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Recent studies have demonstrated changes in athletes brain imaging across a competitive season due to repeated head impacts during collision sports. However, there is no data reporting cortical activity in elite female rugby sevens players. There is scant literature on the effects of high-definition (HD)-transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cortical activity responses at different time points (TP) across the competitive season on the responsiveness of spectral band frequencies for HD-tDCS stimulation. This study examined the cortical activity of elite female rugby sevens players prior to pre-season (TP1) and following five months of training and competition (TP2), and the acute effects of HD-tDCS on cortical activity parameters. For each TP, the squad was randomly allocated to the HD-tDCS sham or the HD-tDCS anodal (active) stimulation groups. The Stroop task was performed for approximately 15 min prior to HD-tDCS (Stroop task-PRE). Following completion of the Stroop task-PRE, participants received 20-minutes of HD-tDCS stimulation and then performed the Stroop task (Stroop task-POST). A diminished responsiveness of cortical activity to the perturbation (HD-tDCS) for TP2 (vs. TP1) was observed, with cortical rhythms exhibiting a relative decline in faster bands (alpha, beta, and gamma), while slower bands (delta and theta) increased its proportional contribution to cortical activity. This discovery implies a potential alteration in the neural substrate's responsiveness to neuromodulation, likely influenced by the cumulative effects of repeated head impacts. The diminished responsiveness to HD-tDCS prompts significant considerations for the application of neuromodulation techniques in athletes participating in contact/collision sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In soccer, the capacity for acceleration and high-speed tasks extends beyond linear sprints to encompass a broad spectrum of multidirectional movements, including curvilinear sprints. We aimed to correlate mandatory speed-related capabilities with curve sprint (CS) performance in male professional soccer players. Twenty-one players (age 25.9 ± 5.4 years) performed the jump squat with 30% and 60% of body mass (JS30% and JS60%, respectively), countermovement (CMJ) and squat jumps (SJ), 10 m and 20 m linear sprint, 17 m CS, 20 m with change-of-direction (COD), and 20 m resisted sprints with 20% and 65% of body mass (RS20% and RS65%, respectively). The Pearson product–moment test and Spearman correlation test were performed. Strong correlations were observed between 10 m (r = 0.662; p = 0.001) and 20 m (r = 0.677; p < 0.001) linear sprint times with CS times. Regarding the COD speed, moderate correlations with RS20% times (r = 0.508; p = 0.019) and very strong correlations with RS65% times (r = 0.750; p < 0.001) were observed. Moderate relationships were observed for CMJ with 20 m linear sprint times (r = - 0.467; p = 0.033) and CS times (r = - 0.471; p = 0.031), as well as for SJ and CS times (r = - 0.437; p = 0.047). This information offers insights for enhancing test sensitivity and tailoring training prescriptions in professional soccer, once correlation was found between groups of tasks with vertical predominance (i.e., vertical jump, curved and linear sprints) and horizontal predominance (i.e., COD and resisted sprints). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We examined whether the situational match factors (location, result, and opposition quality), as well as playing position and menstrual cycle phase, influenced self-reported well-being in female soccer players. Methods: Twenty-two professional players (25 ± 5 years) from a squad in the Women's Super League in England self-reported their menstrual cycle phase via an online survey, and their soreness, sleep, stress, mood, and fatigue on a 1 (positive) to 5 (negative) scale on the morning of match day (MD) and for the next 3 days (referred to as MD + 1, MD + 2, MD + 3, respectively). Data was collected for 26 matches across the 2021–2022 season. Session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) and total distance covered (measured with GPS) were measured on match and training days. Results: Menstrual cycle phase and the situational match factors had no influence on distance covered during matches and sRPE (p >.05). Sleep was worse on MD + 1 (p <.001; g = 1.59) and MD + 2 (p =.005; g = 0.98) after away matches. Stress and mood were > 28% worse after playing top vs. mid and bottom table opposition at MD + 1, and significantly worse when losing compared to winning and drawing (p >.05). Playing position and menstrual cycle phase has no influence on self-reported well-being (p >.05). Conclusion: Sleep quality was worse after away matches and losing matches negatively affects stress and mood for 2 days post-match, but menstrual cycle phase does not influence post-match well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared weekly near-to-maximum speed exposure data when determined via different methods and criteria. Forty-seven professional Australian rules football (AF) players undertook pre-season sprint assessments (PSSA) via 3 × 50 m maximal efforts using 10 Hz GPS over two consecutive seasons. The same technology was used continually during the in-season to identify maximum speeds attained in training and matches. Weekly near-to-maximal speed (MS) exposure counts were aggregated for speeds ≥80%, ≥85%, ≥90% and ≥95% of their individual maximum for both determination approaches. Weekly near-to-MS exposures was lower (p < 0.0001) when determined from in-season monitoring for ≥80% (−1.26; CI: −1.58 to −0.93), ≥85% (−0.78; CI: −0.97 to −0.59), ≥90% (−0.42; CI: −0.53 to −0.32), and ≥95% (−0.09; CI: −0.12 to −0.06) versus PSSA, with no effect of playing position (P ≥ 0.161). Although ≥80% and ≥85% near-to-maximum speed exposure data was meaningfully influenced by the determination method, the effect was somewhat trivial at higher speed criteria (≥90% and ≥95%) often considered important for performance gains and injury risk reduction purposes. Maximum speed determination methods therefore may be used interchangeably, and discrete sprint assessments may not be necessary for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAlthough circadian rhythms have been shown to influence some neuromuscular performance tasks, the time-of-day effect on team sports performance athletes remains equivocal. This study aimed to examine the existing evidence concerning diurnal variations in neuromuscular performance in professional and semi-professional team sports athletes using a meta-analytic approach.MethodsA literature search was conducted through three different databases: PubMed, SportDiscus and Web of Science. Article selection was made based on the following inclusion criteria: team sports athletes, professional or semi-professional athletes, neuromuscular performance, testing protocols and time-of-day testing times. Neuromuscular performance parameters such vertical jump capacity (i.e., squat and countermovement jump), agility and isometric strength were included in the analysis. Testing protocols that specifically assessed these parameters across morning (AM) and late afternoon/evening (PM) periods were considered were extracted from the selected studies.ResultsTen studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and five for quantitative synthesis. Meta-analysis indicated lower countermovement jump in the AM compared to with PM (mean difference, −1.44; 95% CI −2.80 to −0.08; p = 0.04) and higher agility performance (mean difference 0.42; 95% CI 0.09–0.74; p = 0.01) in PM comparing with AM. No differences were reported in isometric strength and squat jump performance (p > 0.05).ConclusionNeuromuscular performance is higher in the late afternoon or early evening compared to morning schedules in team sport athletes. Hence, time-of-day variations need to be considered when evaluating neuromuscular performance in professional and semi-professional team sports athletes.

This study aimed to determine, through the use of a highly sensitive statistical tool, whether real changes in performance were present; and compare the rates of meaningful variations in strength, speed, and power parameters at different time-points during the competitive season in national team rugby players. Thirtytwo players were assessed 5 times across the season using the following tests: squat jump and countermovement jump tests; 30-m sprint velocity; and one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the half-squat and bench-press exercises. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to test for differences between successive time-points. Individual coefficients of variation values were used to set target scores for post-measurements and examine whether changes in performance parameters were greater than the natural test variance, thus providing an indication of whether "true changes" occurred. No significant changes were detected in the vertical jump height, 1RM measures, and sprint velocity and momentum throughout the 11-month period ( P > 0.05). True changes occurred much more frequently for strength-power measures than for sprint velocity and momentum. Elite rugby union players did not exhibit significant variations in neuromuscular performance across the competitive period, when a group-based analysis was conducted. However, at the individual level, "true changes" in strength-power- (but not in speed-) related qualities were consistently observed over the competitive season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the most common absolute sprint threshold (> 25.2 km/h) with relative and individualized thresholds (> 70%, > 75%, > 80%, > 85% and > 90% of peak match speed). Twenty elite soccer players, competing in the first division of the Portuguese League, were monitored using GNSS equipment during thirty-four official matches. Peak match speed was retrieved as the individual maximal speed reached during the full season. Distances were registered when speed overcame the absolute and the relative thresholds. Mean ± SD of peak speeds and distances covered were calculated, and Pearson correlation ( r) and mean paired differences were performed to analyze relationships and differences between thresholds. The peak match speed was 32.9 ± 1.4 km/h. Correlations between distances covered using the absolute and relative thresholds varied from very strong (> 70%: r = 0.84, p < .001; > 75%: r = 0.89, p < .001; and > 80%: r = 0.88, p < .001), strong (> 85%: r = 0.79, p < .001), to moderate (> 90%: r = 0.59, p < .001). Overall, the > 75% (ES: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.16, 0.31]) and the > 90% (ES: -1.65 [95%CI: -1.85, -1.48]) relative thresholds presented the smallest and largest differences, respectively, with the absolute threshold. Differences were also found when considering the playing positions. While the distances covered by central midfielders were similar between the absolute and > 80% thresholds (-0.03 [-0.16, 0.10]), fullbacks covered largely more distance -1.88 [-2.42 -1.50]) in the absolute threshold than in the > 80% threshold. The distances covered by players varied based on the selected threshold, affecting the distances covered by different playing positions. Being the highest speed threshold within displacements thresholds, the absolute sprint threshold showed greater similarity to lower rather than higher relative thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine, through the use of a highly sensitive statistical tool, whether real changes in performance were present; and compare the rates of meaningful variations in strength, speed, and power parameters at different time-points during the competitive season in national team rugby players. Thirtytwo players were assessed 5 times across the season using the following tests: squat jump and countermovement jump tests; 30-m sprint velocity; and one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the half-squat and bench-press exercises. A repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted to test for differences between successive time-points. Individual coefficients of variation values were used to set target scores for post measurements and examine whether changes in performance parameters were greater than the natural test variance, thus providing an indication of whether “true changes” occurred. No significant changes were detected in the vertical jump height, 1RM measures, and sprint velocity and momentum throughout the 11-month period ( P > 0.05). True changes occurred much more frequently for strength-power measures than for sprint velocity and momentum. Elite rugby union players did not exhibit significant variations in neuromuscular performance across the competitive period, when a group-based analysis was conducted. However, at the individual level, “true changes” in strength-power- (but not in speed-) related qualities were consistently observed over the competitive season.

This study compared the most common absolute sprint threshold (> 25.2 km/h) with relative and individualized thresholds (> 70%, > 75%, > 80%, > 85% and > 90% of peak match speed). Twenty elite soccer players, competing in the first division of the Portuguese League, were monitored using GNSS equipment during thirty-four official matches. Peak match speed was retrieved as the individual maximal speed reached during the full season. Distances were registered when speed overcame the absolute and the relative thresholds. Mean±SD of peak speeds and distances covered were calculated, and Pearson correlation ( r ) and mean paired differences were performed to analyze relationships and differences between thresholds. The peak match speed was 32.9±1.4 km/h. Correlations between distances covered using the absolute and relative thresholds varied from very strong (> 70%: r = 0.84, p 75%: r = 0.89, p 80%: r = 0.88, p 85%: r = 0.79, p 90%: r = 0.59, p 75% (ES: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.16, 0.31]) and the > 90% (ES: -1.65 [95%CI: -1.85, -1.48]) relative thresholds presented the smallest and largest differences, respectively, with the absolute threshold. Differences were also found when considering the playing positions. While the distances covered by central midfielders were similar between the absolute and > 80% thresholds (-0.03 [-0.16, 0.10]), fullbacks covered largely more distance -1.88 [-2.42 -1.50]) in the absolute threshold than in the > 80% threshold. The distances covered by players varied based on the selected threshold, affecting the distances covered by different playing positions. Being the highest speed threshold within displacements thresholds, the absolute sprint threshold showed greater similarity to lower rather than higher relative thresholds.

Biological age-based competitions have been suggested to mitigate maturation bias among youth football players. This study analysed the physical demands and spatial exploration behaviour when playing football matches against biological or chronological age-based opposition. One-hundred and sixteen U-13 and U-14 male regional-level football players were recruited from five Portuguese football academies. Each player completed eight games, four per condition (chronological and biological-based), on the same day. Games were played in 7 vs. 7 formats, with 20-min duration, and conformed to standard officiating and rule procedures. The following variables were considered from GPS-data in each game: distance covered, high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, body impacts, and average and peak speeds. Furthermore, average, and peak heart rates (HRpeak) and spatial exploration index were collected. Players covered significantly less distance (ES = 1.11), performed fewer decelerations (ES = 0.82), achieved lower average speeds (ES = 1.15), had fewer body impacts (ES = 0.94), and recorded lower HRpeak (ES = 0.56) in the biological age-based competition compared to the chronological-age-based. No significant differences were found between the two formats in spatial exploration. Both game formats offer distinct physical demands at the external and internal levels. Finally, practitioners can manipulate the type of opposition to get distinct physical demands to mitigate the effect of maturation bias during development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the validity of 5-m (TG5) and 10-m (TG10) split times measured with timing gates to estimate maximum sprint speed (MSS) against a criterion measure radar gun (RG) during the maximum velocity phase of a 30-m sprint. Nineteen amateur rugby players performed two 30-m sprints. The timing gates were placed at the starting line and at 5-, 10-, 20-, 25- and 30-m. In addition, a RG was used to measure instantaneous velocity. Both trials per participant were used selected as references. MSS obtained from TG10, TG5 and RG showed high intraclass correlation coefficients (0.971–0.978), low coefficients of variation (1.14–1.70%) and smallest detectable changes (<0.02 m/s). Pairwise comparison revealed differences (p = 0.002) in MSS when comparing TG10 to RG, but not TG5 and RG (p = 0.957). Almost perfect correlations were found between RG, TG5 and TG10 (r > 0.926, p < 0.001). In conclusion, MSS obtained from TG5, TG10 and RG presented good intra-session reliability. However, practitioners should be aware that substantial differences exist between TG10 and RG. For the assessment of MSS in team-sport athletes, it is recommended the use of TG5 for more accurate estimations when a gold standard criterion is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the differences in body composition and physical performance in academy under-16 (U16) soccer players, born in the first (i.e., early born, EB) and second semester (i.e., late born, LB) of the year; and analyze the associations of relative age (RA) and biological maturation (peak height velocity [PHV]) with body composition and physical performance. Methods: Twenty U16 male players (age: 15.6 ± 0.4 years, body mass: 63.7 ± 6.4 kg, height: 172.1 ± 6.3 cm) participated in the study. Body composition, one-repetition maximum in the squat (SQ-1RM) and bench press (BP-1RM), jumps, sprints (linear, curved and change of direction) and endurance capacity tests were completed. Results: EB had a significant earlier maturity offset and higher muscle mass (p < 0.05; ES: 0.91 and 0.94), and performed better in the strength, jump, sprints, and aerobic tests when compared to LB players (p < 0.05; ES varying between 0.89 and 1.41). Significant associations were observed between maturity offset and RA, body composition, and several physical capacities (p < 0.05; r = 0.447 to 0.759). Conclusions: EB players outperformed their LB peers, which may be attributed to their more advanced biological maturation. In addition, maturity offset and RA were both associated to body composition and physical performance metrics in U16 male soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the recovery responses to the Total Quality Recovery (TQR), Well-Being questionnaire (WBQ), and Heart Rate (HR) responses to Submaximal Running Test (SRT), and the influence of salivary testosterone concentration (TEST) on these responses in 25 elite youth (U15) male basketball players. TQR, WBQ, and HR measurements were assessed after 48 hours of rest (T1), 24 hours after the 1st day of training (T2) and 24 hours after the 2nd day of training (T3). Salivary sampling was conducted at T1 and T3. A significant decrease was observed for TQR (F = 4.06; p = 0.01) and for WBQ (F = 5.37; p = 0.008) from T1 to T3. No difference among the three-time points was observed for HR and HR Recovery, and the TEST concentration did not influence the results. These results show that TQR and WBQ are sensitive to acute transient alterations in training loads (TL) and may be utilized to monitor recovery in elite youth basketball players. The HR related measurements presented limited responsiveness, and the TEST seems not to influence the recovery of these players who are competing at highest performance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the current practices in futsal regarding a variety of topics related to performance and injury risk mitigation. Thirty-seven coaches from Spain and Portugal completed a questionnaire consisting of 28 closed questions organized in four categories: a) background information; b) training load (TL) monitoring and assessment of players' physical qualities; c) strength training (ST) practices; and d) recovery (REC) methods. The results showed that coaches varied in experience (1–8 years) and age (from 20 years to >50 years). Overall, 97.3% of the participants declared monitoring TL, with rating of perceived exertion, heart rate monitors, and wearable technology being used by 86.5%, 40.5%, and 37.8%, respectively. Neuromuscular and strength testing are the most common practices to evaluate performance and fatigue during the season. ST is a significant component of futsal, being performed 3 times/week during the pre- and in-season. ST is prescribed via %1RM – XRM (59.5%), velocity-based training (21.7%), repetitions in reserve (18.9%), until failure (10.8%), and circuit training (2.7%). 'Better Monitoring', 'More Individualized', 'Better Facilities', 'More Staff', and 'More Time' were the main aspects to improve ST. Multiple post-match REC strategies are used, with durations ranging from 0–15 to 16–30 min independently of game location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe aims of this study were to compare several countermovement jump (CMJ) kinetic variables between professional (PRO) and semi-professional (SEMI-PRO) futsal players and examine the differences amongst playing positions.MethodsCMJ performance from 56 male futsal players (25.2 ± 4.8 years; weight: 74.4 ± 6.4 kg) was analysed. Players were separated into PRO (n = 29; 27.0 ± 4.4 years; 75.4 ± 6.0 kg) and SEMI-PRO (n = 27; 22.7 ± 4.3 years; 73.1 ± 6.8 kg), and according to playing position: defenders (n = 16; 25.4 ± 3.7 years; 75.2 ± 6.0 kg), wingers (n = 26; 23.5 ± 4.5 years; 72.0 ± 6.9 kg), and pivots (n = 14; 28.0 ± 5.6 years; 77.8 ± 4.3 kg). Linear mixed models and effect sizes were used for the analyses based on the mean of two jumps for each variable.ResultsPRO players presented a deeper center of mass (COM) displacement (p = 0.002, ES = 0.83), greater eccentric (Ecc) absolute (p = 0.019, ES = 0.61) and relative peak power (p = 0.046, ES = 0.52), and achieved greater Ecc peak velocities (p = 0.004, ES = 0.76) when compared to SEMI-PRO. Non-significant and trivial-to-small differences were observed in all the other CMJ variables according to the competitive level and playing position.DiscussionEcc capabilities (i.e., deeper COM displacement, greater Ecc absolute and relative peak power, and peak velocity) during vertical jump seem to differentiate PRO and SEMI-PRO players. However, CMJ variables do not discriminate amongst playing positions in futsal players.

This study compared the differences in acceleration and deceleration demands between three different warm‐up (WU) strategies (Reaction speed [exercises with reaction to a stimulus], Run [self‐paced running], and Speed [exercises such as shuttle running or circuits]) applied to highly trained soccer players. Nineteen players were monitored for 4 weeks using a 10 Hz Global Positioning System. Accelerations and decelerations magnitudes were classified as low (25%–50%), moderate (50%–75%), and high (>75%) intensities. Additionally, efforts were analyzed according to their respective starting speeds (<5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, and >25 km h−1). Differences between WU strategies were estimated via paired mean differences along with effect sizes. The three WU strategies led to few efforts starting >15 km h−1 and high‐intensity efforts (<1 effort per minute). Players performed more high‐intensity accelerations during Speed than Reaction Speed (ES: 0.74 [90% CI: 0.21, 1.33]); more moderate‐intensity accelerations during Reaction Speed than Run (ES: 1.29 [90% CI: 0.72, 2.00]); more moderate‐intensity decelerations during Reaction Speed than Run (ES: 0.64 [90% CI: 0.04, 1.32]) and Speed (ES: 0.89 [90% CI: 0.37, 1.50]); more decelerations started at 20–25 km h−1 during Speed than Reaction Speed (ES: 0.81 [90% CI: 0.20, 1.49]) and Run (ES: 0.76 [90% CI: 0.42, 1.18]); and more decelerations started at >25 km h−1 during Speed than Reaction Speed (ES: 3.57 [90% CI: 2.88, 4.58]). In conclusion, Speed elicited higher acceleration and deceleration demands than the Reaction Speed and Run WU strategies, and this should be considered when designing training sessions. Highlights: Soccer warm‐ups (WUs) use different training strategies, which should be monitored independently as they elicit different acceleration and deceleration demands.Speed exercises (such as shuttle running and circuits) may expose players to more high‐speed displacements and high‐intensity accelerations.Practitioners should choose WUs strategies considering the subsequent activity to avoid under or overloading players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the effects of two 4-week strength-power-speed training protocols on physical performance of young soccer players. Twenty-three highly trained under-20 soccer players were randomly allocated to two mixed-training groups: 1) "traditional" (TRAD: n=11), comprising vertically oriented strength-power exercises and linear sprints; or 2) "multidirectional" (MULTI: n=12), combining vertically and horizontally oriented strength-power exercises, linear sprints, and change-of-direction (COD) drills. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump, 2) linear sprint, COD speed, and 3) jump-squat (JS) and hip-thrust (HT) power tests were performed pre- and post-training. Differences were determined using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and "target scores" were used to detect real changes in performance. No group-time interactions were found for any of the variables (p >0.05). Significant increases (p <0.05) in 20-m sprint velocity, JS- and HT-power were found in both groups, and in SJ in TRAD. Individual analyses revealed a greater number of meaningful changes in zig-zag velocity in MULTI while most players in TRAD displayed meaningful increases in SJ height. In conclusion, both training protocols resulted in similar adaptations but, at the individual level, it appears that MULTI protocol is superior to improve COD ability while TRAD should be preferred to maximize vertical jumping capabilities during short soccer pre-seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This 11-week study aimed to correlate the neuromuscular profile and the total volume of resisted sprint training (RST) under different velocity loss (VL) magnitudes in male professional soccer players. Methods: Seventeen soccer players (age 25.8 ± 4.3 years; height 180.0 ± 8.6 cm; weight 77.7 ± 9.7 kg) were randomly allocated into two training groups, who trained at distinct percentages of VL: 10% of VL (G10, n = 8) or 20% of VL (G20, n = 9). The velocity-based sled training consisted of 20 m resisted sprints executed with a progressive loading increase (45–65% of body-mass). Sprint times (10 m and 20 m), vertical jump height [countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ)], knee flexion and extension peak torque, as well as isometric rate of torque development, and lower limb lean mass were correlated with the total volume of RST performed by G10 and G20 groups. Results: The G10 performed 31% less repetitions and total RST distance than G20 (p = 0.002). Significant negative Pearson's correlations (large-to-very large) were observed between total volume performed by G10 and CMJ height [r = − 0.85, confidence interval at 95% (95% CI) = − 0.98 to − 0.58, p = 0.02, Cohen's D effect size (ES) = 0.41] as well as SJ height (r = − 0.90, 95% CI − 0.99 to − 0.66, p = 0.005, ES = 0.80), and knee extension concentric peak torque (r = − 0.69, 95% CI − 0.99 0.91, p = 0.05, ES = 0.03). No further correlation was found (p > 0.05). Conclusions: When lower magnitudes of VL were used during training sessions (10%), the stronger and more powerful players performed lower volume of RST. Interestingly, this relationship is not confirmed when higher magnitudes of VL (20%) are prescribed (greater fatigue incidence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the maturational state and contextual factors with future basketball career success in Under-16 (U16) Portuguese youth preparing for the U16 European Basketball Championships. Eighty-five Under-15 (U15) and U16 male basketball players (height: 189.7 ± 6.53 cm; body mass: 81.1 ± 9.96 kg; the age of peak height velocity: 13.3 ± 0.7 y) were selected by the Portuguese national coaching staff to participate in a national team training camp in 2016, 2017, and 2018 years. A binary logistic regression was employed to identify the influence of maturation, born quartile, demographic, geographic and economic characteristics, and sport career (i.e., drop out during first season and chance of playing professionally). Early maturing players were typically classified as inside players. Training experience and predicted adult height, and type of first club were able to predict players who dropped out during their first season at senior level (both p < 0.01). No variables were able to predict who played in a professional league during their first season at senior level. Practitioners should use these data to consider how national level basketball players are identified and developed, but also keep in mind of their specific contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the validity and reliability of common systems to assess sprint-derived horizontal force-velocity-power (FVPH) profile metrics. Two double constellation athlete monitoring systems (STATSports Apex, Catapult Vector S7) and one timing gate system were compared with a radar gun for the computation of FVPH metrics. Intersystem validity was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Pearson's correlation coefficients (R²), and Bland-Altman plots with absolute and percent agreement. Intrasystem reliability was assessed with agreement bias and ICC. STATSports demonstrated moderate agreement for F0, Pmax, χ, and Drf (8.62, 6.46, -9.81, and 9.96%, respectively) and good agreement for V0 and MSS (-2.18 and -1.62%). Catapult displayed good agreement across all metrics (F0, V0, Pmax, MSS, τ, and Drf: -0.96, -0.89, -1.85, -0.84, 0.38, and -0.27%, respectively). Timing gates demonstrated good agreement with V0 and MSS (-2.62 and -1.71%) and poor agreement with F0, Pmax, τ, and Drf (19.17, 16.64, -20.49, and 20.18%, respectively). Intrasystem reliability demonstrated good agreement (<2% bias) with very large to near-perfect ICC (0.84-0.99) for Catapult and STATSports systems. Overall, GPS/GNSS 10 Hz technology is reliable across devices and can provide moderate-to-good accuracy of FVPH metrics in single maximal effort sprints. However, Catapult provided better agreement for more FVPH metrics than STATSports, which may be related to differences in proprietary algorithms. Also, modeling timing gate data using current FVPH profiling techniques results in poor bias that requires greater investigation. GPS/GNSS data can be used for FVPH profiling, which could inform performance and rehabilitation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the physical and individual technical-tactical performance of elite futsal players.MethodsThirteen National Team futsal players (27.4 ± 4.7 years, 70.3 ± 7.6 kg, 176.3 ± 5.5 cm) competed in 15 official matches in three distinct competitions. Session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) and player load (PL) were measured for assessing physical internal and external load, respectively. Individual tactical actions were analyzed using Instat Scout®, considering variables such as fouls, shots, shots on target, goals, successful dribbles, passes, successful passes, ball losses, ball recoveries, and challenges won.ResultsThe cluster analysis classified the players into two groups: “high-involvement” (HIGH) and “low-involvement” (LOW), based on their average effective playing time, sRPE, and PL. A linear mixed model was used to examine the differences in external and internal load and technical-tactical variables between the two groups, accounting for individual repeated measures. Considering absolute values, HIGH players presented higher sRPE, RPE, total PL, shots, goals, passes, successful passes, ball losses and recoveries, and challenges won (p = 0.001–0.039; ES = 0.43–2.48), when compared to their LOW counterparts. However, when analyzed relative to effective time, LOW players reached higher total PL and shots per minute (p = 0.001–0.012; ES = 0.39–0.93) when compared to HIGH players. Non-significant differences were found for the rest of the variables.DiscussionIn summary, these results emphasize the importance of normalizing internal and external load variables and technical-tactical performance variables per effective playing time in futsal. The current findings indicate that players with lower involvement can present the same or even higher physical and technical-tactical performance compared to teammates with more playing time.

Effective playing time has been debated as a topic of major concern in football. Thus, the current experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of effective playing time on technical-tactical and physical match parameters in football. One hundred and seventy-nine male highly trained football players (aged 27.9 ± 5.1 years) from twelve teams performed two different match-play conditions: 45 min of match-play without stopping the chronometer (T45), and 30 min of match-play by stopping the chronometer every time the ball was out-of-play (T30). T30 presented a significantly higher total time (49:30 vs. 45:00 min; p =

Purpose: Beetroot juice is a dietary supplement that contains high levels of inorganic nitrate (NO3-) and that its intake has proven effective at increasing blood nitric oxide (NO) concentrations improving endurance performance. However, the effect of this supplement in team sport performance, especially in female athletes, has been barely studied. This study aimed to compare the acute effects of beetroot juice supplementation on neuromuscular performance and match-play demands in elite female field hockey players. Methods: Eleven elite female hockey players (22.8 ± 5.1 years) belonging to a bronze team medal in Eurohockey Club Champions Cup participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups undergoing a test battery with beetroot juice (70 mL, 6.4 mmol NO3−) or placebo (70 mL, 0.04 mmol NO3−) in two different days with one week between protocols. The neuromuscular test battery consisted of a countermovement jump, isometric handgrip strength (i.e., dominant hand), 20 m-sprint and repeated sprint ability test (RSA). Afterward, a simulated hockey match play (2 × 12.5 min) was performed and recorded by Global Positioning System (GPS). Results: No statistically significant improvements were observed in any physical parameters analysed comparing beetroot juice compared to placebo ingestion, countermovement jump (p = 0.776, ES = 0.16), isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.829; ES = – 0.08), 20 m sprint test (p = 0.227; ES = – 0.23), mean repeated sprint ability (p = 0.955, ES = 0.03) and in any physical match demands measured by GPS (p = 0.243–1.000; ES = 0.02–0.47). Conclusion: Acute beetroot juice supplementation did not produce any statistically significant improvement in neuromuscular performance or match-play demands in elite female field hockey players. Trial registration: The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the following ID: NCT05209139. The study was retrospectively registered by 26 January 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the effects of two intervention programs (i.e., high-intensity interval training [ΗΙΙΤ] versus sprint interval training [SIT]) during the second wave of pandemic COVID-19 in semi-professional soccer players. Twenty-nine male soccer players were divided into two groups: HIIT (N: 16, age: 19.6 ± 2.4 years, height: 1.8 ± 0.5 m, weight: 71.5 ± 4.6 kg, and body fat: 7.3 ± 2.6%), who performed a HIIT protocol with progressive intensity and resistance training; SIT (N: 13, age: 23.5 ± 5.1 years, height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m, weight: 74.0 ± 4.5 kg and body fat: 8.8 ± 2.6%) that performed a SIT program combined with body weight circuit training. According to the instructions from World Health Organization of basic protective measures against COVID-19, each session did not exceed 60 min. Aerobic capacity (Yo–Yo IR1) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were measured before and after a 4-week intervention period. Aerobic variables (maximum oxygen uptake [V̇O2max], velocity at V̇O2max [vV̇O2max] and CMJ significantly increased (p

Brazil is the leading global exporter of soccer players, with approximately 2,000 international transfers to different clubs per year. Although Brazilian players compete in the most prestigious soccer leagues worldwide, the habitual training methods, strategies, and routines of Brazilian soccer strength and conditioning coaches (SCCs) are undocumented. This study used a standard online survey to collect and characterize the strength and conditioning practices of Brazilian soccer SCCs. Forty-nine SCCs (age: 40.4 ± 7.5 years; professional experience: 15.3 ± 7.5 years) working in Brazilian professional soccer teams participated in this study. The survey consisted of eight sections: 1) background information; 2) muscular strength-power development; 3) speed training; 4) plyometrics; 5) flexibility training; 6) physical testing; 7) technology use; and 8) programing. Results indicated that training and testing practices of Brazilian SCCs are strongly affected by the congested fixture schedules, extensive traveling distances, and socio-economic disparities between different regions of the country. We describe all these different strategies and methods in detail, providing a comprehensive view and a critical examination of Brazilian soccer strength and conditioning practices. Brazilian SCCs and professional soccer organizations can use the findings from this study to develop training strategies and customize education programs. Practitioners from other countries can use this information to design training programs closely tailored to the background of Brazilian athletes, which may support their adaptation to different competitive scenarios and game demands, such as those found in the most important soccer leagues worldwide.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a traditional resistance training scheme on the relative strength (RS), relative peak-force (RPF), strength deficit (SDef), and vertical jump and sprint abilities in elite young soccer players. Thirty-five under-20 soccer players from two professional clubs were assessed before and after a 4-week competitive period. One team performed 12 sessions of a structured resistance training program and the other maintained their regular soccer-specific training and competitive routines. Resistance training sessions consisted of half-squat and jump-squat exercises at intensities of 30–80% of the one-repetition maximum. Both teams performed pre- and post-measurements in the following order: (1) countermovement jump (CMJ), (2) 20-m sprint, and (3) half-squat one-repetition maximum to determine the RS, RPF, and SDef. A two-way analysis of variance was used to test for group x time interaction among variables. Effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. Group x time interactions were demonstrated for RS ([ES [95%CI] = 1.21 [0.57; 1.85], P = 0.001), RPF (ES [95%CI] = 1.18 [0.52; 1.80], P = 0.001), SDef (ES [95%CI] = 0.86 [0.01; 1.71], P = 0.04), and CMJ (ES [95%CI] = 0.64 [0.28; 0.99], P = 0.001); whereas a non-significant interaction was observed for 20-m sprint performance (ES [95%CI] = 0.02 [-0.32; 0.36], P = 0.85). Traditional strength-power oriented training resulted in improved maximum strength performance and CMJ ability but, paradoxically, increased the SDef. As a consequence, stronger athletes are not necessarily able to use greater percentages of their peak-force against relatively lighter loads.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Zabaloy, S, Carlos-Vivas, J, Freitas, TT, Pareja-Blanco, F, Loturco, I, Comyns, T, Gálvez-González, J, and Alcaraz, PE. Muscle activity, leg stiffness and kinematics during unresisted and resisted sprinting conditions. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1839–1846, 2022—This study aimed to compare muscle activity, leg stiffness, and kinematics (contact and flight time [FT], stride length and frequency, and trunk angle [TA]) of unloaded sprinting to resisted sprint (RST) using different loads. Twelve male rugby players (age: 23.5 ± 5.1 years; height: 1.79 ± 0.04 m; body mass 82.5 ± 13.1 kg) performed 30-m sprints using different loading conditions (0, 10, 30 and 50% of velocity loss—Vloss—from the maximum velocity reached under unloaded condition). Muscle activity from 4 muscles (biceps femoris long head, rectus femoris [RF], gluteus medius and gastrocnemius), leg stiffness (Kleg), and kinematics were measured during the acceleration and maximum velocity (Vmax) phases of each sprint. Heavier loads led to significantly lower biceps femoris long head activation and higher rectus femoris activity (p < 0.01–0.05). Significant reductions in Kleg were observed as loading increased (p < 0.001–0.05). Kinematic variables showed substantial changes with higher loads during the acceleration and Vmax phase. In conclusion, the heavier the sled load, the higher the disruptions in muscle activity, Kleg, and kinematics. When coaches and practitioners intend to conduct resisted sprint training sessions without provoking great disruptions in sprint technique, very-heavy sled loads (greater than 30% Vloss) should be avoided. However, heavy sled loads may allow athletes to keep specific positions of the early acceleration phase for longer time intervals (i.e., first 2–3 strides during unresisted sprints). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil is the leading global exporter of soccer players, with approximately 2,000 international transfers to different clubs per year. Although Brazilian players compete in the most prestigious soccer leagues worldwide, the habitual training methods, strategies, and routines of Brazilian soccer strength and conditioning coaches (SCCs) are undocumented. This study used a standard online survey to collect and characterize the strength and conditioning practices of Brazilian soccer SCCs. Forty-nine SCCs (age: 40.4 ± 7.5 years; professional experience: 15.3 ± 7.5 years) working in Brazilian professional soccer teams participated in this study. The survey consisted of eight sections: 1) background information; 2) muscular strength-power development; 3) speed training; 4) plyometrics; 5) flexibility training; 6) physical testing; 7) technology use; and 8) programing. Results indicated that training and testing practices of Brazilian SCCs are strongly affected by the congested fixture schedules, extensive traveling distances, and socio-economic disparities between different regions of the country. We describe all these different strategies and methods in detail, providing a comprehensive view and a critical examination of Brazilian soccer strength and conditioning practices. Brazilian SCCs and professional soccer organizations can use the findings from this study to develop training strategies and customize education programs. Practitioners from other countries can use this information to design training programs closely tailored to the background of Brazilian athletes, which may support their adaptation to different competitive scenarios and game demands, such as those found in the most important soccer leagues worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a traditional resistance training scheme on the relative strength (RS), relative peak-force (RPF), strength deficit (SDef), and vertical jump and sprint abilities in elite young soccer players. Thirty-five under-20 soccer players from two professional clubs were assessed before and after a 4-week competitive period. One team performed 12 sessions of a structured resistance training program and the other maintained their regular soccer-specific training and competitive routines. Resistance training sessions consisted of half-squat and jump-squat exercises at intensities of 30-80% of the one-repetition maximum. Both teams performed pre- and post-measurements in the following order: (1) countermovement jump (CMJ), (2) 20-m sprint, and (3) half-squat one-repetition maximum to determine the RS, RPF, and SDef. A two-way analysis of variance was used to test for group x time interaction among variables. Effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. Group x time interactions were demonstrated for RS ([ES [95%CI] = 1.21 [0.57; 1.85], P = 0.001), RPF (ES [95%CI] = 1.18 [0.52; 1.80], P = 0.001), SDef (ES [95%CI] = 0.86 [0.01; 1.71], P = 0.04), and CMJ (ES [95%CI] = 0.64 [0.28; 0.99], P = 0.001); whereas a non-significant interaction was observed for 20-m sprint performance (ES [95%CI] = 0.02 [-0.32; 0.36], P= 0.85). Traditional strength-power oriented training resulted in improved maximum strength performance and CMJ ability but, paradoxically, increased the SDef. As a consequence, stronger athletes are not necessarily able to use greater percentages of their peak-force against relatively lighter loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of strength training to maximize soccer player performance during competition. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of different strength training protocols on short-sprint and vertical jump performance of professional soccer players from the first division of their countries. The following inclusion criteria were employed for the analysis: (a) randomized studies; (b) high validity and reliability instruments; (c) studies published in a high-quality peer-reviewed journal; (d) studies involving professional soccer players from the first division; (e) studies with descriptions of strength training programs; and (f) studies where countermovement jump and 10-m sprint time were measured pre and post training. Overall, the different strength-oriented training schemes produced similar performance improvements, which seem not to depend on the training strategy. Strength training appears to have a lower effect when applied during in-season than when applied in pre-season periods in first division soccer players. In this meta-analysis it is not possible to confirm that strength training in isolation is capable of improving the short-sprint and jump performance of elite soccer players. The congested fixture schedule and, thus, the limited time to perform complementary (non-specific) training sessions, may contribute to these reduced effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine is a psycho-active stimulant that can improve physical and cognitive performance. We systematically reviewed the evidence on the effects of acute caffeine ingestion on physiological parameters, physical and technical-skill performance during high-performance team-sport match-play. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies were identified using scientific databases (PubMed, Web-of-Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) in February 2021. Of 281 results, 13 studies met inclusion, totalling 213 participants. Included studies adopted the randomised double-blinded cross-over design, involving caffeine and control conditions. In studies reporting physiological variables, responses to caffeine included higher peak (n=6/ 8 [n/ total studies measuring the variable]) and mean (n=7/ 9) heart rates, increased blood glucose (n=2/ 2) and lactate (n=2/ 2) concentrations. Improvements in physical performance were widely documented with caffeine, including greater distance coverage (n=7/ 7), high-speed distance coverage (n=5/ 7) and impact frequencies (n=6/ 8). From three studies that assessed technical-skills, it appears caffeine may benefit gross-skill performance, but have no effect, or negatively confound finer technical-skill outcomes. There is compelling evidence that ingesting moderate caffeine doses (~3 to 6 mg·kg−1) ~60 minutes before exercise may improve physical performance in team-sports, whereas evidence is presently too scarce to draw confident conclusions regarding sport-specific skill performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recently, a pandemic disease (i.e., COVID-19) arose complicated conditions for players, clubs, and sports competitions. Most European countries postponed or canceled their respective leagues as players were forced into a long-term lockdown. This case study presents and compares the absolute and relative non-contact lower-limb injury rates and characteristics before and after the lockdown from a Finalist of the UEFA Futsal Champion League. Material and methods: Thirteen elite futsal players (age: 27 ± 2.8 years old; body mass: 76 ± 5.4 kg; height: 1.79 ± 0.1 m; body fat: 9 ± 1.6%) participated in this study. Injury severity, location, type, and mechanism were recorded. Data from the 6 weeks pre- and post-lockdown were collected, and injury rates were expressed per 1,000 training and match hours. Results: Chi-Square tests revealed a significant difference (p = 0.039) in the distribution of the number of injuries between the two moments. No overuse and non-contact injuries were observed during the 6 weeks before the lockdown. Nevertheless, 38% (i.e., 5) of the players suffered minimal severity (i.e., ≤ 3 days of court absence) overuse injuries in the hip/groin and thigh muscles post-home-confinement. Conclusions: Elite male futsal players sustained a substantially higher number of lower-body non-contact injuries after the lockdown. Practitioners should implement a thorough analysis of players’ neuromuscular qualities and fatigue to identify individual training and recovery needs and, thus, prescribe more tailored injury-reduction programs.

We described the internal and external training loads (TLs) experienced by soccer players over a 4-week preseason, examined their effects on vertical jump (VJ) performance, and investigated the relationships between different TL variables. Eighteen professional soccer players performed 17 training sessions and 1 friendly-match (FM) over the preseason. The internal TL was obtained using the session-rating of perceived exertion method. The external TL variables collected were total and high-intensity distances, body-load, and high-metabolic power distance via the GPS system. VJ performance was assessed 13 times throughout the study. Moreover, total quality recovery and delayed onset muscle soreness were assessed before every training session as a measure of recovery status. Players were divided, using a median split analysis, into two groups, according to their VJ performance (i.e., "lower" and "higher" VJ). External TL variables displayed similar variations across training sessions and were significantly interrelated (r ranging from 0.48 to 0.88). In periods where higher internal TLs were detected, impaired recovery status was noticed. Notably, the higher VJ group exhibited decreased jump performance at post-test and higher internal and external TLs across the entire preseason (compared to the lower VJ group). From our results it is suggested that professional soccer players with higher VJ performance are potentially more susceptible to concurrent training effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigated the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with a recovery training session on the well-being and self-perceived recovery of professional female soccer players after official matches. Data from 13 world-class players were analyzed after participating in four official soccer matches of the first division of the Brazilian Women's Soccer Championship (7-, 10-, and 13-day intervals). We applied anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with 2 mA for 20 minutes (+F3/−F4 montage) the day after each match. Participants underwent two randomly ordered sessions of a-tDCS or sham. Players completed the Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ) and the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale before each experimental condition and again the following morning. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant time x condition interaction on the WBQ (F(1,11)=5.21; p =0.043; ηp2=0.32), but not on the TQR (F(1,12) = 0.552; p = 0.47; ηp2 = 0.044). There was a large effect size (ES) for a-tDCS for the WBQ score (ES = 1.02; 95%CI = 0.17;1.88), and there was a moderate WBQ score increase (ES = 0.53; 95%CI = −0.29;1.34) for the sham condition. We found similar increases in the TQR score for a-tDCS (ES = 1.50; 95%CI = 0.63–2.37) and the sham condition (ES = 1.36; 95%CI = 0.51–2.22). These results suggest that a-tDCS (+F3/−F4 montage) combined with a recovery training session may slightly improve perceived well-being beyond the level of improvement after only the recovery training session among world-class female soccer players. Prior to widely adopting this recovery approach, further study is needed with larger and more diverse samples, including for female teams of different performance levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and partial body cryotherapy (PBC) applied within a 15-min post-exercise recovery period on thermoregulatory responses, subjective perceptions, and exercise performance under hot conditions (39 °C). Twelve male soccer players participated in team-sports-specific assessments, including Agility T-test (T-test), 20-m sprint test (20M-ST), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 1 (YY-T), during two exercise bouts (1st bout and 2nd bout) with a 15-min post-exercise recovery period. Within the recovery period, a 3-min of PBC at −110 °C or CWI at 15 °C or a seated rest (CON) was performed. Mean skin temperature (T skin) decreased by 4.3 ± 1.08°C (p < 0.001) immediately after PBC, while CWI induced a reduction of 2.5 ± 0.21°C (p < 0.01). Furthermore, PBC and CWI consistently reduced T skin for 15 and 33 min, respectively (p < 0.05). During the 2nd bout, core temperature (T core) was significantly lower in PBC compared to CON (p < 0.05). Heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in CWI compared to CON and PBC during the intervention period. Thermal sensation (TS) was significantly greater in PBC compared to CON and CWI (p < 0.05). Compared to the 1st bout, PBC alleviated the declines in T-test (p < 0.05) and 20M-ST (p < 0.05), while CWI alleviated the decreases in T-test (p < 0.05) and YY-T (p < 0.05), concurrently significantly enhancing 20M-ST (p < 0.05). 20M-ST and YY-T was greater from PBC (p < 0.05) and CWI (p < 0.05) compared with CON in 2nd bout. Additionally, the T-test in CWI was significantly greater than CON (p < 0.05). These results indicate that both PBC and CWI, performed between two exercise bouts, have the potential to improve thermoregulatory strain, reduce thermal perceptual load, and thereby attenuate the subsequent decline in exercise performance. • Both PBC and CWI attenuate the impairment of subsequent exercise performance in the heat. • Both PBC and CWI improve thermoregulatory strain and reduce thermal perceptual load. • The ergogenic effects of PBC and CWI may be due to decrease skin temperature and perceived strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalton-Barron, NE, McLaren, SJ, Black, CJ, Gray, M, Jones, B, and Roe, G. Identifying contextual influences on training load: an example in professional rugby union. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 503-511, 2021-We aimed to investigate the contextual factors influencing training load (TL), as determined by session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE-TL), accumulated within a match-to-match microcycle in rugby union players. Session rating of perceived exertion-TL data were collected daily from 35 professional rugby union players from the same team in the English Championship over the course of an in-season period. Players were split by positional groups (backs and forwards) and sRPE-TL data were categorized as: field-based on-feet sRPE-TL (sRPEField-TL), gym-based sRPE-TL (sRPEGym-TL), and the total summation of both (sRPETotal-TL). Three 2-level linear mixed models were built for each dependent variable in each positional group, with magnitude-based inferences applied. Long between-match recovery cycles (≥7 days) resulted in very likely to almost certainly small to moderate increases in sRPE-TL for all modalities and positions (fixed effect [mean range] = 28.5%-42.0%), apart from sRPEField-TL for forwards. For backs, there was a very likely small decrease in sRPEField-TL as the season progressed (-16.7% per trimester). Losing the last league match was associated with very likely and almost certainly small decreases in sRPETotal-TL and sRPEGym-TL for backs (-20.7% and -36.4%, respectively). Losing the last match in any competition resulted in a very likely small increase in sRPEField-TL (21.2%) and a possibly small decrease sRPEGym-TL (-18.5%) for backs-with a likely smaller sRPEGym-TL for forwards (-33.4%). The strength of the upcoming opposition had no effect on sRPE-TL. Our findings highlight some of the multifactorial contextual factors that must be considered when planning and evaluating training microcycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futsal, also known as five-a-side indoor soccer, is a team-sport that is becoming increasingly popular. In fact, the number of futsal-related investigations is growing in recent years. This review aimed to summarize the scientific literature addressing the match-play demands from the following four dimensions: time-motion/external load analysis and physiological, neuromuscular, and biochemical responses to competition. Additionally, it aimed to describe the anthropometric, physiological, and neuromuscular characteristics of elite and sub-elite male futsal players, contemplating the differences between competition levels. The literature indicates that elite futsal players cover greater total distance with higher intensities and perform a greater number of sprints during match-play when compared to sub-elite players. The physiological demands during competition are high (average intensity of ≥85% maximal heart rate and ~80% maximum oxygen uptake [VO2max]), with decrements between the two halves. Research suggests that neuromuscular function decreased and hormonal responses increased up to 24 h after the match. Considering anthropometric characteristics, players present low percentage of body fat, which seems commonplace among athletes from different on-court positions and competition levels. Elite players display greater values and at VO2max with respect to sub-elite competitors. Little is known regarding elite and sub-elite futsal players' neuromuscular abilities (strength, jumping, sprinting, and change of direction [COD]). However, it appears that elite players present better sprinting abilities compared to lower-level athletes. Futsal players aiming to compete at the highest level should focus on developing maximal speed, lower-body power and strength, aerobic capacity, and lean muscle mass.

The aim was to analyse the differences in professional handball players' injury profile according to the team's competitive-level (i.e., First division vs. Second division). Fifty-three professional male handball players participated in this study during four consecutive seasons in the same team (2015–16 and 2016–17 for the First division league and 2017–18 and 2018–19 for the Second division league). No significant differences in overall incidence were observed between groups (3.69 vs 4.19 injuries/1000 h, RR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.64–1.22, P = 0.44), although significantly greater injury incidence during training sessions was observed in the Second division group (3.06 vs 1.61 injuries/1000 h, RR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.34–0.81, P = 0.01), while greater injury incidence during matches was reported in the First division group (84.03 vs 49.88 injuries/1000 h, RR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.00–2.83, P = 0.05). The second division group presented the greatest injury burden attending to overall, training and match exposure, as well as in most locations and injury types. Given the between groups differences found in the injury profile of handball player, it is suggested to implement specific preventive strategies attending to the characteristics of each level-group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at describing and comparing the prevalence of bullying behaviours and the perspective of victims, bystanders, and aggressors in team, individual, and combat sports. The survey involved 664 athletes of both genders (13-18 years old) from sports school and federated of several sports (team n=451, individual n=173, combat n=40), who filled in the Prevention of Violence in Sport Questionnaire. The prevalence of bullying (victims, bullies, and bystanders) was 26.7% in team sports; 19.1% in individual sports, and 23.1% in combat. Through the Chi-square test, it was verified that there were no significant differences between different sports in what concerns the prevalence of bullying behaviours; neither was there a difference in the perspective of victims, bystanders, and aggressors. The percentage was bigger in victims (7.7%) and bystanders (17.4%) in combat sports, and aggressors (3.3%) in team sports. There are not aggressors in combat sports. Further studies are needed in order to achieve a deeper knowledge of the problem and plan strategies to prevent this sort of behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical fitness level (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 [Yo-Yo IR 1]) and initial stress level (salivary cortisol [SC]) on salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate (SIgA rate), and the influence of physical fitness on accelerations (external training load; eTL) and training impulse (TRIMP; internal training load; iTL), in 20 elite youth male basketball players (14.5 ± 0.5 years; height, 177 ± 10 cm; body mass, 69 ± 13 kg) following a short-term training stress (two daily consecutive basketball-training sessions). Saliva samples were collected before and after the experimental period. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using the Yo-Yo IR 1 and SC as independent variables, and changes in SIgA rate as dependent variable. The Yo-Yo IR 1 was the only statistically significant variable (R = 0.73; P = 0.001). Participants were divided a posteriori into high fitness (HFG) and low fitness (LFG) groups according to the median-split technique, taking the Yo-Yo IR 1 performance into account, to compare the eTL and iTL. HFG performed a higher total eTL (34 ± 13 vs. 17 ± 7 accelerations; t = 3.4; P = 0.003) but no difference between fitness groups was observed for TRIMP (t = 0.33; P = 0.74). The results suggest that physical fitness level may play a role on mucosal immunity responses from short-term training stress in youth basketball players. Players with greater level of physical fitness are likely to perform a higher training load without inducing higher stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futsal, also known as five-a-side indoor soccer, is a team-sport that is becoming increasingly popular. In fact, the number of futsal-related investigations is growing in recent years. This review aimed to summarize the scientific literature addressing the match-play demands from the following four dimensions: time-motion/external load analysis and physiological, neuromuscular, and biochemical responses to competition. Additionally, it aimed to describe the anthropometric, physiological, and neuromuscular characteristics of elite and sub-elite male futsal players, contemplating the differences between competition levels. The literature indicates that elite futsal players cover greater total distance with higher intensities and perform a greater number of sprints during match-play when compared to sub-elite players. The physiological demands during competition are high (average intensity of ≥85% maximal heart rate and ~80% maximum oxygen uptake [VO2max]), with decrements between the two halves. Research suggests that neuromuscular function decreased and hormonal responses increased up to 24 h after the match. Considering anthropometric characteristics, players present low percentage of body fat, which seems commonplace among athletes from different on-court positions and competition levels. Elite players display greater values and at VO2max with respect to sub-elite competitors. Little is known regarding elite and sub-elite futsal players' neuromuscular abilities (strength, jumping, sprinting, and change of direction [COD]). However, it appears that elite players present better sprinting abilities compared to lower-level athletes. Futsal players aiming to compete at the highest level should focus on developing maximal speed, lower-body power and strength, aerobic capacity, and lean muscle mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of two jump squat (JS) training programs involving different loading ranges in under-20 soccer players during a preseason period. Twenty-three elite young soccer players performed sprint speed (at 5-, 10-, and 20-m), change-of-direction (COD) speed, JS peak-power (PP), and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests pre and post four weeks of training. Athletes were pair-matched in two groups according to their optimum power loads (OPL) as follows: lower than OPL (LOPL; athletes who trained at a load 20% lower than the OPL) and higher than OPL (HOPL; athletes who trained at a load 20% higher than the OPL). Magnitude-based inferences were used to compare pre- and post-training measures. Meaningful increases in the PP JS were observed for both groups. Likely and possible improvements were observed in the 5- and 10-m sprint velocity in the LOPL group. Meanwhile, possible and likely improvements were observed in the CMJ, 5- and 10-m sprint velocity, and COD speed in the HOPL group. Overall, both training schemes induced positive changes in athletic performance. Soccer coaches and sport scientists can implement the JS OPL-based training schemes presented here, either separately or combined, to improve the physical performance of youth soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The use of force-velocity imbalance (Fvimb) has been proposed as an effective method for prescribing training loads aiming to enhance physical performance. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the effects on lower body strength, jump and sprint performance of different individualised resistance training (RT) programmes based on Fvimb in mgby players. METHODS: Thirty-four senior rugby players were divided into four groups according to their Fvimb: Not individualised (NI, n = 8), velocity imbalance (Vimb, n = 6), force imbalance (Fimb, n = 11) and well balanced (WB, n = 9). The intervention period consisted of a 7-week resistance, plyometric and sprint training programme performed twice a week. Pre- and Post-training measures included Force-velocity (Fv) profile, countermovement jump (CMJ), 30 m sprint test and estimated one-repetition maximum in squat (1RM-SQ). RESULTS: Significant "group" x "time" interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for theoretical maximal velocity (V0), theoretical maximal force (F0), and Fvimb. No significant "group" x "time" interactions were observed for the rest of variables analysed. The Vimb group significantly (P < 0.05) increased V0, whereas decreased F0 and Fvimb. The Fimb group showed significant (P < 0.05) decreases in V0, whereas increased F0 and Fvimb. The WB and Nl groups did not show significant changes in these parameters. The WB group induced significant enhancements in 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m sprint times, maximum sprint speed and sprint momentum (SM), whereas Fimb attained significant changes in 20 m and 30 m sprint times. The NI group attained significant improvements (P < 0.05) in SM. No significant changes were observed for 1RM-SQ and jump performance. CONCLUSION: Individualised RT programs based on Fvimb induced improvements in sprint performance. Moreover, individualised RT programs based on Fvimb induced better adjustments of the Fv profile to the theoretical "optimal" Fv profile, although any group improved SQ strength, jump height or maximum power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of different sled overloads on maximum sprint velocity achieved by female soccer players with different strength, speed, and power levels. Twenty elite female soccer players from the same club participated. On the same day, athletes performed: linear and resisted-sprint tests with 30 and 60 % of body-mass over 5-, 10-, and 20-m; half-squat maximum bar-power output, and half-squat one-repetition maximum assessment. A median split analysis was used to divide players into two groups according to their velocity, half-squat one-repetition maximum, and half-squat power. Differences in percentage decreases between unresisted- and resisted-sprints comparing higher and lower groups were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Overall, the stronger, faster, and more powerful players were less affected by both loads, as demonstrated by their lower decreases in velocity over the different distances. However, half-squat power appeared to be more sensitive for indicating impairments in resisted-sprint performance, due to meaningful differences in percentage decreases observed between higher and lower power groups. Notably, overloads of 30 and 60% of body-mass provoked substantial reductions in resisted-sprint velocity (~22.9% for 30% and ~51.4% for 60% of body-mass, relative to unresisted-sprint velocity). Athletes with superior power levels are less affected by the progressive sled overloading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximal running speed (MRS) achieved in the 30-15 International Fitness Test (30-15IFT) is widely used to prescribe high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The 30-15IFT can be performed in either 40- (30-15IFT-40) or 28-meters (30-15IFT-28) length. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the MRS achieved in the 30-15IFT-40 and the 30-15IFT-28. Methods: Fifty U-18 players from different sports (handball: n=19, soccer: n=19, tennis n=12) attended two testing sessions. Results: MRS did not differ between the 30-15IFT-40 and the 30-15IFT-28 in either handball or soccer players. However, tennis players showed significantly greater MRS values in the 30- 15IFT-28 than in the 30-15IFT-40 (20.80±1.87 vs 20.05±2.09 km·h-1; p = 0.030; ES = 0.38). In addition, tennis player showed significant greater MRS in the 30-15IFT-28 (20.80±1.87 km·h-1) than both handball (18.58±1.13 km·h-1; p < 0.001; ES = 1.53) and soccer players (18.74±0.93 km·h-1; p = 0.001; ES = 1.47). Conclusions: The different MRS values in the 30-15IFT-40 and the 30-15IFT-28, entail significant practical implications for HIIT prescription in tennis players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study’s aim was to analyze muscle activation and kinematics of sled-pushing and resisted-parachute sprinting with three load conditions on an instrumentalized SKILLRUN® treadmill. Nine male amateur rugby union players (21.3 ± 4.3 years, 75.8 ± 10.2 kg, 176.6 ± 8.8 cm) performed a sled-push session consisting of three 15-m repetitions at 20%, 55% and 90% body mas and another resisted-parachute session using three different parachute sizes (XS, XL and 3XL). Sprinting kinematics and muscle activity of three lower-limb muscles (biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM)) were measured. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) showed that higher loads during the sled-push increased (VL) (p ≤ 0.001) and (GM) (p ≤ 0.001) but not (BF) (p = 0.278) activity. Furthermore, it caused significant changes in sprinting kinematics, stiffness and joint angles. Resisted-parachute sprinting did not change kinematics or muscle activation, despite producing a significant overload (i.e., speed loss). In conclusion, increased sled-push loading caused disruptions in sprinting technique and altered lower-limb muscle activation patterns as opposed to the resisted-parachute. These findings might help practitioners determine the more adequate resisted sprint exercise and load according to the training objective (e.g., power production or speed performance).