Search

This Ph.D. thesis is composed of three essays and is aimed to reconstruct, both conceptually and analytically, the Argentine political economy for the period from 1955 to 1991. To this aim, we apply theoretical elements rooted in the Sraffian-Keynesian tradition of thought, such as the extension of Sraffa?s representation based on "Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities" to the price-taking economy framework, the Monetary Theory of Distribution and the demand-led growth model based on Sraffian Supermultiplier. However, unlike some recent reconstructions of Latin American specificities through the lens of the Classical tradition, we provide a formal representation of the Argentine historical experience that abandons the canonical dichotomy between agricultural and industrial sectors in modeling semi-industrialized economies. To account for the different stages of industrialization during the fifties and sixties we include a distinction between manufactured goods for final consumptions and capital goods. Likewise, the inclusion of banks and the financial sector becomes relevant to address financial liberalization and capital-account deregulation during the seventies and eighties. An intrinsic non-tradable sector, associated with public services, turns to be relevant to capture the consequences of privatization during the nineties. The suggested models take into consideration the heterogeneities among productive sectors, as the natural outcome of the structural changes observed during the period under study. The 1st essay presents a comprehensive analysis regarding some contributions made by the political theorist Guillermo O?Donnell, which revolve around the notions of the Argentine Pendulum, Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State, and their implications on income distribution and output dynamics. Under the basis of a tripartite productive structure, O?Donnell?s pendulum is formally reconstructed as the ambivalent behavior of the international bourgeoisie with respect to its strategy of the class alliance for the determination of both economic policies and the pattern of development. The 2nd essay analytically re-elaborates the change undergone by the Argentine economy during the 1970s and 1980s, from a strategy of import-substituting industrialization led by a labor-based government (1973-1976) to a pattern of development based on market liberalization and implemented by a Dictatorial Regimen (1976-1983). By applying Sraffa?s representation of the productive process, the Monetary Theory of distribution and the extension of the Keynesian Principle of Effective Demand in explaining the growth path, such structural changes are analyzed and modelized. The suggested formal representation accounts for the capital goods-producing industry, the financial sector and an intrinsic non-tradable sector as distinctive elements of the Argentine productive structure of the period considered. The essay analytically re-elaborates the distributive changes and the structural consequences of the economic policies implemented by the so-called National Reorganisation Process, both in the pattern of specialization and in the financial dependence of Argentina. Finally, the 3rd essay revisits the cost-pushed theories of inflation to reconstruct the dynamics observed in prices and income distribution. The suggested model stresses the role played by the exchange rate and crawling-peg policy in approaching the high inflation and hyperinflationary experiences during the eighties external-debt crisis. Additionally, the multiple stabilizing programs are analyzed and formally reconstructed in the light of the Classical-Keynesian Approach, highlighting the importance of the exchange rate and external determinants in stabilizing price dynamics. In this sense, the Convertibility Regime, during the nineties, is analyzed as a strategy to control the price dynamic by reinforcing the financial dependence of the Argentine economy.

Even though technological advances have occurred during recent decades today’s nutrient loading from Swedish on-site sewage systems (OSSs) is much higher than in the 1940s, despite a decreased rural population and the existence of potentially far better technologies than the existing inadequate installations. The objective of this paper is first, to explain this situation as the result of co-evolution of technology and institutions, which has resulted in a very stable conservation. Second, to properly understand how such stable configurations may change, the paper investigates how a power-distributional theory of incremental institutional change might complement the previous analysis and open up the thinking about how seemingly stable configurations may change endogenously. The analysis reveals how shifts in the distribution of power, i.e., public and private actors’ resources and tools to use in interaction with other actors, have influenced the direction of technological and institutional development. We conclude that the sequencing of events has been important, the series of choices made foremost between the 1950s and 1990s caused both institutional and technical lock-in effects that have been increasingly difficult to break out from. Despite parallel and later incremental developments, improvement in the environmental outcome is not yet seen on the large scale.

[EN] In this paper we reflect about the practices of use of technologies, considering the specific case of mobile phones, in particular, so called smartphones. We consider such practices as part of the socio-technological discourses through which groups and individuals establish their relationship with technology. Assuming that technology is not neutral but incorporates and carry the discourses of actors and current technological powers, such a relationship configures a relationship between the two discourses, and is expressed in use practices that can lead to technological appropriation or to technological dependency. We will explain the difference between them, stressing the importance of what we call non-use practices of technology, and we will enunciate the three explanatory fallacies about the current use of technologies, which are present in the negotiations between the aforementioned discourses., [ES] En este artículo reflexionamos acerca de las prácticas de uso de las tecnologías, atendiendo al caso particular de los teléfonos móviles, en sus formatos “básico” y, de manera especial, los denominados “inteligentes” (smartphones). Consideramos tales prácticas como parte de los discursos sociotecnológicos a través de los cuales los grupos y las personas establecen su relación con las tecnologías. Asumiendo que éstas no son neutras, sino que incorporan y portan los discursos de los actores y de los poderes tecnológicos actuales, la mencionada relación se configura como una negociación entre ambos discursos, la cual se expresa en prácticas de uso que pueden conducir a la apropiación tecnológica, o a la dependencia tecnológica. Explicaremos la diferencia entre ambas, destacando la importancia de lo que denominamos prácticas de no uso de la tecnología, y enunciaremos las tres falacias que están en la base del uso actual de las tecnologías, y presentes en la negociación entre los mencionados discursos.

Objetivo: Caracterizar el uso de internet como herramienta de búsqueda por parte del personal médico (médicos generales) que laboren en Instituciones de Antioquia/Colombia en el segundo semestre de 2014. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado con una encuesta anónima a 40 médicos generales voluntarios que laboren en instituciones prestadoras de salud del departamento de Antioquia. Resultados: La prevalencia del uso de internet de los médicos generales fue 97.5%. La frecuencia de acceso a internet fue del 90% para el uso diario. El 27,5% no tenían acceso a internet en su trabajo, respecto al 72,5% que tenían acceso. Resolver dudas clínicas y ocio es la finalidad más frecuente 52.5%. El 65% prefiere usar internet como fuente para resolver sus dudas. El 72,5% considera que el uso de internet mejora su desempeño laboral, frente a un 27,5% que respondieron de forma negativa. El 93.1% de los que consideran mejoría en su rendimiento, usan internet de forma diaria. El 100% de los grupos de edad menores de 35 años y de 35 a 50 años usaban internet diariamente (p 0.001). Todos los que poseen un teléfono inteligente lo usan de forma diaria (p 0.001). Del grupo que no tenían un teléfono inteligente el 63,3% eran médicos mayores de 50 años, el 72,4% de los que si tenían un teléfono eran menores de 35 años p (0.002). Conclusiones: El uso de internet se ha extendido en todas las ramas de la ciencia, cada vez más el médico hace uso de esta herramienta, lo cual podría afectar su desempeño laboral y la calidad de la atención médica, pues su utilidad en la práctica clínica diaria es prometedora, se necesita mayor educación y capacitación para utilizar fuentes más confiables y específicas en medicina. Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................................... 2 Contenido ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Resumen ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Introducción ................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Planteamiento del problema y justificación .......................................................................... 6 2. Marco conceptual, teórico y estado del arte ......................................................................... 7 3. Metodología ........................................................................................................................... 10 4. Consideraciones éticas ........................................................................................................ 11 6. Discusión ............................................................................................................................... 18 7. Limitaciones y sesgos .......................................................................................................... 20 8. Conclusiones ......................................................................................................................... 21 9. Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................. 22 10. Anexos ................................................................................................................................. 24 Especialización Objective: To describe the use of Internet as a search tool for medical staff (general practitioners) who work in institutions of Antioquia / Colombia in the second half of 2014. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted with an anonymous survey to 40 general practitioners volunteers who work in health institutions of the department of Antioquia. Results: The prevalence of Internet use by general practitioners was 97.5%. The frequency of internet access was 90% for daily use. 27.5% did not have internet access at work, compared to 72.5% who had access. Clinical and leisure resolve doubts is the most common purpose 52.5%. 65% prefer to use the Internet as a source to answer your questions. 72.5% believe that the use of Internet improves their job performance, compared to 27.5% who responded negatively. 93.1% of those who consider improvement in performance, use the Internet on a daily basis. 100% of the age groups under 35 years and 35 to 50 years used the Internet daily (p 0.001). All who have a smart phone use it daily (p 0.001). The group did not have a smartphone physicians 63.3% were older than 50 years, 72.4% of those who if they had a phone were under 35 years p (0.002). Conclusions: The use of internet has spread in all branches of science, increasingly the doctor makes use of this tool, which could affect their work performance and quality of medical care, because their usefulness in clinical practice daily is promising, further education and training is needed to use more reliable and specific medical sources.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-11-20T19:53:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa, Monique Silva.pdf: 2899942 bytes, checksum: 250c5df48283f8d7e925c43a039535a1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-12-01T21:18:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa, Monique Silva.pdf: 2899942 bytes, checksum: 250c5df48283f8d7e925c43a039535a1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T21:18:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa, Monique Silva.pdf: 2899942 bytes, checksum: 250c5df48283f8d7e925c43a039535a1 (MD5) A difusão da revolução tecnológica pelo mundo (sobretudo a partir dos anos 70) propiciou uma reestruturação produtiva mundial, que colaborou para a consolidação de um novo regime de acumulação capitalista flexível, promovendo não só a propagação de informações, como também facilitando a tomada de decisões e trocas comerciais e financeiras a nível global. Contudo, esse contexto, acabou por também contribuir para reforçar as diferenças entre os países oriundos da periferia e aqueles advindos do centro, nos quais a industrialização se encontrava mais avançada e que, portanto, detinham maiores vantagens comparativas e competitivas em ciência, tecnologia e inovação (CT&I). Essa conjuntura realçou o caráter dependente da América Latina que colaborou para a geração de retardos nas economias latino-americanas, temática levantada neste estudo sob a ótica da industrialização tardia, a fim de conhecer os caminhos que levaram à formação desse padrão de desenvolvimento específico. Desse modo, a formação econômica do Brasil, como país de origem periférica do sistema-mundo capitalista, corroborou para um processo de industrialização tardia do qual decorreu seu caráter deficiente quanto à produção interna de tecnologia. Esse cenário, dentre outros fatores, gerou o quadro de dependência tecnológica que veio a implicar na constituição historicamente deficitária da conta de serviços do balanço de pagamentos brasileiro, visto que após a rearticulação econômica mundial dos anos 70 e a intensificação do fenômeno da globalização nos anos 90, a produção de bens se tornou gradativamente mais intensiva em serviços – o que acabou por aumentar a relevância dos fluxos deste setor no comércio mundial. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender as implicações da formação da economia brasileira e sua decorrente dependência tecnológica no déficit da conta de serviços do Brasil, levando em consideração as questões estruturais que influenciam na sua dinâmica atual. Para tal fim, além de contar com o uso de uma metodologia histórico-descritiva com vistas à compreensão do processo estrutural que culminou no atual cenário deficitário da conta de serviços brasileira, a pesquisa também envolve a análise de informações obtidas via consulta a bancos de dados de órgãos internacionais e do governo brasileiro, em busca da construção de um diagnóstico situacional do Brasil no comércio internacional de serviços, bem como da composição do déficit da sua conta de serviços. Dessa forma, a pesquisa concluiu que o déficit da conta de serviços brasileira, sobretudo no tocante aos serviços tecnológicos, reflete os gargalos estruturais do Brasil e evidencia a necessidade de um esforço conjunto da indústria e do Estado em prol do desenvolvimento do panorama de CT&I do País, com o intuito de reduzir a dependência tecnológica desta economia, que acaba por afetar não apenas a conta de serviços, como as demais contas externas brasileiras. The diffusion of technology revolution around the world (especially since the 70s) provided a world production restructuring, which contributed to the consolidation of a new flexible capitalist accumulation regime – promoting not only the spread of information, but also facilitating decision-making, trade and financial exchanges globally. However, this context also contributed to enhancing the differences between countries arising from the periphery and those coming from the center, where industrialization was more advanced and therefore, the best comparative and competitive advantages in science, technology and innovation (ST&I) were held. This situation highlighted the dependent character of Latin America that contributed to the generation of backwardness in Latin American economies, issue raised in this study from the perspective of late industrialization, in order to know the paths that led to establishment of this specific pattern of development. Thus, the economic formation of Brazil, as a country of peripheral origin in the capitalist world-system, contributed to a late industrialization process, which reinforced its deficient character on internal production of technology. Among other factors, this scenario led to a situation of technological dependency that resulted in the constitution of the historical deficit of Brazilian balance of payments services account, since after global economic re-articulation of the 70s and intensification of globalization phenomenon in the 90s, the production of goods has become gradually more intensive in services – which turned out to increase relevance of this sector flows in world trade. Therefore, the present study has as general objective to understand the implications of the Brazilian economy formation and its resulting technological dependency, on Brazilian services account deficit, taking into consideration structural issues that influence its current dynamic. To this end, besides relying on the use of a historical-descriptive methodology with a view to understanding the structural process that culminated in the current deficit frame of Brazilian services account, this research also involves the analysis of information obtained through consultation in international organizations and Brazilian government databases, seeking the construction of a situational diagnosis concerning Brazil in international trade in services – as well as the composition of its services account deficit. Thus, this paper concluded that Brazilian services account deficit, especially with regard to technological services, reflects structural bottlenecks in Brazil and highlights the need for a joint effort of industry and State in favor of country development in ST&I, in order to reduce the technological dependency present in this economy and that ultimately affect not only the services account, but also other external accounts.

Este ensayo comprende una reflexión sobre el tema de la transferencia tecnología entre países, apoyado en los principales planteamientos desarrollados al respecto por autores expertos en el tema a nivel internacional. Esta reflexión surge gracias a la necesidad que países subdesarrollados o en vías al desarrollo tienen en su sector industrial para ser competitivos en el hostil mercado internacional. La transferencia tecnológica es sin lugar a duda una necesidad en cuanto a evolución socio-económica se trata, gracias al intercambio de tecnología entre países, es posible mejorar la productividad en el sector industrial, abriéndose campo para participar en el mercado internacional, con productos y servicios de alta calidad y a precios competitivos, logrados gracias a la mayor eficiencia de producción que se consigue industrializando tecnológicamente, ganado así, por productividad y mayor utilidad. También, en este ensayo se expone las posibilidades de que un país subdesarrollado o en vías al desarrollo caiga en la denominada dependencia tecnología, lo cual ocasiona problemas los cuales se expondrán a lo largo del documento. Por otro lado, se muestra la evolución económica de la región asiática en términos de exportación. This paper includes a reflection about issue of technology transfer between countries, supported by writings made by the main authors internationally. This reflection is because of the need for countries to underdeveloped or developing countries have in their industry to be competitive in the international hostile market. Technological transfer is undoubtedly a necessity in terms of socio-economic development is through the sharing of technology between countries, it is possible to improve productivity in the industrial sector, opening the field to participate in the international market, with products and high quality services at competitive prices, achieved through increased production efficiency is achieved technologically industrialized, well earned, for greater productivity and profit. Also, this paper discussed the possibilities of an underdeveloped or developing country to fall into the so-called developing technology dependence, which causes a number of problems which will be discussed throughout the document. On the other hand, it is shown the way to Asiatic region grown up talking about exportations.

[EN] In this paper we propose an approach to the notion of technological appropriation through a discursive elaboration raised beyond use of technology by a social group. We consider technological appropriation as a relationship based on the articulation of practices, representations and values, expressing the group discourse on technology. This relationship implies a more precise description of its use, in terms of meaningful use, leading to regard non-use of technology as a relevant practice, and to emphasize the relationship between use and non-use in technological appropriation. The characterization we make regarding the meaningful use of technology, by means of factors of technological appropriation, shows that not all kind of use of technology is meaningful or should contribute to its appropriation. Finally, we propose a heuristic questionnaire as a way of studying practices of use and non-use which articulate the discursive relationship of technological appropriation here proposed., [ES] En este artículo proponemos un acercamiento a la noción de apropiación tecnológica, mediante una elaboración discursiva planteada más allá del uso de la tecnología por parte de un grupo social. Consideramos la apropiación tecnológica como una relación basada en la articulación de prácticas, representaciones y valores compartidos, que expresa el discurso del grupo hacia la tecnología. Esta relación implica una descripción más precisa de su uso, en términos de su uso significativo, que lleva a considerar el no uso de la tecnología como una práctica relevante, y a destacar la relación entre el uso y el no uso en la apropiación tecnológica. La caracterización que hacemos del uso significativo, mediante factores de apropiación tecnológica, muestra que no todo el uso de la tecnología es significativo ni contribuye a su apropiación. Finalmente, proponemos un cuestionario como vía heurística para el estudio de las prácticas de uso y de no uso que articulan la relación discursiva de apropiación tecnológica expuesta en el artículo., La elaboración de este artículo se inscribe en el proyecto de investigación “Innovación oculta: cambio de paradigma en los estudios de innovación” (FFI2011-25475), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España.