper is to present a way to shorten the time required to perform laboratory tests of materials in metallurgy. The paper finds a relation between the time to perform a test of materials and the number of technicians carrying out the test. The relation can be used to optimize the number of technicians. The approach is based on probability theory, as the amount of material to be tested is unknown in advance, and uses powerful modelling techniques involving the generalized estimating equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in the field of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) testing have led to a demand for fault diagnosis in very-large-scale integration circuits. However, the problem of test pattern generation becomes very difficult as the size of circuits increases. Proficient techniques for test pattern generation are necessary to reduce the test sequence length and testing time. In conventional methods, Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) and Design for Test (DFT) are used for test pattern generation and fault insertion in netlist files. The complexity faced in Automatic Test Pattern Generation exponentially increases with respect to the circuit size. In circuits with a large number of stuck-at-fault errors, the conventional verification sequence fails to provide acceptable fault coverage and low power consumption. A twofold state skip (TFSS) logic is developed to achieve a low scan power by skipping long scan chains to reduce switching activities. This work addresses the above-mentioned issues faced in Automatic Test Pattern Generation in VLSI circuits and examines all detectable faults using a twofold state skip logic. The proposed approach is efficient and verified on ISCAS 89 & 85 benchmark circuits; the results indicate a considerable reduction in the test data volume and thus a significant reduction in power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for analyzing and establishing a stopping criterion for ongoing (TRT) thermal response tests of vertical (BHE) borehole heat exchangers. The predictive uncertainty of the late-time BHE fluid temperature (50 h) forms the basis for determining the time after which further temperature measurements do not significantly improve the calibration of the numerical borehole model. The method relies solely on measured fluid temperatures and can, in principle, be generalized to different BHE geometries and configurations. The method is applied to synthetic and actual TRTs of single and double U BHEs. Predictive uncertainty of the late-time fluid temperature is comparable to measurement uncertainty after 12–28 h of testing at which reliable estimates of soil thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance are obtained. Minimum testing times are found to scale with borehole thermal resistance in the synthetic tests. It is further demonstrated that for actual tests, ambient thermal disturbances bias estimates of soil thermal conductivity and inflate predictive uncertainty which increases minimum testing times. The method serves as a diagnostic tool for ongoing TRTs as well as a means to minimize testing times which has potential implications for the associated cost and logistics of field operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective hearing threshold estimation by auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) can be accelerated by the use of narrow-band chirps and adaptive stimulus patterns. This modification has been examined in only a few clinical studies. In this study, clinical data is validated and extended, and the applicability of the method in audiological diagnostics routine is examined. In 60 patients (normal hearing and hearing impaired), ASSR and pure tone audiometry (PTA) thresholds were compared. ASSR were evoked by binaural multi-frequent narrow-band chirps with adaptive stimulus patterns. The precision and required testing time for hearing threshold estimation were determined. The average differences between ASSR and PTA thresholds were 18, 12, 17 and 19 dB for normal hearing (PTA ≤ 20 dB) and 5, 9, 9 and 11 dB for hearing impaired (PTA > 20 dB) at the frequencies of 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, respectively, and the differences were significant in all frequencies with the exception of 1 kHz. Correlation coefficients between ASSR and PTA thresholds were 0.36, 0.47, 0.54 and 0.51 for normal hearing and 0.73, 0.74, 0.72 and 0.71 for hearing impaired at 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, respectively. Mean ASSR testing time was 33 ± 8 min. In conclusion, auditory steady-state responses with narrow-band-chirps and adaptive stimulus patterns is an efficient method for objective frequency-specific hearing threshold estimation. Precision of threshold estimation is most limited for slighter hearing loss at 500 Hz. The required testing time is acceptable for the application in everyday clinical routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate a computer-based Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test and compare it with a manual FM 100-hue test in normal and congenital color-deficient individuals. Fifty color defective subjects and 200 normal subjects with a best-corrected visual acuity ≥6/12 were compared using a standard manual FM 100-hue test and a computer-based FM 100-hue test under standard operating conditions as recommended by the manufacturer after initial trial testing. Parameters evaluated were total error scores (TES), type of defect and testing time. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the test scores. Cohen's kappa was used to assess agreement of color defect classification between the two tests. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off score for the computer-based FM 100-hue test. The mean time was 16 ± 1.5 (range 6-20) min for the manual FM 100-hue test and 7.4 ± 1.4 (range 5-13) min for the computer-based FM 100-hue test, thus reducing testing time to <50 % ( p < 0.05). For grading color discrimination, Pearson's correlation coefficient for TES between the two tests was 0.91 ( p < 0.001). For color defect classification, Cohen's agreement coefficient was 0.98 ( p < 0.01). The computer-based FM 100-hue is an effective and rapid method for detecting, classifying and grading color vision anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous stirred-mode operation of a mechanically tuned reverberation chamber provides an alternative to stepped-mode operation that is both more cost effective and more robust in many electromagnetic compatibility testing applications. An experimental investigation shows that the spectral information available within the chamber is the same for both the stepped and the stirred operation and is independent of the tuner speed provided that the chamber transient time is small compared to the rate at which the fields change inside the chamber due to the tuner rotation. This is further confirmed for stirred operation at additional frequencies. However, the field must be properly sampled to ensure that all independent field configurations available at the test point within the chamber are included in the spectral analysis. Optimal sampling is obtained when sampling at the same tuner angular position increment over a single tuner rotation at any tuner speed. Equipment under test may be exposed to all available field configurations available within the chamber using stirred operation with a single rotation of the tuner, giving a more robust test than the minimum 12 steps that are used with the stepped operation. Testing time is also reduced. The exposure time to a particular field configuration can be controlled with knowledge of the number of independent samples available in the chamber and by changing the tuner rotational speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Computer-based testing (CBT) is a green computing strategies used to reduce paper consumption. However, some scholars have questioned the effectiveness of CBT and suggested for conducting systematic studies on CBT to carefully check its reliability and validity before opting for it. Recently, some studies have evaluated the effectiveness of CBT by comparing it with paper–pencil testing (PPT), and the findings were inconsistent. Besides this, most of these studies have been conducted using quasi or basic experimental designs without identifying testing effects on test takers. The limitation of these design is testing effects might occur when a participant in the control or treatment group is tested at least twice on a same test, and it influences the outcomes of taking a posttest, therefore, the findings might be misinterpreted. This study employed a Solomon four-group experimental design (2×3 factorial design) on a group of student teachers (n =140) to compare CBT and PPT on test performance (test scores), testing time and testing motivation. Results indicated that the CBT mode is more reliable in terms of internal and external validity. The CBT significantly reduced testing time and developed stronger self-efficacy, intrinsic and social testing motivation in the participants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article is made an opening for the software reliability issues, through wide-ranging statistical indicators, which are designed based on information collected from operating or testing (samples). It is developed the reliability issues also for the case of the main reliability laws (exponential, normal, Weibull), which validated for a particular system, allows the calculation of some reliability indicators with a higher degree of accuracy and trustworthiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Expanded polystyrene (EPS) slabs were tested to determine their strength and the effects of creep strain under compressive stress. The results were statistically analysed based on long-term experiments between 65 and 2034 days. The analysis shows that it is possible to predict creep strain development for a lead time of 50 years on the basis of the data obtained in experiments shorter than 608 days, as specified in Standard EN 13163. Sufficiently accurate point-wise prediction of creep strain of EPS slabs under a compressive stress σc of (0.25 and 0.35)σ 10% for a lead time of 50 years is possible by extrapolating the creep described via a power equation (Findley W.N.) and using data from the 65-day direct experiment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent advances in tester technology have led to automatic test equipment (ATE) that can operate at up to gigahertz speeds. However, system-on-chip (SOC) scan chains are typically run at lower frequencies, e.g., 10-50 MHz. The use of high-speed ATE channels to drive slower scan chains leads to an underutilization of resources, thereby resulting in an increase in SOC testing time. We present a new test planning technique to reduce the testing time and test cost by matching high-speed ATE channels to slower scan chains using the concept of virtual test access architectures. We also present a new test access mechanism (TAM) optimization framework based on Lagrange multipliers and analyze the impact of virtual TAMs on the overall soc test power consumption for one of the ITC'02 benchmarks. Experimental results for TAM optimization based on Lagrange multipliers and virtual TAMs are presented for three industrial circuits from the set of ITC'02 SOC test benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an integrated framework for system-on-chip (SOC) test automation. Our framework is based on a new test access mechanism (TAM) architecture consisting of flexible-width test buses that can fork and merge between cores. Test wrapper and TAM cooptimization for this architecture is performed by representing core tests using rectangles and by employing a novel rectangle packing algorithm for test scheduling. Test scheduling is tightly integrated with TAM optimization and it incorporates precedence and power constraints in the test schedule, while allowing the SOC integrator to designate a group of tests as preemptable. Test preemption helps avoid hardware and power consumption conflicts, thereby leading to a more efficient test schedule. Finally, we study the relationship between TAM width and tester data volume to identify an effective TAM width for the SOC. We present experimental results on our test automation framework for four benchmark SOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Test access mechanisms (TAMs) and test wrappers are integral parts of a system-on-chip (SOC) test architecture. Prior research has concentrated on only one aspect of the TAM/wrapper design problem at a time, i.e., either optimizing the TAMs for a set of pre-designed wrappers, or optimizing the wrapper for a given TAM width. In this paper, we address a more general problem, that of carrying out TAM design and wrapper optimization in conjunction. We present an efficient algorithm to construct wrappers that reduce the testing time for cores. Our wrapper design algorithm improves on earlier approaches by also reducing the TAM width required to achieve these lower testing times. We present new mathematical models for TAM optimization that use the core testing time values calculated by our wrapper design algorithm. We further present a new enumerative method for TAM optimization that reduces execution time significantly when the number of TAMs being designed is small. Experimental results are presented for an academic SOC as well as an industrial SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although testing to detect weak D antigens using the antihuman globulin reagent is not required for D- patients in many countries, it is routinely performed in Korea. However, weak D testing can be omitted in D- patients with a C-E- phenotype as this indicates complete deletion of the RHD gene, except in rare cases. We designed a new algorithm for weak D testing, which consisted of RhCE phenotyping followed by weak D testing in C+ or E+ samples, and compared it with the current algorithm with respect to time and cost-effectiveness., Methods: In this retrospective study, 74,889 test results from January to July 2017 in a tertiary hospital in Korea were analyzed. Agreement between the current and proposed algorithms was evaluated, and total number of tests, time required for testing, and test costs were compared. With both algorithms, RHD genotyping was conducted for samples that were C+ or E+ and negative for weak D testing., Results: The algorithms showed perfect agreement (agreement=100%; κ=1.00). By applying the proposed algorithm, 29.56% (115/389 tests/yr) of tests could be omitted, time required for testing could be reduced by 36% (8,672/24,084 min/yr), and the test cost could be reduced by 16.53% (536.11/3,241.08 USD/yr)., Conclusions: Our algorithm omitting weak D testing in D- patients with C-E- phenotype may be a cost-effective testing strategy in Korea., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article., (© The Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine.)