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Passive temperature sensing systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) present an efficient, reliable, and convenient solution for temperature monitoring with extensive application prospects and market value. This paper introduces a passive, battery-free, chipless, metasurface temperature sensing tag. The key insight is that the sensing tag uses vanadium dioxide () to solve the problems of measuring distance, large size, and high cost related to active devices. The sensing tag fabricated with tungsten-doped powder demonstrated a significant variation in the reflection magnitude within the temperature range of 34–42 °C. It was achieved through coating, sintering, metasurface design, and ion beam etching. Experimental results showed that the square resistance of the prepared coating decreased from 1003 to 90 as the temperature increased from 34 to 42 °C. Additionally, the reflection magnitude of the tag significantly increased with the temperature decrease in the 3.5–5.27 GHz frequency band. These results indicate that the passive temperature sensing tags can achieve rapid and accurate temperature sensing within the 34–42 °C range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanogenerators are advanced mechanical energy harvesters capable of simultaneously scavenging multiple types of energy. Additionally, thermochromic materials provide a practical and visually assessable method for real‐time temperature monitoring. In this report, a novel energy harvester and sensing patch (EHSP) is introduced, that utilizes combined piezoelectric and triboelectric effects to harvest mechanical energy efficiently. To optimize the EHSP, various energy harvester configurations are fabricated and tested, and the dielectric properties of triboelectric films are systematically investigated. These improvements are implemented to augment the overall energy harvesting capability. The thermochromic properties of the EHSP are also explored to enhance both the electrical performance and thermal responsiveness. The EHSP demonstrates the ability to generate maximum voltage and current outputs of 350 V and 20.4 µA, respectively. Moreover, it can detect temperature changes within seconds, making it suitable for both energy harvesting and sensing applications. The EHSP is tested in practical scenarios, proving its efficiency as an energy harvester and sensor for everyday human activities. Furthermore, its integration with multiple hybrid nanogenerators showcases its potential for industrial and wearable sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Y 2 MoO 6 :0.01Er3+/0.09 Yb3+ upconversion phosphors doped with different concentrations of Li + ions (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 mol) were prepared by the high temperature solid phase reaction method, and their physical phase structures and upconversion luminescence were analyzed. At the excitation wavelength of 980 nm, the addition of Li+ sharply increased the upconversion luminescence intensity. With the increase of Li+ ion content, the luminescence intensity first increases and then decreases. When the doping amount reaches 0.25 mol, the luminescence intensity reaches the maximum, and the sample emits green light in the two-photon process. Y 2 MoO 6 :0.01Er3+/0.09 Yb3+/0.25Li + exhibits excellent temperature sensing properties. Its absolute sensitivity S a reaches up to 0.012 K-1, the relative sensitivity S r is 0.017 K-1 and the measurement error δ T is less than 0.3 K at room temperature. Its temperature sensing performance is far superior to similar materials. In addition, Judd-Ofelt theory calculations revealed that in comparison with Y 2 MoO 6 :0.01Er3+/0.09 Yb3+, its Ω 2 increased from 0.56 × 10−20 cm2 to 3.68 × 10−20 cm2, and the spectroscopic quality factor Ω 4 /Ω 6 ratio reached 4.09, which is much higher than that of the other fluorescent materials. The main reason is that Li + replaces the Y3+ ion lattice site, causing lattice distortion and reducing the lattice symmetry around the active ion. The increase in asymmetry increases the possibility of spontaneous radiative transitions. It is shown that the prepared upconversion luminescent materials have potential applications in the field of solid-state lasers and optical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐sensitivity flexible wireless passive sensors with multiple parameters sensing capability are highly demanded for industrial production, structural health monitoring, and medical care. In this study, a microstructure‐enhanced temperature and pressure dual‐mode inductance capacitance (LC) sensor is developed with a particle swarm optimization‐back propagation (PSO‐BP) algorithm for simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure. In the device, two interdigital electrodes connected at different parts of an inductor is used to realize dual‐mode measurement of pressure and temperature, with reduced volume and cost of the device as well as avoided interaction of the superimposed inductance. The sandpaper‐molded polydimethylsiloxane microstructures are employed to enhance the device sensitivity, with six and three times of improvement in temperature and pressure sensitivity, respectively. A PSO‐BP neural network suitable for regression analysis of low dimensional small sample data is constructed to achieve the simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature with an accuracy up to 94%. Furthermore, investigations have proved the promising applications of the dual‐mode LC sensor in health monitoring of lithium‐ion batteries and detection of plantar pressure for medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, people have higher requirements for temperature measurement with the development of optical temperature measurement. Meanwhile, the emission intensity of most fluorescent materials is quenched by thermal effects as the temperature rises, making it challenging to meet the specifications of fluorescent materials employed in the field of pyrometry. In this work, the pure phase of Yb3+/Er3+ ions co-doped Sc 2 W 3 O 12 phosphor was successfully prepared. Sc 2 W 3 O 12 : Yb3+, Er3+ samples showed strong green emission and weak red emission. The optimal doping concentrations of Yb3+ and Er3+ ions are 0.3 and 0.02, respectively. The potential upconversion luminescence (UCL) mechanism was investigated by analyzing the UCL spectra, downshift emission spectra and power dependence spectra of Yb3+/Er3+ ions co-doped Sc 2 W 3 O 12. The upconversion emission excitation path is mainly through Er3+ ions from 4I 11/2 absorption photon excitation to 4F 7/2 energy level, then the photons of 4F 7/2 relaxes to green and red emission energy levels and returns to ground state for emitting green and red light. In addition, according to the UCL green light intensity increasing with temperature, it serves as an optical temperature sensor. The temperature sensitivity of the sample was explored in the temperature range of 298 K–673 K. This study provides new materials and ideas for non-contact temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The redshift of the charge transfer band (CTB) edge of phosphor induced by temperature rise is pervasively accompanied by antithermal quenching. Accordingly, exploring the mechanism of the CTB redshift is thus not only propitious for optimizing the sensitivity of optical thermometry but also tenders a new idea for the design of antithermal quenching phosphors. Herein, a family of YP 1-x V x O 4 :Eu3+ phosphors were designed via the V5+/P5+ ion substitution strategy. With the increase of the V5+ ratio, the relative integral intensity of the 5D 0 →7F 2 transition multiplies from 1.25 to 28.67 times under CTB edge excitation. Moreover, by Gaussian fitting, the reduction degree of vanadate band gap energy 1E (1T 1)→1B 2 (1T 2), 1A 2 (1T 1)→1B 2 (1T 2) increased from 0.122 eV and 0.065 eV to0.162 eV and 0.083 eV, respectively, in the range of 303–523 K. Both reveal an enhance in redshift of the excitation spectra. The decrease of charge transfer state (CTS) energy level and the alteration of photoelectron thermal population are two mechanisms that induce CTB redshift. Specifically, the decrease of the CTS level is dominant in the YPO 4 :Eu3+ sample, and the thermal population of the higher vibrational levels of the VO 4 3−ground state is dominant in the presence of a tiny amount of V5+ doping. In addition, according to the experimental phenomenon, a dual-mode temperature sensing scheme based on excitation intensity ratio (EIR) and single band ratiometric (SBR) is proposed. Y 0.9 P 0.1 V 0.9 O 4 :0.1Eu3+ achieves a maximum sensitivity of S r-max = 4.040 % K−1 and a minimum temperature determination uncertainty of δT = 0.124 K at 323 K, which excellent performance indicates that this is a promising non-contact optical thermometer. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The design of active and inert shell in NaYF 4 :Yb,Er @ NaYF 4 UCNPs exhibits the superior luminescence under 980 nm excitation. • NaYF 4 @NaYF 4 :Yb,Nd,Er core–shell UCNPs demonstrate optimized luminescence under 808 nm laser excitation because the inert core can bring the activators into closer proximity with each other. • NaYbF 4 as an active layer improves temperature sensitivity with S r = 1.12 %K−1 under 808 nm excitation. Research on the core–shell design of rare earth-doped nanoparticles has recently gained significant attention, particularly in exploring the synergistic effects of combining active and inert shell layers. In this study, we successfully synthesized 8 types of spherical core–shell Na-based nanoparticles to enhance the efficiency of core–shell design in upconversion luminescence and temperature sensing through the strategic arrangement of inert and active layers. The most effective upconversion luminescence was observed under 980 nm and 808 nm laser excitation using NaYF 4 inert shell NaYF 4 :Yb3+, Er3+@ NaYF 4 and NaYF 4 @ NaYF4:Yb3+, Nd3+ core–shell nanostructures. Moreover, the incorporation of the NaYbF 4 active shell structure led to a significant increase in relative sensitivity in ratio luminescence thermometry. Notably, the NaYF 4 :Yb3+, Nd3+, Er3+@ NaYbF 4 core–shell structure demonstrated the highest relative sensitivity of 1.12 %K−1. This research underscores the crucial role of inert shell layers in enhancing upconversion luminescence in core–shell structure design, while active layers play a key role in achieving high-sensitivity temperature detection capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Passive temperature sensing systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) present an efficient, reliable, and convenient solution for temperature monitoring with extensive application prospects and market value. This paper introduces a passive, battery-free, chipless, metasurface temperature sensing tag. The key insight is that the sensing tag uses vanadium dioxide ( $$\hbox{VO}_{2}$$ ) to solve the problems of measuring distance, large size, and high cost related to active devices. The sensing tag fabricated with tungsten-doped $$\hbox{VO}_{2}$$ powder demonstrated a significant variation in the reflection magnitude within the temperature range of 34–42 °C. It was achieved through coating, sintering, metasurface design, and ion beam etching. Experimental results showed that the square resistance of the prepared coating decreased from 1003 to 90 $${\Omega }/{\square }$$ as the temperature increased from 34 to 42 °C. Additionally, the reflection magnitude of the tag significantly increased with the temperature decrease in the 3.5–5.27 GHz frequency band. These results indicate that the passive temperature sensing tags can achieve rapid and accurate temperature sensing within the 34–42 °C range.

Rice husk is usually generated as waste in large quantities but yet to be optimally utilized. Due to the pollution effects associated with poor approach prevalently adopted for its disposal, valorizing it into economical and sustainable material for building construction is a necessary option to provide solution for future generation. In this research, separate dry mortars were prepared using cement grades 32.5R and 42.5N and the influence of rice husk ash (RHA) inclusion on their electrical characteristics was investigated. The materials used were batched by volume and the RHA was utilized as a partial substitute for cement at 10 % level. All the samples were cured for 21 days and then allowed to dry completely prior to the tests implementation. The results showed decrease in electrical resistance with temperature (ranging from 20oC to 50oC) due to incorporation of the RHA. Though samples with the RHA content possessed ability to act as smart mortars for temperature monitoring/sensing, utilization of cement grade 42.5N ensured a better performance. By utilizing rice husks in such undertakings, their associated disposal problems could be tackled and construction of inexpensive but sustainable building with large temperature sensing capability could be enhanced.

Understanding how cells sense temperature is a fundamental question in biology and is pivotal for the evolution of life. In numerous organisms, temperature is not only sensed but also generated due to cellular processes. Consequently, the mechanisms governing temperature sensation in various organisms have been experimentally elucidated. Extending upon others’ proposals and demonstration of protein- and nucleic acid-based thermosensors, and utilizing a colonial India ‘punkah-wallahs’ analogy, I present my rationale for the necessity of temperature sensing in every organelle in a cell. Finally, I propose temperature-sensing riboceptors (ribonucleic acid receptors) to integrate all the RNA molecules (mRNA, non-coding RNA, and so forth) capable of sensing temperature and triggering a signaling event, which I call as thermocrine signaling. This approach could enable the identification of riboceptors in every cell of almost every organism, not only for temperature but also for other classes of ligands, including gaseous solutes, and water.

This work presents a continuous volumetric indoor air temperature measurement scheme using PMUTs (piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers). Advancements as compared to state-of-art works include: (1) 'volumetric' temperature monitoring instead traditional 'pointwise' temperature information; (2) accurate temperature readings spanning an operational distance of 5 m as validated by a commercial thermometer for 3 days; and (3) capable of detecting global average temperature and local temperature events by installing networked/grid PMUT pairs. This innovative sensing technique could be applicable for the precision control of future building/living environments.

An "turn-on" polymer nanothermometer based on aggregation induced emission is applied for intracellular temperature sensing. [Display omitted] • The polymer nanothermometer shows TICT and AIE properties. • The nanothermometer exhibits "turn on" fluorescence in response to temperature. • It is applied for temperature sensing of lysosomes in A549 cells. Temperature measurements at the nanoscale facilitate the understanding of physiological processes related to heat in cells. Herein, we prepare a tetraphenylethylene-functionalized fluorophore (TPPEBr) with dual characteristics of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and aggregation induced emission (AIE). It is polymerized with a thermo-responsive unit NIPAM to construct a fluorescent polymer nanothermometer (PNIPAM-TPPEBr). The phase transition behavior of PNIPAM from dispersed chains to dense spheres in aqueous media promotes the aggregation of TPPEBr fluorophores, which makes the fluorescence of PNIPAM-TPPEBr enhance with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the phase transition of PNIPAM is accompanied by a significant decrease in the polarity of the microenvironment, resulting in a blue shift in the emission wavelength of TPPEBr. Varying the ratio of NIPAM and TPPEBr can regulate the thermo-responsiveness of PNIPAM-TPPEBr in the physiological temperature range (31–38 °C), and the maximum relative thermal sensitivity reaches 13.2 % °C−1. The thermo-responsive performance of this nanothermometer is independent of the intracellular microenvironment, and it is successfully applied in the temperature imaging of A549 cells. Under the stimulation of ionomycin and oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, the cell temperature increased by ca. 1.5 °C and ca. 1.0 °C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The accurate characterization of local magnetic fields and temperature is vital for the design of electronic systems. To meet this imperative, we present a novel non-contact approach for simultaneous quantitative magnetic field imaging and temperature sensing using magnetooptics and a bismuth-doped yttrium iron garnet film with out-of-plane anisotropy. For the direct signal quantification, a Stokes polarization camera is employed in a conventional magnetooptical microscope. The magnetization in the garnet is modulated with an external magnetic field to continuously image the Faraday rotation at four distinct points along the saturating magnetization loop. The method enables sensing of the magnetooptical signal in saturation, the magnetooptical susceptibility, the temperature, and self-calibrated driftfree imaging of the out-of-plane magnetic field component. A spatial resolution of magnetic field in the micrometer range with millisecond exposure time is demonstrated. The method is verified by analyzing the stray magnetic field distribution of electrical current in a wire simultaneously to the Joule heating induced by the applied current.

Crystalline α‐Gd2(MoO4)3 is synthesized by sintering at 800 °C using a coprecipitation method to prepare the precursor. The resulting α‐Gd2(MoO4)3 displayed a monocrystalline structure with a strong main peak (‐221) in the X‐ray diffraction signal. To develop a light‐emitting material, rare earth ions are added during synthesis. By doping with Tb3+ and Eu3+, the Gd2(MoO4)3 down‐conversion phosphor shows potential for use in UV–LED chips, counterfeit money prevention, and fingerprint identification. Additionally, co‐doping with [Er3+]/[Yb3+] and [Ho3+]/[Yb3+] ions produce green and red emissions when applied to a 980 nm LED chip, useful for anti‐counterfeit ink. The magnetic properties of gadolinium are leveraged to confirm magnetic resonance imaging luminescence. A flexible composite for heat detection and explored various applications for its use is also developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BaGeTeO6: Nd3+/Yb3+/Ho3+ green up-conversion phosphors were synthesized using the high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The optimal doping concentrations for the three dopant ions Nd3+, Yb3+, and Ho3+ were determined to be 1 mol%, 6 mol%, and 0.8 mol%, respectively, through the method of controlling variables. By analyzing the dependence of the up-conversion luminescence intensity on the pump current of the 980 nm laser, it was found that the green and red up-conversion emissions of Ho3+ ions under 980 nm laser excitation were both two-photon processes. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on the up-conversion luminescent properties of BaGeTeO6: Nd3+/Yb3+/Ho3+ green up-conversion phosphors under 980 nm laser excitation was investigated, and the temperature sensing properties of Ho3+ ions were discussed. The results indicated that, at room temperature and higher temperatures, both the red and green up-conversion emissions of the sample were two-photon processes. Within the range of excitation current used in the experiment, the ratio of red to green up-conversion luminescence intensity of Ho3+ ions was independent of the laser excitation current but correlated with the sample temperature. In the temperature range of 303–723 K, the ratio of red to green up-conversion luminescence intensity of Ho3+ ions exhibited a nonlinear relationship with temperature. Comparing the temperature sensing sensitivity of Ho3+ in different matrices, the results indicated that the sample possessed high temperature sensing sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eu2+‐doped phosphors have attracted the great attention of researchers in the past decade. However, Eu2+ dopant in inorganic hosts often suffers from the self‐oxidation effect, therefore causing the attenuated emission intensity and quantum efficiency. In this regard, developing Eu2+ doped phosphors with the prohibited self‐oxidation effect of Eu2+ and increased thermal stability is urgently required. Herein, an innovative cyan‐light emitting Li2CaSiO4:Eu2+/Eu3+, Lu3+ (LCSO) phosphor is designed. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that adding Lu3+ restricts the self‐oxidation of Eu2+ into Eu3+, thus improving the emission of Eu2+. Meanwhile, the Lu3+ introduction brings out excellent thermal stability. Finally, an efficient WLED with a color temperature (CCT) of 4573 K and a high color rendering index (Ra) of 84.2 is obtained using the as‐prepared phosphor due to the perfect compensation of the cyan light. As the introduction of Lu3+ improves the stability of Eu2+, a much greater difference in PL decay rate between Eu2+ and Eu3+ in LCSO is reached, thereby improving their sensitivity in temperature sensing. The strategy of Lu3+ introduction for prohibiting the self‐oxidation of Eu2+ for efficient and stable Eu2+ emission may stimulate some new ideas in designing high‐performance phosphors for more diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever‐increasing demand for efficient and economic photonic materials has hastened the quest for robust, multifunctional phosphors. Herein, a dual‐mode luminescent SrLaLiTeO6:Er3+, Yb3+ double perovskite phosphor whose concentration‐dependent up and down‐conversion luminescence are investigated and underlying mechanisms are discussed. Temperature‐dependent up‐conversion luminescence of 2H11/2→4I15/2 transition exhibits negative thermal quenching, owing to the thermalization process from the 4S3/2 level. Temperature dependent Raman analysis confirms a decrease in the phonon lifetime from 0.43 to 0.28 ps indicating an increased number of phonon decay channels, which explains the rapid thermal quenching of up‐conversion emission at elevated temperatures. The diverse thermal quenching of the thermally coupled levels contributes to the exceptionally high relative sensitivity of 4.49 %K−1 at 140 K. A maximum sensitivity, Sr of 0.84 %K−1 (698 K) is obtained from the Raman‐PL intensity ratio (RPIR) of the ν1${\nu _1}$ band (719 cm−1) and the 986 nm emission band (4I11/2→4I15/2) of Er3+. Hence, by employing multi‐mode temperature sensing techniques a single phosphor can be used for optical thermometry for a broad temperature range from 90 to 698 K. In addition, the Near Infra‐Red (NIR)‐II emission of Er3+ corresponding to 4I13/2→4I15/2 transition shows excellent thermal stability, maintaining 72% of the room temperature intensity at 500 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Micronanoelectronic Technology is the property of Micronanoelectronic Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The surge in demand for 3D MOSFETs, such as FinFETs, driven by recent technological advances, is explored in this review. FinFETs, positioned as promising alternatives to bulk CMOS, exhibit favorable electrostatic characteristics and offer power/performance benefits, scalability, and control over short-channel effects. Simulations provide insights into functionality and leakage, addressing off-current issues common in narrow band-gap materials within a CMOS-compatible process. Multiple structures have been introduced for FinFETs. Moreover, some studies on the fabrication of FinFETs using different materials have been discussed. Despite their potential, challenges like corner effects, quantum effects, width quantization, layout dependencies, and parasitics have been acknowledged. In the post-planar CMOS landscape, FinFETs show potential for scalability in nanoscale CMOS, which leads to novel structures for them. Finally, recent developments in FinFET-based sensors are discussed. In a general view, this comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of FinFET fabrication, exploring historical development, classifications, and cutting-edge ideas for the used materials and FinFET application, i.e., sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upconversion luminescence presents obvious advantages in optical temperature sensing, nevertheless the application in complex scenarios is limited by luminescence thermal quenching. Herein, NaYS 2 :Yb3+,Nd3+ phosphors are synthesized by the solid-gas reaction method and used for temperature sensing. A series of emissions for Nd3+ from visible to near-infrared region are achieved based on energy transfer from Yb3+ to Nd3+ under 980 nm excitation. With elevating the temperature, significant thermal enhancement effect of nearly three orders of magnitude is detected in near-infrared emission of 4F 7/2 → 4I 9/2 , which is attributed to phonon-assisted energy transfer of Yb3+→Nd3+ and the corresponding thermal population effect. The thermal behaviors of thermally coupled energy levels for 4G 7/2 /2G 9/2 and 4F 7/2 /4F 5/2 in NaYS 2 :Yb3+,Nd3+ are evaluated by luminescence intensity ratio technique. Remarkably, the optical thermometer based on the enhanced emission of 4F 7/2 /4F 5/2 shows excellent temperature measurement performance, which is expected to be applied in wide-temperature-range and highly-sensitive temperature sensing. These results not only provide a pathway to realize high performance temperature sensing, but also heighten the understanding of UC emission thermal enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryolite-type materials have advantages of low phonon energy, easy rare-earth ion doping, and stable physicochemical properties, and they are considered ideal matrices for up-converting luminescent materials. In this paper, a series of K 3 LuF 6 :Er3+,Yb3+ up-converting materials with cryolite structure were prepared for the first time by high-temperature solid-phase method. The compositions, structures and luminescent properties were systematically characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence spectroscopy (PL). Under 980 nm excitation, the sample emission spectra mainly consisted of green and red emission bands with peaks at 525, 546 and 662 nm, corresponding to the 2H 11/2 -4I 15/2 , 4S 3/2 -4I 15/2 and 4F 9/2 -4I 15/2 electron transitions of Er3+, respectively. In addition, the temperature sensing characteristics of two thermally coupled energy levels (2H 2/11 and 4S 3/2) were studied based on the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique in the range of 79–579 K. All the results show that K 3 LuF 6 :Er3+/Yb3+ up-converting luminescent materials have excellent temperature sensing performance in the ultra-wide temperature range and have broad application prospects in the field of temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light and temperature are the driving forces in plant development and growth. Specific photoreceptors provide the ability to sense and interpret light and temperature to regulate growth. Under the limited light conditions in most sports stadiums, natural grasses suffer from light deficiency. Artificial light provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is used to increase their growth and adjust their development. Flavonoids like flavonols and anthocyanins are influenced by light conditions and temperature. Increased blue light can elevate the content of these secondary metabolites. Remote measurements of internal parameters using non-destructive methods provided information on their content under different temperature conditions for quality monitoring. This experiment tested flavonoid contents in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) for different blue-to-red light ratios (0.6 and 0.4) and three temperature courses (constant temperature of 4 °C, constant temperature of 12 °C, and temperature switching among 12–8–4–8–12 °C). The results show elevated levels of flavonoids under blue-dominant artificial light as well as increased content under low-temperature (4 °C) conditions. The lack of flavonoids at elevated temperatures (12 °C), especially under red-dominant light, suggests an increased requirement for artificial blue light at increased temperatures. Non-destructive flavonoid determination was suitable for this experiment and can therefore be used for practical sports turf quality monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a solid-state technique under low temperature conditions, Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped Bi2Mo2O9 phosphors with different concentrations were prepared, exhibiting excellent green up-conversion luminescence property. A thorough investigation was conducted on the phase structure, optical transition, up-conversion luminescence, and down-shifting luminescence properties of the prepared samples. Bi2Mo2O9: Er3+/Yb3+ phosphors excited at 381, 980, and 1550 nm showed strong green fluorescence together with very faint red emission. The mechanism of up-conversion luminescence and its capacity for temperature sensing were examined under the excitation of various wavelengths. Under 980 nm excitation, the maximal relative and absolute sensitivities were determined to be 1.107%K− 1 and 0.756%K− 1 at 303 K and 513 K, respectively. Furthermore, the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters of Er3+ in Bi2Mo2O9: Er3+/Yb3+ phosphors were calculated using the diffuse reflectance spectra and fluorescence lifetime of Er3+. In addition, material was combined with polyacrylic acid to make an anti-counterfeiting pattern. The results indicate that Bi2Mo2O9: Er3+/Yb3+ phosphor is an excellent green phosphor with optical temperature measurement function, and it also has certain applications in the field of anti-counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance sensors with outstanding sensitivity, wide working range, and multifunctional properties are highly desirable in modern integrated smart wearable electronics. Herein, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based stretchable pyroresistive sensors composed of tightly‐assembled silver nanowires (Ag NWs)‐encapsulated PDMS microspheres (PM) and expandable microspheres (EM) are fabricated. The synergistic cage‐like conductive network and EM endow the temperature sensor with tunable sensitivity (Max TCR: 27.4% °C−1), broad sensing range (25–85 °C), low perception limit (0.1 °C), and excellent anti‐interference ability. Interestingly, at elevated temperature field (> 90 °C), a remarkable conduction‐insulation transition is observed, which is employed to facilitate an early fire alarm system. In addition, the selectively distributed Ag NWs constructs segregated conductive pathways at an ultralow content (Pc = 0.014 vol%), leading to efficient electromagnetic interference shielding (40.0 dB). The underlying mechanism responsible for the observed superior thermosensation and EMI shielding performance is elucidated, and possible applications are demonstrated. Consequently, this work offers a novel strategy for the design of flexible, multifunctional pyroresistive sensors toward artificial intelligence and emerging wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]