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The purpose of this research is to present a model of technological entrepreneurship development in the banking system based on the open innovation approach. The current research has a fundamental goal and a practical approach, and the research method is mixed and content analysis. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes professors and experts in the field of technological entrepreneurship, and the sampling method in this research is a snowball sampling method, so the data collection continued until reaching the saturation point, which is 18 people. Also, the statistical population in the quantitative part includes managers and assistants of Tejarat Bank in Tehran province, and the sampling method in this research is simply random. The sample size is 313 people based on Morgan's table. The method and tools of data collection in the qualitative part are semi-structured interviews and in the quantitative part are researcher-made questionnaires. In this research, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data and achieve the aforementioned goals. Statistical methods for analysing and analysing the information available in the data set are factor analysis or factor analysis, which was used using the structural equation method (SEM) and Lisrel software. Finally, the research model was measured and fitted. The research results showed that the fit of the research model is significant for t-coefficients above ±1.96 to ±2.58 at the 0.05 level, and t-coefficients above ±2.58 are significant at the 0.01 level. The path coefficients and the explained variance of the research variables and the fit indices obtained for the tested model show that the RMSEA index in the estimated model has an acceptable level with a rate of 0.064 and other fit indices such as CFI, GFI, NFI, and AGFI is equal to 0.97, 0.94, 0.95 and 0.92, respectively, and these characteristics of good fit show that the data of this research fits well with the factor structure of this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended Abstract Background: Considering the complex and dynamic environmental conditions, all firms need to create and apply effective skills for the firm's goals to continue their activities. On the other hand, with the use of new technologies and digital platforms, firms were required to adapt their goals in this direction. One of the variables that can guide firms in the direction of improving performance and is in line with today's technology platform and digital environment is related to technological entrepreneurship because it is a leader in absorbing the value and innovative implementation of science and knowledge and can help the firm to reach directly its goals. Moreover, the use of digital technologies integrates new business ventures into business models and operations, leading to digital entrepreneurship through digital products, tools, and platforms. In this regard, digitalization can accelerate sustainable changes and respond to environmental and governance challenges while improving performance at the same time by accessing opportunities. In a complex and changing world, innovation is a key factor for creating a competitive advantage that requires support and investment because favorable innovation can increase the share of firms. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of digitalization and innovation in the relationship between technological entrepreneurship and the growth of knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food, which has not been noticed in previous studies. Methods: The statistical population of this research includes Iranian knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food. The number of statistical population is equal to 480 firms, and a sample size of 213 units was estimated using Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through a five-level Likert scale questionnaire, and 189 questionnaires were analyzed statistically. Several hypotheses were presented to investigate the relationships between the variables, which were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method. Finally, SPSS24 and SmartPLS3 software were used for data analysis. Results: The output of the software showed that technological entrepreneurship had a positive and significant effect on the firm's growth at a confidence level of 99%. The mediating role of digitalization in the relationship between technological entrepreneurship and firm growth was obtained at a significant level of 99%. In addition, the mediating role of innovation in the relationship between technological entrepreneurship and firm growth was confirmed at the 99% level. Conclusion: The contribution of this study from the analyses is to provide a new conceptual framework to fill the existing gap and provide practical solutions in line with the subject of the studied society. In line with the growth of knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food, this survey used digitalization and innovation variables as mediating variables considering today's complex and dynamic environment. It should be noted that this issue was not investigated in previous studies. The result of the first hypothesis of the research shows that entrepreneurial initiatives facilitate decisions in line with corporate goals. Focusing on entrepreneurship based on strategic processes that deal with long-term goals can also positively affect firm performance, leading to competitive advantage and economic prosperity of firms according to research on technological entrepreneurship capability. Therefore, this study specifically demonstrates that technological entrepreneurship is a key predictive factor for improving the growth of knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food. In line with the result of the second research hypothesis, the government can develop entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector by investing in infrastructures of agriculture and by applying incentive policies, such as removing or discounting taxes for investors. Based on this, knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food, focusing on entrepreneurship with a technological platform, can digitalize their operational, process, and production processes. The results show that an emphasis on digitalization can improve the growth of firms. The result of the third hypothesis of the research shows that knowledge-based companies active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food can focus on technological entrepreneurship to improve innovation levels in their products and processes, develop performance, and improve their market share. It should be noted that innovation and change have become important sources of competitive advantage for firms, and the desire for entrepreneurship also plays an important role in improving performance and ensuring the source of their growth. In general, this study documents that knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food can invest in technological entrepreneurship activities to positively influence their firm's growth. In the meantime, the existence of digitalization and innovation variables were identified as crucial factors that could strengthen the growth foundations of the studied firms. The results of this research can help knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food in the direction of strategic and technological decisions for firm growth and performance improvement. Based on the results of the hypotheses, this study has provided several practical suggestions, which can be implemented in the studied firms.

Background. Achieving the national goal of ‘technological leadership’ set by the President of the Russian Federation on 7 May 2024 is possible by combining the efforts of various state structures, public constructs, and entrepreneurs. One of the social institutions capable of setting development guidelines in this direction are universities. And not only training specialists in the field of technology, but also those who will work with these specialists in the team of the project, which will later be transformed into a functioning business. And such specialists, in particular, are economists, whose task is to ensure that the economics of a technological entrepreneurship (TE) project will allow to obtain financing for its implementation. This means that economists must be able to evaluate the economic efficiency of solutions embedded in a project with specific properties inherent in TA. And the key question arises - what disciplines and/or sections of disciplines should be incorporated into the basic educational programmes of universities in the direction of Bachelor's degree ‘Economics’ in order to form and develop the competences of students in the field of technological entrepreneurship. In this regard, it is necessary to find answers to a number of questions: whether the inclusion of disciplines on the economics and finance of technology companies in the curriculum can be considered sufficient to achieve this goal, or whether modern conditions require a different approach; what to focus on when selecting disciplines and their sections; how to provide the educational process with teachers who have relevant knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of technological entrepreneurship; what forms of organisation of the educational process and extracurricular activities of students are appropriate and appropriate; and what forms of the educational process and extracurricular activities of students. Purpose - to investigate the issues of formation and development of competences in the field of technological entrepreneurship in Russian universities for Bachelor's degree students of the direction ‘Economics’ in modern conditions. Materials and methods. In the course of the research we applied a systematic approach, methods of observation, comparison, synthesis, graphical presentation of information, as well as analysis of existing literature and regulatory documents on the topic and analysis of open statistical data. The article is based on such sources as: normative legal acts, statistical data, publications in the Internet, conference materials, periodicals. Results. In order to achieve the national goal of establishing technological leadership in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to multiply the number of startup projects. One of the key areas for solving this task is to immerse university students in various aspects of technological entrepreneurship in order to develop their competences in this area and increase their readiness to become entrepreneurs both immediately after graduation and some time later. To increase the number of students familiar with technological entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial competence trainings are organised within the framework of the Federal project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in cooperation with development institutions ‘University Technological Entrepreneurship Platform’. However, in order to increase the number of successful startups and improve the quality of their feasibility studies required for obtaining funding, it is necessary to incorporate disciplines and/or sections/themes of disciplines oriented to the formation of competences in the field of technological entrepreneurship and aimed at educating a socially responsible entrepreneur into the curricula of Bachelor's degree programmes in Economics. Teaching of such disciplines should be carried out by both the university teaching staff trained in TE and its various aspects, and representatives of business and various structures interacting with it in the framework of their professional activities, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of both teachers and ‘practitioners’. In addition to the direct study of TE within the framework of the educational programme, it is advisable to use various formats of introducing students to its aspects outside the educational process - during excursions, round tables, master-classes, business games, etc. The students should be introduced to the aspects of TE within the framework of the educational process.

This study explores the relationship between digital access, protection, and adoption in supporting technological entrepreneurship within national digital ecosystems. The study utilised PROCESS regression analysis on the Global Entrepreneurship Development Institute (GEDI)'s Digital Development Economy (DPE) Index 2020 dataset to examine selected digital factors' direct and indirect effects on entrepreneurial activity across 116 countries. While the relationship between digital access, adoption, protection, and technological entrepreneurship has been established in previous research, this study provides global evidence to reinforce this connection. However, digital protection did not significantly moderate the effect of digital access. Notably, digital adoption emerged as a significant mediator, influencing the impacts of both access and protection on entrepreneurial outcomes. This study emphasises the importance of understanding the complex relationships between digital factors in cultivating a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to stimulate technological innovation and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating how the process of spin-offs contributes to the development of the social capital of university entrepreneurs. The current research is inductive, exploratory, and qualitative. The research method is Multiple case analysis. The selection of this particular number was the result of theoretical saturation during the coding and data analysis phase). In this connection, eight ventures of University spin-offs two to four years old, with Maximum variation in the key components of spin-offs, including entrepreneur, mother organization, and technology, were examined. Data were collected through 35 semi-structured interviews with an average time of 2 hours, including 22 interviews with entrepreneurs and 13 with managers and other incubator staff. Data analysis and interpretation were finally done through Transcription of interviews, Interview codification and analysis with the help of the NVivo 2.0 software, Description file for each case, Analytical tables, Intra- and inter-case comparisons, and finally, Comparison with the literature. The result showed that the relationships, that three mechanisms of the Entrepreneur´s affiliation with the university, Entrepreneurs´ immersion in the university´s network of relationships, and creating a Preparation for creating venture capital for entrepreneurs will be effective in explaining the contribution of the spin-off process in the development of the social capital of university entrepreneurs. Mechanisms Mechanisms of Entrepreneur´s affiliation with the university causes; Entrepreneurs project credit, preferential access to specific contacts and resources. Immersion mechanism; Provide opportunities for meetings and entrepreneurs to develop their support network with the network of contacts and structure of the nearby university. Preparation mechanisms through creating meeting opportunities for entrepreneurs, mechanisms through creating meeting opportunities for entrepreneurs, and mediating between entrepreneurs and other contacts will develop social business and financial support skills that will lead to the development of business networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how technological entrepreneurship affects national innovativeness based on the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship. It also examines how technological environments related to intellectual property protection and R&D transfer moderate this relationship. Based on data from 82 countries on technological entrepreneurship, intellectual property protection and innovation activities, this study finds that a higher ratio of technological entrepreneurship in the country enhances national innovativeness. In addition, the level of R&D transfer environment is found to negatively moderate this relationship, and evidence is found for a negative moderating effect of the strength of the intellectual property protection environment in a subsample of innovation-driven economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The competitiveness of industry in modern conditions is carried out through scientific and technological development. High-tech companies play a key role in solving the main tasks of increasing the competitiveness of Russian economy in accordance with global challenges and priorities of Russia’s scientific and technological development. Theoretical analysis. High-tech production, Industry 4.0 technologies and technological entrepreneurship in modern economy are the main actors in achieving technological sovereignty, the transition to economic growth and technological support for the sustainable development of Russian production systems. The article examines the role of technological entrepreneurship in the transition of industrial enterprises to Industry 4.0 technologies. Empirical analysis. An innovative development dynamics analysis in Russia and foreign countries is carried out, a startup studio is considered as a tool for the development of technological entrepreneurship, as well as the practice of its implementation in Russia and the USA. Results. Based on the results of the study, a number of proposals for the development of technological entrepreneurship in the small and medium-sized enterprise industry sector were formulated and justified.

Choosing a suitable opportunity in conditions of uncertainty is a common problem for entrepreneurs. The software startup procedure is particularly vulnerable to extreme uncertainty and competition; therefore, analyzing opportunities and threats is critical for software entrepreneurs. Hence, the present study aims to identify the criteria of uncertainty in evaluating entrepreneurial opportunities in technology-driven businesses of the software industry with a fuzzy approach using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of the research includes experts in the software industry. In this regard, first, a theoretical basis was obtained by examining the background. Second, we performed semi-structured interviews and extracted and coded 115 phrases. Third, after combining the general and subsidiary phrases, we reached 84 phrases, and by combining similar phrases, we selected 29 phrases. Forth, after categorizing those phrases, we determined the six axes of uncertainty and used the fuzzy Ahp technique and Geometric Buckley averaging in Microsoft Excel to rank those six axes as follows: 1-uncertainty in resources, 2-uncertainty in competition, 3-technological uncertainty, 4-political uncertainty, 5-uncertainty in agents, and 6-customer uncertainty. Finally, the model of evaluating entrepreneurial opportunities in conditions of uncertainty was designed using a fuzzy approach in the software industry.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First is to analyse the role of the university as a contextual determinant of technological entrepreneurship. Second is to study how a set of regional factors can shape the effect of universities on technological entrepreneurship. A comparative analysis between South-American and high-income countries is carried out using panel data methodology for a sample of 70 countries participating in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) during the period 2006–2017. The results show a positive influence of the university on the technological entrepreneurship through its role as a supplier of talented human capital. Additionally, the findings indicate that this impact is shaped by other country's factors. Thus, in countries with a high proportion of employees with advanced studies, the presence of entrepreneurship using new technologies increases the positive effect of highly qualified human capital on technological entrepreneurship. In contrast, such a positive influence is lower when the number of days required to start a business, the necessity-driven entrepreneurship or the percentage of employment in the country's service sector increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the current issues of the development of the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem, the growing importance of which is due to the need to implement innovative high-tech business ideas, their implementation and iteration to achieve Russia’s technological sovereignty. The purpose of this study is to generalize and evaluate Russian experience of state support for technological entrepreneurship, as well as to identify barriers to the formation of an innovation ecosystem at the regional level. During the research process, a complex of general scientific methods was used, including: analysis and synthesis, logical, monographic, questioning, generalization, interpretation, graphic visualization. The continuity of international practice of innovative development for Russia, especially in the context of promoting the development of the technological entrepreneurship sector, is determined in the plane of the formation of an innovative society, mental and cognitive strengthening of the national innovation ecosystem. An analysis of the key imperatives in terms of institutional, financial, economic and program mechanisms for supporting the Russian high-tech sector and entrepreneurship was carried out. Based on the results of a survey of subjects of the innovation process conducted as part of thematic foresight sessions in the period 2019–2023. in the regions of the Volga and Ural Federal Districts, barriers limiting the development of the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem are identified, and development directions that help improve its efficiency are identified. From the point of view of practical significance, the results of the study can be useful to government authorities at all levels in the implementation of ecosystem management decisions, including the development of tools to support individual sectors of the economy, the preparation of road maps, regional strategies and standards in the field of innovative development.

Background: Considering the complex and dynamic environmental conditions, all firms need to create and apply effective skills for the firm's goals to continue their activities. On the other hand, with the use of new technologies and digital platforms, firms were required to adapt their goals in this direction. One of the variables that can guide firms in the direction of improving performance and is in line with today's technology platform and digital environment is related to technological entrepreneurship because it is a leader in absorbing the value and innovative implementation of science and knowledge and can help the firm to reach directly its goals. Moreover, the use of digital technologies integrates new business ventures into business models and operations, leading to digital entrepreneurship through digital products, tools, and platforms. In this regard, digitalization can accelerate sustainable changes and respond to environmental and governance challenges while improving performance at the same time by accessing opportunities. In a complex and changing world, innovation is a key factor for creating a competitive advantage that requires support and investment because favorable innovation can increase the share of firms. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of digitalization and innovation in the relationship between technological entrepreneurship and the growth of knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food, which has not been noticed in previous studies. Methods: The statistical population of this research includes Iranian knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food. The number of statistical population is equal to 480 firms, and a sample size of 213 units was estimated using Cochran's formula. Data were collected through a five-level Likert scale questionnaire, and 189 questionnaires were analyzed statistically. Several hypotheses were presented to investigate the relationships between the variables, which were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method. Finally, SPSS24 and SmartPLS3 software were used for data analysis. Results: The output of the software showed that technological entrepreneurship had a positive and significant effect on the firm's growth at a confidence level of 99%. The mediating role of digitalization in the relationship between technological entrepreneurship and firm growth was obtained at a significant level of 99%. In addition, the mediating role of innovation in the relationship between technological entrepreneurship and firm growth was confirmed at the 99% level. Conclusion: The contribution of this study from the analyses is to provide a new conceptual framework to fill the existing gap and provide practical solutions in line with the subject of the studied society. In line with the growth of knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food, this survey used digitalization and innovation variables as mediating variables considering today's complex and dynamic environment. It should be noted that this issue was not investigated in previous studies. The result of the first hypothesis of the research shows that entrepreneurial initiatives facilitate decisions in line with corporate goals. Focusing on entrepreneurship based on strategic processes that deal with long-term goals can also positively affect firm performance, leading to competitive advantage and economic prosperity of firms according to research on technological entrepreneurship capability. Therefore, this study specifically demonstrates that technological entrepreneurship is a key predictive factor for improving the growth of knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food. In line with the result of the second research hypothesis, the government can develop entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector by investing in infrastructures of agriculture and by applying incentive policies, such as removing or discounting taxes for investors. Based on this, knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food, focusing on entrepreneurship with a technological platform, can digitalize their operational, process, and production processes. The results show that an emphasis on digitalization can improve the growth of firms. The result of the third hypothesis of the research shows that knowledge-based companies active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food can focus on technological entrepreneurship to improve innovation levels in their products and processes, develop performance, and improve their market share. It should be noted that innovation and change have become important sources of competitive advantage for firms, and the desire for entrepreneurship also plays an important role in improving performance and ensuring the source of their growth. In general, this study documents that knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food can invest in technological entrepreneurship activities to positively influence their firm's growth. In the meantime, the existence of digitalization and innovation variables were identified as crucial factors that could strengthen the growth foundations of the studied firms. The results of this research can help knowledge-based firms active in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and food in the direction of strategic and technological decisions for firm growth and performance improvement. Based on the results of the hypotheses, this study has provided several practical suggestions, which can be implemented in the studied firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human resources are considered one of the most important aspects of organizations as it has a significant impact on performance and success. With the rapid growth of technologies and societal change, human resources have also been influenced and has undergone rapid transformation. In this regard, this study aimed to explore and analyses the entrepreneurial opportunities arising from the technological trends in the human resource ecosystem in Iran in the next 2 to 5 years. This exploratory mixed methods study was conducted using a quantitative-qualitative approach. First, 17 technological trends were identified in a literature search from over 40 sources. Then, a survey sought the opinions of 57 experts to priorities the trends. Then, semi-structured interviews with 21 technology and HR experts were conducted using MAXQDA software to extract 243 open codes for opportunities, which after synthesis led to 38 identified technology-based entrepreneurial opportunities, including developments such as interactive VR safety training platforms, AIsupported CV analyses and AI-based compensation systems. The identified opportunities are categorized into six key areas: talent acquisition, rewards, compensation and work experience, employee relations and risk management, HR information management, HR administration and shared services, talent management and development. The findings can assist entrepreneurs, employers, and HR professionals in recognizing and leveraging technology-driven opportunities in human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the effectiveness of a state-supported startup ecosystem in India in the context of economic and social development challenges. By conducting a detailed study of Indian entrepreneurs, investors, and relevant government documents pertaining to startup ecosystem development programs, as well as reports from research and analytical centers providing key industry indicators, the author concludes that the current startup ecosystem in India, despite several achievements, lacks effectiveness due to persistent challenges of administrative and regulatory nature, as well as socio-economic factors. The unprecedented growth witnessed in this sector in 2021 has highlighted existing problems, demonstrating the inability to establish a sustainable support mechanism for startups while disregarding the limitations that hinder the entrepreneurial and consumer potential of the Indian economy. The findings of this research showcase the immense potential of the Indian startup industry, which undoubtedly serves as a driving force for economic development in India, despite its vulnerability to certain elements. The experiences of India, including the challenges encountered in building a robust startup ecosystem, can provide valuable insights for other countries such as Russia.

This study explores the relationship between digital access, protection, and adoption in supporting technological entrepreneurship within national digital ecosystems. The study utilised PROCESS regression analysis on the Global Entrepreneurship Development Institute (GEDI)’s Digital Development Economy (DPE) Index 2020 dataset to examine selected digital factors’ direct and indirect effects on entrepreneurial activity across 116 countries. While the relationship between digital access, adoption, protection, and technological entrepreneurship has been established in previous research, this study provides global evidence to reinforce this connection. However, digital protection did not significantly moderate the effect of digital access. Notably, digital adoption emerged as a significant mediator, influencing the impacts of both access and protection on entrepreneurial outcomes. This study emphasises the importance of understanding the complex relationships between digital factors in cultivating a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to stimulate technological innovation and economic growth.

AbstractInnovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is often the result of technology-driven or market-pull entrepreneurship activities. So far, although its importance in practice, as well as in academia continues to grow, extant research exhibits little theory about the process of technology-driven entrepreneurship in SMEs. The study aims to better understand how technology-driven entrepreneurship processes transform business in SMEs in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, we developed a technological entrepreneurship (TE) process framework by utilizing the flexible pattern matching approach (FPMA). We iteratively compared a priori patterns from existing theoretical knowledge to empirical findings that emerged from in-depth interviews with corporate executives in the manufacturing industry. The framework highlights the TE process in SMEs leading to four output components: (1) corporate-function-related, (2) business-model-related, (3) competitiveness-related, and (4) customer-related. This study makes a unique contribution to academia by being the first that develops a TE process framework tailored to SMEs from the manufacturing industry. We point out that sustainable growth and competitiveness of SMEs depends on appropriate TE process management, and we underline the strategic importance of TE-driven transformation for SME managers. Our study expands the scope of TE and SME research and provides empirically grounded insights into technology-driven innovation.

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Copyright of Central Asian Economic Review is the property of Narxoz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article’s goal is to eliminate the contradiction between the need for university activities to support and develop technological entrepreneurship and the lack of a sequence of steps leading to the achievement of the desired result. This contradiction is proposed to be resolved by identifying the position of the university in the infrastructure supporting technological entrepreneurship.The paper highlights three main infrastructural positions of the university, called “Supplier of Talents”, “Platform of Academic Technological Entrepreneurship” and “Technological Entrepreneurial Hub”. The first focuses on the development of creative thinking of students seeking to develop high-tech products and support their entrepreneurial intentions. The second focuses on the achievements of university researchers, based on which promising high-tech start-ups are launched and profitable small innovative enterprises are developed. The third relies on mediation and facilitation to coordinate communications between key parties for promoting high-tech business. In this position, the university is an access point to the main success factors of a technological entrepreneurial project. It is more than others capable of stimulating the economic development of the region.One university can hold several positions. Each of the listed positions is endowed with functional characteristics corresponding to their purpose and performs the tasks assigned to them. Starting from an infrastructural position close to the university, it becomes possible to clearly define the criteria that the university needs to have to effectively fulfill these tasks. And the presence of criteria makes it possible to identify dominant problems, adapt university resources, and bring social practices and educational technologies into line.

AbstractThis study sought to analyze the legal-jurisdictional barriers and challenges in providing financial resources for technological entrepreneurship using an institutional approach and mixed method. By applying a mixed method of qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (descriptive-survey) approaches, financing barriers for technological entrepreneurship were identified. The statistical population in the qualitative section included 16 elite people and financial managers of technology companies, who were selected by the criterion-based snowball approach. The statistical population in the quantitative sector included financial managers. A number of 125 persons were selected as the statistical sample by using a random sampling method and doing availability analysis. To process the data, SPSS19 software and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations modeling in Smart PLS software were applied. In this study, a model was developed to show the significant relationship between “the rules and regulations of financing technological entrepreneurship” and “deviation from the rules and regulations, intellectual and industrial property, and long financing time of technology companies.” The results revealed that the most important obstacles were deviations from laws and regulations, intellectual and industrial property, and long financing time of technology companies, respectively.Keywords: Legal-Jurisdictional Barriers, Technological Entrepreneurship, Mixed Method, Institutional Approach. IntroductionFinancial resources are essential in supporting entrepreneurship and small and medium businesses. Obtaining the necessary funds to start businesses has always been challenging for entrepreneurs. Access to financial resources is one of the main concerns for entrepreneurs in the entrepreneurial process since it enables them to implement the identified opportunities (Arbolino, 2017). Using the suitable financing methods to implement profitable projects can play an essential role in increasing shareholders’ wealth in companies. One of the decisions that business managers have to make for maximizing shareholders' wealth is financial provision (Moutmani & Tabgian, 2015). Unfortunately, the country's structures and laws in financing and granting facilities in the business sector, especially in small and medium businesses, have not been architected. This means that the economy's financial sector should serve as the real sector of the economy, the result of which is creating an informational symmetry and directing resources to increase efficiency in the entrepreneurial sector (Cooray, 1999). Perhaps, one of the main issues in the country's progress is the issue of financing entrepreneurship, especially technological entrepreneurship. Therefore, this research analyzed legal-legitimate obstacles and challenges in providing financial resources in technological entrepreneurship with an institutional and mixed-method approach. Method and DataThis research was conducted in Tehran Province during the period of 2019-2020. The sample in the qualitative section was formed by 16 elites in the field of technological entrepreneurship. They participated in the research with a snowball opinion. In the quantitative part, a survey was carried out by designing a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative part of the research for 125 experts. The sample of this section was chosen by academic and industrial experts, including faculty members and experts in the field of financial information with at least 3 years of experience and activity. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the data obtained from the respondents according to the first method of Barclay et al. (1995). In this method, Number 10 was a cross number and the indices of 1 were changed. According to this rule, 80 samples from the above sample were enough. Also, 125 stratified samples were selected for the survey about the research results. FindingsThe organizing theme of the legal dimensions of financing included the primary themes of legal institutions, the role of cultural background in legalism, law enforcement, lawlessness, intellectual property, legal issues of crime prevention, financing laws, laws and regulations, and the role of law. The dimension of entrepreneurial financing processes was one of the organizer’s primary themes of the effects of informal relationships in facilitating processes, difference between bank processes and funds, patenting before financing, uncertain processes, long judicial processes, informal processes (lobbying), and certain documents. For some technologies the legal way of financing was also included. These themes were obtained from the qualitative analysis of interviews, documents, laws, and regulations of the field of study. By coding these themes in ATLAS. ti software, a network of themes could be drawn from them. Chart No. 2 showed the theme network extracted from analysis of the themes.In the section of quantitative analysis, the minimum acceptable values of the indicators of CA, CRMSV) by using the PLS method showed the high reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Conclusion and discussion From the points of view of the studied community, deviation from laws and regulations, including the deviation of loans from their legal path, costs of loans in places other than banks, lack of seriousness in applying the law, cumbersome rules and regulations for entrepreneurs, legal issues for the prevention of financial crimes, and information and transparency of the legal financing path for entrepreneurs, was the biggest obstacle in technological financing businesses. The second obstacle in financing technological entrepreneurship was intellectual and industrial property, which included protection of property rights, legal protection of producers, protection of intellectual property, the need for a patent for financing, and a non-disclosure agreement. The third legal obstacle from the points of view of the elites of technological businesses was the longtime of funding for entrepreneurs, which included lacking a program for the developments of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs in terms of scale, long time processes of the cases, time-consuming nature of registration, priority of reviews, and time-consuming nature of the evaluation.In the discussion about the proposals, it is suggested that the government carry out institutional reforms instead of directly interfering by establishing several funds or granting facilities without policy. By creating the necessary infrastructure for developing cultural variables and informal institutions, as well as environmental and interventionist conditions, mutual trust is created and the motivation to invest and accept capital is strengthened. Among the practical cases, it is possible to strengthen and develop financial markets to help clarify the valuation of shares, create the possibility of an initial supply of shares and other tools for exiting an investment, organizing the formation of specialized syndicates, creating a platform to benefit from the advantages of investment risk reduction strategies, including providing the possibility of multi-stage investment, stock trading options, the possibility of using convertible securities through revision of existing laws, revising accounting standards, tax laws, labor laws, and bankruptcy laws in line with the goals of new technology businesses, and strengthening laws to protect intellectual property rights and favorable legal structures pointed out. While allocating bank loans with a lower interest and a more extended repayment period for such companies, receiving these loans will be shortened to make them available to these people at the right time.Concerning the direction of future research, it is recommended to conduct studies in the field of intellectual property rights, intellectual property evaluation models, labor laws, tax policies, and accounting standards by investment requirements. Furthermore, the studies related to the developments of educational systems and cultural variables can be of great help to improve the performance in this area.

The article is discussed the need to develop a system of interaction between universities and businesses, in order to improve the quality of education and unlocking the potential of youth. Particular attention is paid to the combined efforts of educational institutions and businesses for development the priority sectors of the economy and implementation social innovations contributing to positive social and economic change.

The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the advantages and to develop applied recommendations for marketing management of quality based on industrial and manufacturing engineering of project activities, in view of the specifics in social and technological entrepreneurship. Originality and novelty of the research are due to its following competitive advantages as compared to the existing published works. Firstly, the essence of quality management based on industrial and manufacturing engineering of project activities in the unity of social and technical criteria of quality is specified. Secondly, the specifics of the COVID-19 are determined, and the recommendations and qualitative landmarks for quality management for the purpose of economic crisis management are offered. Thirdly, the advantages are substantiated, and perspectives of marketing quality management for its systemic increase in view of all modern criteria are determined. Fourthly, the corresponding recommendations for managing products' quality separately for social and technological entrepreneurship are offered. The contribution of this paper to development of the theory and practice of quality management consists in development of marketing tools of quality management, substantiation of differences between quality management in social and technological entrepreneurship, consideration of influence of the COVID-19 crisis on quality, and development of the framework foundations for preventing the reduction of quality.

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Today, the application of technology in banks as a solution to organizational problems has created the emergence of the new dimension of the concept of “technological entrepreneurship». The aim of the current research was to design and apply a technological entrepreneurship model in the banking industry with a hybrid approach. The method was descriptive-correlation. In the first step, the factors on technological entrepreneurship were extracted through a systematic review of the research background and confirmed through semi-structured interviews with 20 academic experts and managers of the banking industry using the fuzzy Delphi method. The output of this stage was 36 components, categorized in 7 dimensions (inter-organizational, structural, institutional, skill, management, market and customer interactions, technology). Then, in the second step, the dimensions were leveled with interpretive structural modeling method and clustered with Micmac analysis, which was analyzed using Excel software. The results showed that the market dimension and customers are at the first level, the dimensions of inter-organizational, institutional, skill, and management interactions are at the second level, the structural dimension is at the third level, and the technology dimension is at the fourth level, so it is considered the most salient dimension and the structural dimensions, Institutional, technology in the independent cluster and management dimension in the linked cluster and the dimensions of inter-organizational, skill, market and customer interactions are placed in the dependent cluster and finally it can be said: one of the important factors of economic growth and increasing the power of banks in the field of competitiveness, special attention to technological entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entering of the Serbian economy into a more markedly neoliberal phase after 2008 has been accompanied by attempts to implement the concept of the entrepreneurial economy into a national economic policy, thus creating the conditions for the emergence of an altered way of cultural conceptualization of the entrepreneurship phenomenon, and also for a change in the way in which the phenomenon of entrepreneurial failure is conceived. This paper analyzes “stories of failure”, typical narratives that technological entrepreneurs present as part of so-called Fuckup Nights, events organized in Belgrade as well as in a number of other cities around the world. The educational, propaganda and autodidactic function of these stories, which seek to bring about a change in the social perception of the phenomenon of entrepreneurial failure, is realized within an interpretative framework delineated by the discourse of the neoliberal system, which circulates a certain kind of implicit knowledge regarding the way that the surrounding reality and socially desirable roles assigned to subjects are defined. The way in which the phenomenon of entrepreneurial failure is conceived is linked to the paradoxes stemming from the concept of the entrepreneurial economy which, existing within the dominant neoliberal discourse, emphasizes the use of both innovativeness as an economically grounded concept and of creativity as an intrinsic, universal human quality, which is shaped by the mechanisms of culture but also in accordance with the demands of the current economic policy, with the aim of preserving the now already weakened neoliberal system. Through these concepts the modes of functioning of various types of entrepreneurial enterprises are examined, those involving elements of startups as well as entrepreneurial enterprises launched as part of the business processes of established technological companies. Starting from the assumption that the process of technological innovativeness functions both on the level of thought processes and the level of social interactions, that it involves the activity of the innovative as well as of other aspects of creative intelligence in individual subjects who engage in interaction on the level of the technology companies they work for on the one hand, and on the other, with consumers as a source of unrefined stimuli for the reconstruction of existing frameworks or their surpassing, with the aim of successfully (re)creating a certain product. By looking at the causes of failure in Serbian technological entrepreneurship, the paper points to the importance of the concepts of creativity and innovativeness in the narrative semantic structure of the analyzed stories, as well as to the heuristic potential of those concepts for the anthropological analysis of ideas and practices related to the phenomenon of contemporary Serbian entrepreneurship, which is connected to the characteristics of the process of Serbian transition in the period after 2008, which is referred to in the paper as the “mature phase” of the second transition.

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The Purpose of this study is to develope a technologically entrepreneurial model with Open Innovation Approach for Iranian knowledge-based companies operating in oil and gas industries. It helps them achieve their goals in line with the sustainable economic development considerations. Therefore, a mixed exploratory approach is adapted which incorporates both content and survey analysis to captures the qualitative and quantitative aspects. In Qualitative section of this study 87 articles out of 336 articles from ISI and Scopus databases were selected while in quantitative section Delphi method was used in which 15 questionnaires designed and distributed in relevance to key respondents. In Path Analysis Stage a sample of 230 questionnaires were randomly distributed among company managers. Validity and reliability of qualitative part were confirmed by inclusion criteria, review by expert coder, multi-coder agreement, and that of quantitative part were confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha. Qualitative data and quantitative data were analyzed respectively by open and axial coding, and fuzzy Delphi and path analysis. The results indicate that open innovation is effective in discovering new technologies, creating product or process innovations and thus creating value and gaining a competitive advantage. It facilitates the technological entrepreneurship and increases the profitability and market share. Also, organizational and environmental factors have the greatest impact on technological entrepreneurship and corporate success through open innovation. This research help companies succeeds in their goals and policy makers to achieve sustainable development.

Purpose – Technological entrepreneurship has been a very significant topic in recent decades. It has a crucial role in economic modernization and growth. The need for technological entrepreneurship is because technology-based industries are expanding rapidly and are replacing traditional industries. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying the factors affecting the success of technological entrepreneurship in Iranian nanotechnology businesses. Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted through mixed method. The participants in the qualitative section included 17 university experts and executive managers in the field of nanotechnology in Iran, and 75 nanotechnology business managers participated in the quantitative section. The interview and questionnaire were used to collect information. In order to measure and fit the models, the confirmatory factor analysis method and PLS3 software were used. Findings – The results indicated that the key factors affecting the success of the technological entrepreneurship process in nanotechnology were classified into five general categories: organizational, environmental, institutional, individual and technology factors. Moreover, it was shown that all these dimensions had a positive and significant effect on technological entrepreneurship. In addition, the organizational dimension has an essential role. Originality/value – Companies' ability to engage technological entrepreneurship is a vital factor in human resource management and strategic management. However, technological entrepreneurship in Iranian nanotechnology businesses has not been involved integrally in the context of companies.

The project aimed to increase the competitiveness of Russian universities among the world’s leading research and educational centers, which was called “5–100”, was completed in 2020. The aim of this project assumed the entry of five Russian universities into the TOP 100 world institutional rankings. However, due to the fact that there are currently a large number of international rankings among higher education institutions, both global and industry-specific or subject-specific, the indicators achieved within the framework of the “5–100” project are still being discussed by the expert community. For the further effective implementation of the national project “Science“ in terms of achieving the priority state development goals in the field of science and education, it is important to formulate proposals and mechanisms for realization the strategic academic leadership program” Priority-2030“ on the basis of available data and the results of the analysis of the experience gained, which are presented in this paper.

Innovation in production use of insects allows us to speak about entomo-industry, which could cause in the future a drop in the relative cost of food. On the basis of biotechnology by using the fly Hermetia illucens the article draws theoretical and applied economic conclusions. Larvae of this fly by eating organic wastes during a few days can grow in hundred times and become a feed for animals, a basis for medicine or even a nutritious supplement, while their waste can become a fertilizer (zoo-humus). From means of labour they turn into the subject of labour with selfreproduction and solution to ecological problem, which can create the added value. In traditional livestock breeding fast transformation does not take place and animal acts mainly as the subject or means of labour. Commercialization of the technology can be achieved through development of module equipment for each of 9 processes and this can make it possible to purchase it stage by stage, depending on the need and resources. Due to this fact competitive advantage for technological entrepreneurship can be provided that can take one of the following three types: in the narrow sense (developing and selling equipment), in the broad sense (manufacturing the product with own equipment) and mixed one (manufacturing and selling of the equipment and finished product, joint work of the developer and user of the equipment). The author designed a synthetic graphic business-model of entomo-technological entrepreneurship. Logical schemes of waste treatment were put forward: centralized and decentralized. It was found out that for agricultural waste the decentralized scheme is more appropriate, as it implies treatment at the place of shaping and economizing on transportation. In Russia the process of commercialization of biotechnologies with the use of Hermetia illucens started in 2015, which is proven by patent activity. However, the market develops rather slowly.

Subject and purpose of the Article: This research is aimed at designing and explaining the technological entrepreneurship model in Iranian research institutes.Research Method: In this research, initially the technological entrepreneurship model in Iranian research institutes has been modeled and its components have been identified and investigated using a qualitative analysis. The relationship between the components of the model has also been investigated using the quantitative methods of confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis via structural equations. The required data was collected using semi-structured interviews and Delphi’s method. The statistical society in the quantitative section included managers of technology entrepreneurs in the research institutes of the country and, considering their unlimited number, a sample was selected through the Morgan-Krejcie Table using the cluster random sampling method.Research Findings: The results of the qualitative analysis showed that the components of the technological entrepreneurship model in Iranian research institutes are comprised of policies, laws and regulations, the existing barriers, valuation, entrepreneur development, and solutions. In addition, 75 indices for these components were approved by experts.Conclusion, Originality and its Contribution to the Knowledge: Furthermore, The results show that policies have a significant effect on laws and regulations, and valuation and imposition of barriers. The existing barriers have a significant effect on the provision of solutions but an insignificant effect on valuation. Moreover, valuation does not have a significant effect on the provision of solutions, while solutions can have a significant effect on entrepreneurship development.