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The secondary sex ratio represents the proportion of male and female births and is usually slightly skewed towards male births. Changes in the secondary sex ratio may be induced by a variety of ultimate (evolutionary) or proximate (physiological) causes. These causes tend to be linked to external factors such as natural disasters, armed conflicts, terrorism and/or important cultural and sports events. Natural disasters cause major destruction of housing, infrastructure and loss of lives. Such events are likely to be followed by a decrease in the secondary sex ratio. Stress-induced selection in utero against males is one of the widely discussed causes related to this phenomenon. Armed conflicts and terrorism commonly have a negative impact on society as well, however, an increase in the secondary sex ratio was often observed in the post-war periods. Important cultural and sports events, along with holiday celebrations, have a mostly positive impact on the social climate. These events induce a sense of community and are likely to be followed by an increase in the secondary sex ratio 9 months later, which suggests higher coital rates during such events.

The bachelor thesis deals with the impact of the security situation on tourism in selected North African countries. At the very beginning of the work, three research questions are set to which answers are found by the method of quantitative research using a non-standardized anonymous questionnaire. The theoretical part generally describes tourism in Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. Subsequently, aspects of the security and impact on tourism are discussed. The effects of terrorism and the Arab Spring have also been shown, which have been chosen to point out that when the security situation in the country deteriorates, tourists’ arrivals will decrease. The practical part contains the questionnaire survey and statistics dealing with world indices of peace, terrorism and subsequently a table of tourist arrivals to selected destinations. At the end of the work, answers to research questions and recommendations and conclusions are found.

The thesis examines the use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for predicting and preventing terrorism and the resulting security risks. At the conceptual level, the thesis examines the approach of predicting threats with a focus on predictive policing and presents risks associated with the use of predictive machine learning systems, which are then discussed within the context of counterterrorism. The paper aims to answer the question to which extent we can rely on machine learning systems used to predict and prevent terrorism and what are the implications of their use for security in Israel. The thesis points out that although the predictive tools seem to be faster and more precise than human analysts, they cannot be trusted to a full extent. If the results of these systems are used to employ strict measures such as the restriction of a suspect's liberty, it may lead to the violation of human rights. Therefore, in the case of counterterrorism in Israel, which is sometimes presented as the only democracy in the Middle East, it is necessary to bear in mind the risks associated with the limits of predictive machine learning systems together with the up-to-date practice of Israeli security agencies and Israeli historical-social context, indicating that it would be very difficult, if not...

The principle of distinction and its implications for the conflict between Israel and the terrorist groups operating in the Gaza Strip Abstract In this thesis the main implications of the changed nature of armed conflicts on the principle of distinction are being discussed. The thesis opens with a look into the changed nature of armed conflicts and the implications of thereof. Further it concentrates on the parties involved in asymmetrical conflicts. With the raise of asymmetrical conflicts and appearance of terrorist groups as significant non-state actors, a discussion about the status of their members needed to be opened and - possibly - their rights and obligations reassessed. Regardless of their asymmetrical nature, these conflicts are still to be governed by international law treaties that have been adopted in a time, where more classical state vs. state wars were the norm. The effective international law therefore does not sufficiently reflect the nature of today's conflicts. On this account, the principle of distinction is being closely explored in this thesis in order to provide an understanding, whether it is indeed able to encompass the nature of terrorists. The thesis discusses that the distinction under the effective LoAC is vastly black and white and assessing a situation basely on the provided...

The bachelor's thesis Security Sector Reform focusing on developing countries, deals with the reform of the Iraqi civil security sector in the period of years from 2017 to 2021. Given the complex and volatile environment the Iraqi government has, since 2017, requested the cooperation of international partners in reforming. The theoretical part of the thesis sets out the most problematic areas of the civil sector, which are the main concern of the activities of international partners. The bachelor's thesis aims to analyze the activities and influence of specific international actors - UN, NATO, European Union and the results of missions and programs implemented by them

This thesis aims to analyze the Russian counter-insurgency operation that was used to weaken and destroy the Chechen secessionist movement during the two conflicts in Chechnya. Was Russia's counter-insurgent strategy successful during the first and second Chechen war and if so at what cost? Could this same strategy be adopted by democratic western powers for future conflicts? This project will also look at Russia's counter-insurgent operation at different levels by closely examining the Russian tactics that were used in both Chechen wars.

The topic of the bachelor's thesis is the political satire in Charlie Hebdo in relation to religion. In today's France political satire is represented by several newspapers, one of which is the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo. The magazine, whose origins date back to 1970, specializes in news and cartoons regarding current world affairs, religion, politics and culture. The cartoons published in Charlie Hebdo soon became a rather controversial topic. For that reason, the authors of the magazine have had a number of conflicts with representatives of the muslim community over the years, with cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad becoming especially problematic. The difficulties manifested themselves both in the form of threatening letters, the burning of the Charlie Hebdo editorial office, and a terrorist assassination in 2015. The bachelor's thesis maps the history of political satire in France, the history of the magazine Charlie Hebdo and its conflicts with Islam. The aim of the paper is to find out whether the Charlie Hebdo cartoons depicting Islam are in any way specific compared to the images mocking the other two major religious groups, Christianity and Judaism. Using ethnographic content analysis, analysis of selected cartoons published in 2014 and their subsequent comparison, research...

The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the security of selected medical facilities (hospitals), their experience with terrorist and cyber-terrorist attacks and the analysis of differences in the threat and security of medical facilities in the Czech Republic and selected countries. To fulfil the first goal of the work and to answer research questions, a quantitative research was conducted using a questionnaire survey, and to fulfil the second goal, a qualitative research in the form of semi-structured interviews with employees of medical facilities who have experience from foreign internships/missions in health care in selected countries was conducted. The data obtained from the research and the survey were evaluated using graphs and graphical representations. Based on the evaluation of the obtained data, it can be stated that in most medical facilities (hospitals) the entrance is not secured, there are no security check door frames and the entrance for employees is not separated or secured. Most hospitals do not provide training, employees are not familiar with counter-terrorism measures, but most respondents would welcome terrorism response training. From the semi-structured interviews, it was found that the level of security is individual for each state, depending on the current situation. In most countries, employees are not trained to respond to terrorism. The threat to the medical facility in other countries was in most cases more severe than in the Czech Republic. Most respondents perceive differences in hospital security and think that some security features used elsewhere are applicable in the Czech Republic. These aspects are further discussed and compared with foreign research. Furthermore, other research possibilities, weaknesses in hospital protection and recommendations for practise are also outlined. The conclusions resulting from the diploma thesis can be used to improve the means of protecting hospitals from terrorism.

Tento příspěvek má za cíl nastínit problematiku definice terorismu, který má přesah do více oborů. Dodnes se v mezinárodních organizacích, například Organizaci spojených národů nebo Evropské unii, neshodli na definici. V příspěvku jsou rozebrány těžkosti a překážky při této čin nosti. Zabývá se vývojem terorismu, určitými způsoby prove dení, pokusy o definici a naznačuje případné problémy, které mohou vyvstat kvůli chybějící pevné definici. V neposlední řadě rozebírá úpravu v tuzemském trestním řádu. SGS-2019-026 „Suverenita, bezpečnost státu a lidská práva ve vztahu k evropské integraci a aplikaci práva“ This article focuses on the definition of terorism, which cross multiple disciplines. Till today, international organizations, such as the United Nations or the European Union have not agreed on its definition. The article discuss es difficulties in this activity, evolution of terrorism itself, methods of commiting it, multiple attemps of definition and suggests possible problems that may arise due to the lack of definition. It also examins on the regulation in the Criminal Code of Czech Republic

right assailants within the past five years. The thesis uses David Rapoport's seminal theory political pressures. Therefore, using Rapoport's measurement criteria, the project focuses on methods empirical analysis, the thesis contends that the data's common themes and patterns fulfil Rapoport's distinctive wave conditions within the phenomenon's international nature, the American and European experiences. Therefore, in satisfying Rapoport's conditions and

This diploma thesis deals with the readiness of security forces, especially the patrol service of the Police of the Czech Republic of the South Bohemian Region, which is most likely to be the first to find a suspicious object (eg a booby-trapped explosive system) and must solve the situation so as not to cause life and the health of citizens or property. The thesis defines the basic concepts and characteristics of booby-trapped explosive systems and the procedures for the disposal of these systems.

Náplní příspěvku je absolutní lidské právo, které bývá v posledních letech opakovaně diskutováno, především pak v souvislosti se situacemi, které představují bezpeč nostní rizika pro současné demokratické státy. Pozornost bude zaměřena na judikaturu Evropského soudu pro lidská práva, který toto právo významným způsobem již po několik desetiletí vykládá. Podstatná je přitom i jeho procesní rovina spočívající v institutu dokazování, konkrétně pak přípustnosti důkazů získaných mučením či jinou formou špatného zacházení. SGS-2019-026 „Suverenita, bezpečnost státu a lidská práva ve vztahu k evropské integraci a aplikaci práva“ The content of the article is an absolute human right, which has been repeatedly discussed in recent years, especially in connection with situations that pose security risks to today‘s democratic states. Attention will be focused on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, which has been interpreting this right in a significant way for several decades. At the same time, its procedural level, consisting in the institute of proof, is also important, specifically the admissibility of evidence obtained through torture or other forms of ill-treatment.

The subject of the Bachelor thesis entitled "Security Measures to Protect Soft Targets Around the World" is to map of security measures of soft targets in the world. The thesis is mainly focused on the measures of soft targets before emergencies and terrorist attacks. The aim of this work was to compare individual terrorist attacks on soft targets in selected countries and to test public awareness in the area of soft targets and terrorism. The theoretical part is divided into four main chapters. The first of these chapters provides basic information about soft targets, such as their definition, their distribution, as well as what makes soft targets attractive, how they are protected in the event of danger then general methods of protecting soft targets and protecting them in selected countries around the world. The second chapter deals with security measures and basic information about attacks on soft targets. The third chapter is about terrorism. Its definitions, division and types of terrorist attack. The fourth chapter describes specific terrorist attacks on soft targets. There were the terrorist attacks commited by organized groups on soft targets described in detail in the practical part. These attacks were further compared. Afterwards there was Quantitative research demonstrated by a questionnaire survey. The purpose of the questionnaire was to find out how the general public is doing in the field of knowledge of soft targets and terrorism. Based on the research, it can be stated that the general public is well versed in the issue of soft targets and terrorism and is informed in this area. After a comparison of terrorist attacks, it was found that thanks to individual politicians of selected states, it is possible that a similar act could be committed on the territory of the Czech Republic. The results of this bachelor thesis can serve for a deep study of this issue.

This thesis is focused on the media coverage of four terrorist attacks that happened in London in 2017. The subject of the research are photographs which were published after the attacks on Czech online news media Aktuálně.cz and British online news portal The Guardian. The coverage on both media is in the case of each attack followed for one week. The aim of this thesis is to describe which photographs both media published, with the main emphasis on certain technical and content variables. Furthermore, the difference between visual representation in Czech and British media is also a subject of this work.

Title: Terrorism and terror in schools Objectives: The goal is to get acquainted with terrorism and terror in schools as a soft target and what resolutions are made to secure its protection. Methods: The method of literature and professional articles analysis has been used in this bachelor thesis. Results: The result of this Bachelor's thesis is to address the issue of terror in schools and the precautions expended for its solution. Keywords: terror, terrorism, soft target, teacher, students

1 Terrorism in criminal law in the context of evolution of Czech legislation since 1918 Abstract This document covers the evolution of antiterrorist legislation and related legislation since 1918 on the territory of Czechoslovakia. To start with, the concept of terrorism is defined in the introduction in order to set up the wider issue that is covered in the remainder of the text. Four key moments in history that correspond to the definition of terrorism with the relevant law regulations applied have been chosen for the analysis. The aim is to demonstrate readiness of the institutions to address this specific area of criminal justice in their time. At the same time, this paper illustrates the ever changing understanding and terminology related to the crimes, depending on the context and subject that might be adjudicating. The first event is the assassination of finance minister Alois Rasin during the era of the First Czechoslovac Republic. His politically motivated killing is firstly analysed on the basis of ruling of the State Court in the light of criminal law of the time. Follows an analysis from the point of view of the contemporary legal norms. Similar analytical approach is applied in the cases of assassination of Deputy/Acting Reich- Protector of Bohemia and Moravia Reinhard Heydrich during World War...

The awareness that the threat of terrorism is no longer linked only to the Middle East, but has home-grown nature and arisen from young people living on European soil, alarmed the public and subsequently provoked increased interest in radicalisation research. 9/11 or the European terrorist attacks in London or Madrid have led to the increasing media attention of the phenomenon of radicalisation occurring among young European Muslims. At the beginning of the new millennium, the threat stemming from terrorism embodied one of the most urgent security challenges, whether for politicians or scholars. The academic and political interest in research into factors that increase the risk of radicalisation to violent extremism has ended up in many efforts to grasp and properly define radicalisation, or to outline the expected pathways of radicalisation (Veldhuis, 2009: 1). In my thesis, I build on these efforts of prominent experts and I examine the effect of the factors contributing to violent radicalisation like social networks, dissatisfaction with current reality, moral outrage, family and individual characteristics including criminal backgrounds. I look at the impact of these factors in case studies of three Western European countries - Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom. Except discussing specific...

This thesis aims to create a novel dataset on political violence to estimate the accurate number of political violence incidents and fatalities in Turkey: Political Violence in Turkey Event Dataset (POLVITED). I argue that the reporting bias and differences in the scopes and definition of event datasets impact the quantitative study of conflict and violence. To eliminate the reporting bias and create a comprehensive dataset on political violence, I apply Matching Event Data by Location, Time and Type (MELTT) method to the Global Terrorism Database(GTD) and Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP-GED). The finding suggests that UCDP-GED were able to record 65% of the total number of political violence incidents in Turkey, and GTD was able to record 45% of them while 10% is coded in both datasets. POLVITED enables the researchers to capture the accurate picture of political violence incidents in Turkey by eliminating the double recording and alleviating the reporting bias. Lastly, the comparison of POLVITED and official reports demonstrates that, although the reporting bias is inevitable, integration alleviates the problems associated with it by increasing the coverage of the dataset.

This thesis focuses on the issue of far-right lone-wolf terrorism in Germany. Lone-wolf terrorism - terrorism perpetrated by individuals, who display no ties to terrorist organizations - is a concept, which is skeptically accepted by many scholars. The main issue with this concept is the emphasis of the "lone" part, especially during the preparation and the attack itself. Scholars, who refuse this concept claim, that in every case, the attacker is a member of a larger group - it can be either ideology-based or it can provide material assistance. Furthermore, lone- wolf terrorism is primarily associated with religious terrorism, probably because of the activities of Islamic state in recent years. However, this thesis approaches lone-wolf terrorism as relevant concept, which refers to a security threat, that is represented by radicalized and hard- to-detect individuals. The thesis focuses on three cases of far-right terrorism in Germany, which were committed by an attacker, that operated alone - Munich shooting (July 2016), Halle synagogue attack (October 2019), and Hanau shooting (February 2020). German society provided significant space for radicalization and spread of far-right ideology, especially because of its friendly politics after the outbreak of refugee crisis. Regarding the cases, the main...

This bachelor thesis entitled Protection of soft targets in the Czech Republic deals with current issues related to the security of soft targets in the Czech Republic. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the security of selected Christmas markets in December 2020. It is necessary to draw attention to the fact that all events which took place in the Czech Republic were affected by pandemic measures due to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection throughout the whole year 2020, hitherto fairly unchanged to April 2021. These measures also applied to all mass public events that were directly dependent on the development of the pandemic at the time of the Christmas markets. The first aim of this thesis is to analyze security measures of selected public events - dec. 2020 Christmas markets in towns, namely: Praha, České Budějovice, Český Krumlov, Písek and Týn nad Vltavou. The selection procedure of cities mentioned above was carried out in the way that capital, regional and district cities were represented. Thus, the result is an evaluation of the degree of vulnerability of the Christmas market and their mutual comparison. The second aim of this thesis is to devise a leaflet that would clearly inform the public about the basic principles of behaviour in an attack on a soft target. Apart from the goals mentioned above, to investigate whether is the security/protection of soft targets at the selected public events in the Czech Republic is sufficient, statistical research has been implemented. The method of qualitative analysis of available literature is used to carry out this thesis. For the qualitative research, a selected number of Christmas markets was chosen concerning the situation at the time of the Christmas markets, the theoretical saturation was fulfilled. Based on the research results achieved in this thesis, there is a lot of room for improvement of existing security measures. Moreover, the protection of soft targets ought not to be belittled, given the current developments in both local and world politics. The results of this bachelor thesis can be used to obtain a comprehensive view of the issues addressed and the possible practical use of information obtained through research to improve the security policies in public events.

Článek si klade za cíl přiblížit problematiku legislativní úpravy v oblasti terorismu, a to konkrétně nové směr nice Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2017/541 a dalších relevantních opatření a kroků Evropské unie. V rámci první kapitoly se autor článku zaměřuje na otázku vnímání moderní společnosti, s tím související odmítání cizí kultury, jiné rasy, národnosti nebo náboženství a z toho plynoucích důsledků pro společnost. Součástí druhé kapitoly je definice a charakter zapojení Evropské unie v této oblasti, a to jak její strategie pro boj proti terorismu, tak i vývoj jednotlivých opatření, která pro tento účel Evropská unie přijala. V této kapitole autor věnuje pozornost také konkrétním útokům, ke kterým na území Evropské unie došlo. Poslední kapitola se zabývá reakcí Evropské unie ve formě legislativní úpravy, která vyústi la až do přijetí výše uvedené směrnice. V rámci této kapitoly se autor kromě aktuální unijní úpravy zabývá i implementací dané směrnice do právního řádu České republiky. V závěru článku autor zdůrazňuje pozitivní kroky, které Evropská unie učinila v oblasti boje proti terorismu, ale vyzdvihuje také nutnost budoucí kooperace všech jejích členských států. SGS-2019-026 „Suverenita, bezpečnost státu a lidská práva ve vztahu k evropské integraci a aplikaci práva“ This article aims to bring the issue of legislative regulation in the field of terrorism and specifically focus to the new Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 2017/541 and to other relevant measures and actions of the European Union. Within the first chapter the author focuses on the question of perception of modern so ciety, on rejection of foreign culture, other race, nationality or religion and also on the resulting consequences for soci ety. The second chapter contains the definition and nature of the European Union‘s involvement in this area, both its strategy for combating terrorism and the development of individual measures taken by the European Union for this purpose. In this chapter, the author also pays attention to specific attacks that have occurred in the European Union. The last chapter deals with the response of the European Union in the form of legislative regulations, which led to the adoption of the above-mentioned directive. In this chapter, besides the current EU regulation, author also deals with the implementation of this directive into Czech legal system. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the positive steps that the European Union has made in fight against terrorism, but also highlights the need for future cooperation among all its member states.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to verify the hypothesis whether returning women (wives of jihadist fighters from the territory of the Islamic State) back to their home countries in Europe is a security threat to European society. Empirical-analytical method, comparative case study method and SWOT analysis are used in diploma thesis to help the author find answers to this hypothetical question. This diploma thesis deals with the approach of Islam as a religion, and also with the terrorist organization - Islamic State, which has used this religion for its fight against Western society. The thesis also approaches the issue of radicalization, including individual factors that precede radicalization. The topic of women's motivation and the subsequent decision of women to leave their home country in the territory of the so-called caliphate are also approached here. Based on available data from individual European countries, the author put forward an insight into how individual countries deal with the return migration of terorrists´ wives. Furthermore, how individual countries work with their possible counter-terrorist activity in the territory of a given European state. The main goal is to prepare sufficient data for analysis on the basis of available literature and reports, followed by evaluation of whether these women can be considered a security threat. The author also aims to provide the potential interested public with a better understanding of why women are radicalized, but also with a strong role these women can play in preventing radicalization process.

The thesis is focused on the process of demise and disintegration of nationalist terrorist groups. The case studies of terrorism in Northern Ireland and Basque region in Spain demonstrate and analyze the development of local terrorist organizations from the beginning to the cessation of violent actions. An emphasis is put especially on the end of armed campaign and transformation of nationalist activities within a legal framework. In the case of Northern Ireland, the focus is put on the activities of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) from the beginning of the Troubles to the Belfast Agreement in 1998. The research in this thesis includes the influence of affiliated political parties - Sinn Féin in this case - on the process of negotiations and the continuation of Northern Irish nationalism after the end of armed campaign. The Basque case is devoted to the development of Basque nationalism since the beginning of the 20th century, the creation and development of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and its terrorist campaign within both the Francoist regime and Spanish democracy. An emphasis is put on the development of the organization until its official dissolution in 2018, activities of the political parties of the Nationalist Left affiliated to ETA and the attitude of Spanish authorities to...

Terrorism - criminological aspects Abstract The submitted diploma thesis deals with criminological aspects of terrorism. The thesis aims to introduce the reader to the concept of terrorism as well as to present its various criminological issues. The thesis seeks to provide plausible answers, especially to the following questions: what terrorism is, who is its perpetrator, what is the process of radicalization, and most importantly, what causes terrorism. Besides, it deals with the specifics of the fight against terrorism and current issues related to terrorism and its current global state. The work provides a comprehensive insight into the criminology of terrorism, both group and individually perpetrated. In the beginning, the thesis deals with the very concept of terrorism, its definition and typology. It thus provides the necessary basis for the following chapters of the thesis. The work continues with analysis of terrorism from the Czech criminal law point of view, and therefore provides practical insight into the possible punishment of perpetrator in the Czech Republic. The thesis then demonstrates the application of the law on one of the cases concerning Czech offender convicted of terrorism in the Czech Republic. At its core, the thesis deals with the criminological aspects of terrorism. It offers...

Bachelor thesis "Comparation of French military interventions in Mali and Central African Republic" will examine problematics of French military interventions in Africa specifically in countries of the formal French colonial empire. Rational choice theory has been chosen as a theoretical base for explanation of French actions. First of all this thesis will describe deeper historical context and current French involvement in particular region. Later on the theory for explanation of contemporary French actions will be presented and it will include definition of main political, economic, social and security motives that can be universally applicable on French presence in the region. This theory will be tested on two recent cases of military interventions. Mali and Central African Republic will be two cases of comparation. In main part of this thesis French military interventions in these states and their comparation will be described. In each case of intervention their course of conflict, form of French intervention, major motives and international reception will be covered. Main objective of this comparation is an overall collation of specific motives of France for operation in these countries while it will focus on strategic, political and economic motives. Military comparation will be included as...

Foreign Fighters and the Challenges Associated with their Criminal Accountability JUDr. Anna Richterová The presented thesis focuses on the phenomenon of foreign fighters - a topic that has been for years appearing not only on cover pages of newspapers, but it is mainly a frequent subject of legal discussions and new legislations. The major reason is the connectivity of this phenomenon with the terrorism. The aim of this work is a comprehensive charting/analysing and elucidating of questions who the foreign fighters are, what their status is in the framework of the international law and what the possibilities of their criminal accountability are. In the general part, the work introduces and refines the concept of foreign fighters and foreign terrorist fighters. It offers both the historical and modern perspective of the participation of persons in armed conflicts abroad. It is followed by presenting the modern efforts to define the term of foreign fighters and explaining why the phenomenon of the foreign fighters and the measures against them are not new. The work also outlines the motivation of people to leave and fight in remote parts of the world. Legislative measures concerning foreign terrorist fighters on the universal and regional level are discussed in detail. The age-old effort to adopt a...

The bachelor's thesis deals with the issue of the misuse of chemical warfare agents in a terrorist attack. In the theoretical part, the terms terrorism, chemical terrorism, dangerous chemical substances and mixtures and chemical warfare agents were defined on the basis of legal regulations and professional literature. Furthermore, chemical warfare agents are described in detail, the possibilities of their spread, effects of use and, based on a theoretical study of sources, a list of serious terrorist acts in which chemical agents have been used and the current security situation in the fight against chemical terrorism in the Czech Republic. In the practical part, selected BCHL were evaluated on the basis of significant kriteria and simulated a terrorist attack in the Prague metro. The aim of the work was to evaluate the possibilities of misuse of selected BCHL in a terrorist attack and to answer the research question whether the use of chemical terrorism in the Czech Republic is currently a threat. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that chemical terrorism is currently a threat in the Czech Republic. The reason is the relatively easy availability of these substances, the low financial costs of carrying out an attack and the minimum requirements for the expertise of attackers. The work offers a relatively comprehensive view of the issue.

This diploma thesis deals with the temporal and spatial distribution of Taliban terrorist attacks in Afghanistan. It covers the period since the start of the Operation Enduring Freedom in October 2001, when the troops of the United States and their allies invaded the country, until the end of 2018. This thesis aims to find out what targets Taliban attacked during the reported period, and whether there is a link between the frequency of terrorist attacks and the real events that took place at the time of the attacks. The secondary aim of this work is to place the results obtained by the analysis into a broader geographical context. Using geographic information system, this thesis evaluates spatial differences in the localization of Taliban terrorist attacks. Data of the Taliban attacks were obtained from the Global Terrorism Database, and the maps were created in ArcGIS software. Within the temporal analysis window, the frequency of attacks is related to the timeline of predetermined important events, such as elections, religious and national holidays and decisions of foreign parties about their activities in the region. It was found that the increased frequency of Taliban attacks was related to the Afghan elections or the decisions of foreign parties about their operations in the region. The...

Spojené státy americké zařadily v roce 2019 Íránské revoluční gardy na seznam „zahraničních teroristických organizací“. Článek analyzuje důsledky tohoto kroku. Text v úvodu představuje Gardy a upozorňuje na odlišnosti oproti „klasickým“ teroristickým organizacím. Cílem stěžejní části textu je analýza amerických kroků a popis dopadů z toho plynoucích. Práce dochází k závěru, že legální důsledky zařazení Gard na seznam „zahraničních teroristických organizací“ jsou minimální, avšak praktický dopad tohoto kroku byl značný. Byly též zjištěny souvislosti mezi zařazením Gard na tento seznam a novou americkou strategií „maximálního tlaku“ vůči Íránu. United states of America classified from 2019 Iranian revolution guards as “foreign terrorist organisation”. Article analyses consequences of this step. Text in the introduction presents Guards and highlights the differences between this organization and “classical” terrorist organization. Goal of the main part of text is to analyze American steps and finds consequences resulting from it. This work concluded that though legal consequences of putting Guards on the list of “foreign terrorist organization” are small, on the other hand its practical impacts are huge. There was also found link between putting Guards on this list and new American strategy of “maximal pressure” against Iran