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This essay is questioning if the state as an unsecured creditor in a bankruptcy proceeding, according to the principle of equal treatment, has the same rights as the other unsecured creditors. The principle of equal treatment means that creditors with unsecured claims are supposed to have mutually equal rights to dividends in a bankruptcy. In the Swedish bankruptcy law from 1987 there are recycling rules which means that some legal actions taken by the bankrupt debtor before the bankruptcy can be recycled to the bankruptcy estate. These rules do not apply on taxes. This essay analyzes whether the state should have this advantage or not. Another issue that’s discussed in this essay is whether or not the opinion of the Court of Appeal that a right of recourse on a claim for a paid Governmental wage guarantee exists before a bankruptcy should be established by the Supreme Court. This essay also analyzes if the rule which statutes that a company representative can become personally liable for the company tax debts should be abolished or not, since this rule means that the taxes on a larger scale than other claims are paid before the bankruptcy.

As recently as the 1970s, California's public schools were considered to be among the nation's best. Today, however, there is widespread recognition that the schools are no longer top performers. As a consequence, many Californians share a growing sense of alarm about the ineffectiveness of their public education system and the generation of children whose educational needs are not being met. Researchers at the RAND Corporation examined California's system of kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) public schools on several dimensions, including student achievement and other student outcomes that schools may influence, as well as school finances, teachers, and facilities. Their goal was to describe the state of California's K-12 public schools, not to pinpoint why schools are in the shape they are or to advocate solutions (except where one seemed obvious from their findings). This descriptive report should be of interest to policymakers at the state and federal levels and to educators, especially in California. Parents may also benefit from the information it provides., The original document contains color images. ISBN 0-8330-3716-1.

Financing clinical services by tapping public sources and mobilizing private sources is a role all governments use to intervene in the health sector. Public sources come from general or earmarked taxes, while private sources are mobilized by mandatory user fees paid by individuals, families, or enterprises. In turn, governments allocate these public revenues toward public health activities that benefit society above and beyond curative services that mainly benefit the individual. How countries finance and allocate public expenditures determines how they meet their populations' health needs. Research by John Peabody and colleagues takes a closer look at this issue in Asia and proposes that governments intervene in the health sector to address competing objectives; however, this often means making trade-offs among the objectives. User fees can be mobilized to help meet competing objectives. Social insurance (SI) is another policy that offers promise for relatively wealthier countries to avoid some of the difficult trade-offs.

Some Members of Congress and public interest groups have recently proposed raising the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards for automobiles. Proponents of CAFE standards see them as a way to decrease the United States' dependence on oil and its emissions of carbon dioxide (the predominant greenhouse gas). In this study, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates the costs that raising CAFE standards would impose on automobile producers and consumers. This study also extends previous research by examining the potential cost savings from instituting a system in which producers could trade "fuel economy credits." Under that system, producers with high costs of complying with CAFE standards could meet the new standards by applying credits bought from producers that exceeded the standards. CBO also compares the costs of CAFE standards with those of a higher gasoline tax, an alternative policy for reducing gasoline consumption. Finally, CBO examines the available evidence on whether changing CAFE standards or the gasoline tax could improve social welfare, a general measure of society's well-being that includes not only the value derived from the goods and services that people consume but also factors that diminish the quality of life, such as pollution and traffic congestion.

Lawmakers concerned about the United States' dependence on foreign oil and its emissions of carbon dioxide-a key greenhouse gas-have proposed raising the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards that govern cars and light-duty trucks. Improving the fuel efficiency of vehicles would reduce gasoline consumption. Another way to lower gasoline consumption is to raise the price of gasoline. Lawmakers could do that directly by Increasing the federal tax on gasoline. They could also do it indirectly by setting a limit on total carbon emissions from gasoline combustion and requiring gasoline producers to hold rights (or allowances) for those emissions, which they could buy and sell among themselves after an Initial allocation. That policy is known as a cap-and-trade program.

The budget deficit expected for this year has grown and the surpluses anticipated for the coming decade have diminished under the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO's) new baseline projections. A sharp decline in tax revenues coupled with double-digit growth in spending will produce a deficit of about $157 billion in fiscal year 2002, CBO estimates. If current tax and spending policies are maintained, deficits are likely to persist for a few years before giving way to small surpluses. Between 2003 and 2009, those annual deficits and surpluses would generally equal less than 1 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) and roughly balance out. For the 10-year period from 2003 through 2012, CBO's baseline projects a total surplus of $1.0 trillion. However, most of that amount would be realized after 2010, when the tax cuts enacted last year are scheduled to expire. CBO constructs its baseline according to rules specified in law. Basically, those rules involve extending current laws and policies into the future and estimating their effect on the budget. The resulting baseline projections serve as a neutral benchmark that lawmakers can use to measure the effects of proposed changes in revenue and spending policies. Those projections should be viewed cautiously, however. They are not intended to be a forecast of future outcomes. Indeed, actual budget figures will almost certainly differ from CBO's baseline projections because of future economic developments, legislative actions, and technical errors in estimating.

Millions of donors annually give hundreds of billions of dollars to charities.1 While this giving helps meet charitable purposes, congressional and media concerns have arisen about whether some charities spend too much on fundraising and general management and not enough on program services to meet the charitable purposes related to the tax-exempt status.2 Such concerns have heightened since the outflow of charitable giving after the tragedies of September 11, 2001.

Pursuant to the Department of the Treasury's fiscal year 2002 appropriations act,the Internal Revenue Service (IRS),in November 2001, submitted to the congressional appropriations committees its fifth expenditure plan,requesting $391 million from its Business Systems Modernization (BSM)fund.1 As required by the act,we reviewed the plan. Our objectives were to (1)determine whether the plan satisfied the conditions specified in the act,2 (2)determine IRS s progress in implementing modernization management controls and capabilities,and (3)provide any other observations about the plan and IRS s BSM program., "The original document contains color images"

The accompanying report presents the results of our audits of the financial statements of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as of and for the fiscal years ending September 30, 2001, and 2000. Our audits were required by the Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990, as expanded by the Government Management Reform Act of 1994. This report contains our (1) unqualified opinions on IRS's financial statements, (2) opinion that IRS's internal controls were not effective as of September 30, 2001, and (3) report on IRS's noncompliance with one provision of laws and regulations that we tested and IRS's financial management systems lack of substantial compliance with the requirements of the Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996., Report to the Secretary of the Treasury.

The Ninth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation (QRMC) is reviewing ways to structure military compensation to improve military recruiting, retention and manning. Retirement pay is a significant component of the current compensation package, and there is concern that the structure of these benefits is not competitive with that offered by the private sector. The current military retirement system is a defined benefit program, with some limited ability to participate in a thrift savings plan (TSP). In contrast, the private sector increasingly uses defined contribution plans, which give the employee an opportunity to manage at least part of the retirement plan benefits. Expansion of the TSP component of military retirement benefits would potentially increase the attractiveness of military compensation. Given the sheer size of the military, however, several concerns have been raised about the implications of such a dramatic shift in compensation. At least four major questions have been asked questions surrounding the level of service member participation, potential effects on total savings, implications for federal tax revenues, and the administrative costs associated with such a program. memorandum summarizes both the theoretical and empirical literature devoted to these issues. The evidence suggests that participation and contribution rates are strongly related to the size of matching contributions made by the employer. In addition, surveys show that military personnel would increase participation in TSP if the government were willing to make matching contributions. Given the financial risk associated with these plans relative to insured, defined benefit plans, there is also evidence that financial education (preferably provided by the employer) increases employee saving and improves contribution allocation.

This reports responds to the request for information about the peer reviews of the Department of Defense Inspector General (DOD IG). A peer review, known as an external quality control review, is required by Government Auditing Standards 1 to be performed at least once every 3 years by an organization not affiliated with the organization being reviewed. The objective of a peer review is to determine whether the organization's internal quality control system is in place and operating effectively to provide reasonable assurance that established policies and procedures and applicable auditing standards are being followed. As agreed with your staff, we are providing information about the results of the peer reviews of the DOD IG completed in 1997, 2000, and 2001 and our monitoring of the performance of the 2001 peer review as it was performed. In order to meet these objectives, we reviewed the peer review work papers and interviewed the IG peer review staff from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of the Treasury IG for Tax Administration (TIGTA), and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). We also reviewed the work papers from the DOD IG's own internal investigation regarding allegations that work papers for the 2000 peer review had been altered, and we interviewed DOD IG officials regarding the results of that investigation and the results of the peer reviews. To monitor the 2001 peer review, we met with the HHS IG peer review staff and discussed the additional peer review steps taken; attended key meetings between HHS IG and DOD IG officials; interviewed the HHS IG peer review staff on the results of their review; and reviewed the HHS IG peer review work papers. On December 17, 2001, we provided your staff with a briefing covering the above information. This letter transmits the materials used for that briefing.

This thesis explores the genesis of a Federal excise tax known as, FEDERAL RETAIL EXCISE TAX (FRET), and its impact on the acquisition of Medium & Heavy Tactical Wheeled Vehicles by the US Army and its sister Services. The thesis examines how DOD is impacted by the payment of this tax to the Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, and it reviews and discusses the direct cost, lost opportunity costs, and administrative burden to both DOD and its wheeled vehicle manufacturers. DOD payment of FRET to its contractors is in actuality the payment by one Government agency, the Army, to another Government agency, the IRS, through a third party, the defense contractor; who is considered by the IRS to be the taxpayer of record. As a result of this "three party" arrangement, no feedback mechanism exists between the Army and the IRS to verify actual payments, or for the Army to discuss and mitigate tax issues directly with the IRS. The result has been numerous tax disputes between the Army, its contractors, and the IRS, resulting in at least three different opinions between the IRS, the General Accounting Office (GAO), and the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) for the proper handling of FRET in sealed bid acquisitions. This adds complexity to tax applicable acquisitions, and may allow defense contractors to manipulate the competitive acquisition process. This situation costs DOD millions of dollars each year, and is examined by addressing the primary research question: "What is the cost to the Government, both monetary and otherwise, of the Army paying FRET to the IRS, through third party defense contractors?, Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

I am pleased to be here today to assist the Subcommittee in its consideration of proposals to improve the government's acquisition of services. Work performed by the General Accounting Office (GAO) continues to show that improvements are needed in a number of areas related to how the government buys services. We fully support the efforts of the Subcommittee in addressing this issue. Federal agencies spend billions of tax dollars each year to buy services, ranging from clerical support and consulting services, to information technology services, to the management and operation of government facilities, such as national laboratories. And the amount spent on services is growing substantially. Last year alone, the federal government acquired more than $87 billion in services-a 24-percent increase in real terms from fiscal year 1990. As we testified before you in May, Mr. Chairman agency procurements of services often are not being conducted as efficiently as they could be. We have found that too frequently agencies are not clearly defining their requirements, fully considering alternative solutions, performing vigorous price analyses, or adequately overseeing contractor performance. Such problems clearly point to a need for more focused management attention., Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Technology and Procurement Policy Committee on Government Reform U.S. House of Representatives.

This report is a follow-on to our report on the results of our audit of the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) fiscal year 2000 financial statements. In fiscal year 2000, IRS was able to produce for the first time combined financial statements that were fairly stated in all material respects. This achievement was the result of the dedication and months of efforts of IRS management and staff working around serious systems deficiencies and internal control weaknesses, many of which have plagued IRS since we first began auditing its financial statements in 1992. Although this effort produced reliable financial statement balances, they were reliable only for a single point in time and fell short of addressing the fundamental weaknesses in IRS systems and internal controls. As a result, we gave an unqualified opinion on IRS fiscal year 2000 financial statements but also concluded that IRS did not maintain effective internal controls. We also found two instances of noncompliance with laws and regulations relating to IRS structuring of installment agreements and the timing of the release of tax liens., Report to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

I am pleased to be here today to discuss telecommuting and our recent work in this area. Telecommuting refers to work that is performed at an employee's home or at a work location other than a traditional business office or facility. Over the past decade, telecommuting has gained widespread attention as a business approach that may offer a variety of potential benefits to employers, employees, and society. Last spring, the House Majority Leader asked us to identify potential regulatory, tax, and liability barriers that concern private sector employers considering telecommuting programs for their employees. In July, we briefed the Majority Leader and several other Members of Congress on the results of our research. As you requested, our statement today is based largely on this work and includes our observations on telecommuting's applicability to the public sector.

When the children of military service members go to a local school, the federal government provides the school district a subsidy. This occurs because the military members do not contribute to the local tax base in the same prc portion that local residents do. The funding is not insignificant, amounting to almost a billion dollars in fiscal year 2000. However, some argue that the subsidy provided is inadequate to offset the higher costs incurred by educating the additional students. Researchers from RAND's National Defense Research Institute analyzed the Impact Aid program, paying special attention to its effect on the children of members of the armed forces.

We found nothing improper about the inclusion of the preamble sentence. Treasury followed its normal procedures and the sentence reflected the agency's views at the time. We also found that Treasury's addition of the sentence did not violate APA or OBRA 86 requirements. Nevertheless, while the coordination requirement technically was inapplicable, the underlying expectation was for consistency among the three agencies having roles in administering statutes generally prohibiting pension plans from discriminating based on age. Under the circumstances, Treasury should not have opined on whether cash balance plans were age discriminatory in a public manner without having coordinated that position with DOL and EEOC. The preamble sentence may have misled the public and practitioners into believing that the sentence reflected the coordinated views of all three of the responsible agencies. Moreover, the statement may have limited the other agencies policy options on this issue.

Thank you for inviting me to participate in the Subcommittee's hearing on the challenges confronting the government's acquisition of services. Federal agencies spend billions of tax dollars each year to buy services ranging from clerical support and consulting services, to information technology services such as network support, to the management and operation of government facilities, such as national laboratories. The amount being spent on services is growing substantially. Last year alone, the federal government acquired more than $87 billion in services a 24-percent increase in real terms from fiscal year 1990., Testimony before the Subcommittee on Technology and Procurement Policy, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives.

The investments needed to meet anticipated demands and expand access to higher education will be expensive. Quite reasonably, taxpayers and their representatives have been asking why they should contribute more to the support of educational institutions. Shouldn't those who directly benefit from improving educational attainment pay their own way? And if they choose not to invest in their own education, isn't that their problem? Until good answers can be provided to such questions, it will be difficult to convince federal, state, and local policymakers that they should make the investments in high schools and colleges necessary to improve access to higher education. The research summarized here provides strong arguments for why Americans should invest more in education. We compare the public cost of providing increased education to the benefits that taxpayers will directly realize from such increases. These benefits include both reductions in the costs of government, and therefore in the costs taxpayers incur, and increase in government revenues. Specifically, we estimate the extent to which increased education will result in: reductions in public expenditures on public assistance and social insurance programs, reductions in public expenditures on incarceration-the costs of building and operating prisons and jails, and increases in federal, state, and local taxes and in contributions to social insurance programs. Our findings indicate that investing in increased educational attainment at any level-say, providing two more years of high school to those who would have dropped out after tenth grade, or providing two years of college to those with only a high school diploma-leads to remarkable public savings over time. If, for example, the nation were committed to providing all Americans with the average level of education now achieved by non-Hispanic whites, the investment would provide a return to taxpayer's two-and-one-half times the original cost.

The erosion of the military retirement system is a contributing cause to readiness problems in the Air Force. It is time to change the retirement system to one, which provides more to the military member than the current plan implemented under the Military Retirement Act of 1986 (commonly referred to as REDUX.) The introduction previews the problem, its background and its significance. In chapter 2, the history of the military retirement system is analyzed to provide the reader with the necessary background of why the retirement system is structured in its current format and what legislative action led to the current plan. In the next chapter, the affects of the retirement plan on military readiness is analyzed, specifically, its impact on retention, recruitment and morale. Chapter 4 covers the possible changes to the retirement plan now under review by various agencies. In chapter 5, the author outlines his proposal to improve the retirement system. The basic REDUX plan remains, however he proposes an immediate basic pay raise and a vehicle for tax advantaged savings. Next, he suggests a new investment strategy for the military retirement account. This change will help defray the cost of the immediate increase in basic compensation. Finally, chapter 6 concludes the project with a summary of the paper and urges the changes proposed in chapter 5.

This statement discusses the President's Midsession Review and the implications of the President's proposals on fiscal policy and the federal budget. The press has focused on the fact that both 0MB and CBO have revised upward their projections for the unified budget surplus. The phrase "$1 trillion more" has been widely reported in the media. Further, these new projections show an on-budget surplus throughout the next 10-15 years. An earlier-than- expected and larger-than-expected surplus is only good news for the future health of our economy-if two conditions are met. First, the surplus must be realized. Second, the surplus must be put to prudent use. To the extent that the surplus is used for debt reduction, it offers the benefit of lower interest costs And the miracle of compound interest means that savings in today's interest payments will yield benefits tomorrow. The surplus we celebrate today came about not only through stronger-than-expected economic growth but also as the result of some difficult policy choices you and the President made over the past years Now, after the recent years of tight discipline and focus on fiscal responsibility, the surplus offers a chance to debate the relative merits of different priorities. Should some of the surplus be used to meet pent-up demand for spending in certain domestic discretionary areas? For an increase in defense spending? For tax cuts? To secure existing unfunded entitlement promises? For debt reduction? For a combination of all of these? Most would not argue for devoting 100 percent of the surplus to debt reduction over the next 10 years. However, unless a good portion of the surplus is saved, it will not be used to redeem debt, and we will lose a portion of the interest savings. And it is critical to save a good deal of the surplus because known demographic trends require that we hand the next generation a stronger economy and a lower debt burden., Observations of David M. /Walker, Comptroller General of the United States.

Nearly all of the states, as well as the federal government, are enjoying the benefits of a prosperous economy. With revenues exceeding estimates in most states, general fund and reserve balances have grown to their highest levels in over 20 years.' Those excess funds present states with the choice of reducing taxes, increasing program spending, reducing debt, or banking the unexpected resources for later use. Meanwhile, the federal government has realized a surplus for the first time in decades.

This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) memorandum was prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on the Budget to document current U.S. efforts in the area of global climate change and to review current federal spending programs and tax policies that relate to climate change. The memorandum also describes proposals contained in the President's 1999 budget for finding for those programs and several new tax policies. It should be helpful to policymakers as they consider options to respond to international proposals for reducing the threat of climate change. In accordance with CBO's mandate to provide objective and impartial analysis, the memorandum contains no recommendations.

Growth in the productivity of the U.S. economy declined significantly after 1973, compared with the average rate between 1948 and 1973. Some observers argue that an increase in federal spending on infrastructure, education and training, and research and development (R&D) could lead to a significant increase in economic growth. As the near-term outlook for the federal budget improves and the Congress considers how to allocate expected surpluses among tax cuts, spending, and debt reduction, proposals for increases in those categories of federal spending have gained additional prominence. This paper from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), written in response to a request from the Senate Committee on the Budget, reviews the available data on the economic value of federal investments in infrastructure, education and training, and R&D. It focuses on empirical evidence produced since July 1991, when CBO last analyzed the issue in the study How Federal Sp ending for Infrastructure and Other Public Investments Affects the Economy.

A while back, former Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin said, "We wanted to make things better, but they turned out as usual." A joke making the rounds in Moscow is that there are two scenarios for the recovery of the Russian economy: the optimistic scenario is that aliens will descend from outer space and solve the crisis; the pessimistic scenario is that it will be left to the Russians themselves. In any event, while there were some hopes at the end of 1997 that the Russian economy had turned the corner and would now begin to grow, these hopes were dashed all across 1998, as the government got deeper into debt, was unable to collect enough taxes, and finally the "flight from risk" by international investors that began in East Asia struck Russia as well, with a consequent moratorium on debt payments and a devaluation of the ruble by the government. The net result is not only no growth, but a further decline in the Russian GDP. Successive changes in prime ministers, from Chernomyrdin to Kiriyenko back to Chernomyrdin and finally to Primakov failed to solve these problems-after all, this was a powerless President Yeltsin rearranging the deck chairs on a sinking Titanic. In this paper, Dr. Sergey Rogov, Director of the Institute for USA and Canada Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISKRAN), lays out the decline and fall of the Russian financial system across 1998 in great detail. At times this story is hard to follow, given all the negotiations with the IME IMF strictures, and attempts to get more taxes out of an economy that was at the same time demonetizing. But it was hard for the Russian government to follow as well. One is reminded of Alexander Kerensky rushing about the Winter Palace in 1917 looking for solutions, though luckily this time there are no revolutionaries outside waiting to storm the palace.

Social Security's long-term financing problem has fueled a debate about fundamentally changing the current System. Under the rubric of "privatization" advocates have devised many plans to divert a portion of the payroll tax into private retirement accounts. Within the regulatory framework of the new system, the owners of those accounts could then decide how to invest their funds' Proponents of privatization have devoted most of their efforts to deciding how much should be accumulated in those accounts and how transition costs should be divided among current and future generations, while virtually ignoring how retirees will draw down the accumulated funds for use in old age. Currently, most retirees receive an inflation-indexed life annuity from Social Security. If the beneficiary is married or has dependent children, Social Security also pays benefits to survivors. Many people also receive annuity payments from private pensions.2 Annuities like Social Security provide insurance against longevity risk-that is, the risk of outliving personal resources. An annuity provides a stream of payments for an agreed-upon period of time; a life annuity provides payments for as long as the annuitant is alive and protects against longevity risk. The insurer (an insurance company or the government) absorbs the uncertainty about longevity and pools many annuitants. Since some annuitants live longer and others die earlier than expected, the annuity provider can protect each individual against life span uncertainty and be subject only to the uncertainty about the average life span of the population. Without access to annuities, consumers must divide their resources according to their expectations about longevity after retirement. They may find themselves without sufficient resources if their actual life span exceeds what they had expected.

The Line Item Veto Act, which took effect on January 1, 1997 (and expires eight years later), marks a significant milestone in the federal budget process. It enables the President, for the first time, to cancel individual spending or tax-benefit provisions in legislation passed by the Congress without having to veto the entire legislation. (Because the President must first sign the legislation before canceling provisions, his cancellation authority does not represent a true item veto, despite its name). The President's cancellations take effect immediately and can be reversed only by a subsequent law. After a year, opinion about the act remains sharply divided. Proponents view the President's cancellation authority as a significant tool for eliminating wasteful spending or tax provisions and maintaining fiscal discipline. Opponents see it as an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority to the executive branch. In February 1998, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia declared the act unconstitutional on the grounds that it violates the Constitution's separation of powers doctrine. The Supreme Court has scheduled oral arguments on the case for late April and is expected to make a mling sometime this year.

As part of a plan to balance the federal budget by 2002, the 105th Congress enacted, and President Clinton signed, two major pieces of legislation: the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (H.R. 2014/Public Law 105-34) and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (H.R. 2015/Public Law 105-33). The Balanced Budget Act achieves $127 billion in net deficit reduction over the 1998-2002 period. Gross savings of $160 billion comprise: $112 billion from slowing the growth of the Medicare program, $21 billion from auctioning licenses to use portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, $7 billion from changes to Medicaid, $5 billion from increasing excise taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products, and $15 billion from other spending reductions and tax increases. Those savings are partly offset by additional spending of $33 billion: $20 billion for children's health insurance initiatives, and o $13 billion to mitigate the effects of last year's welfare reform law. The act also extends the limits on discretionary spending and the pay-as-you-go procedures for direct spending and receipts, but those provisions do not directly alter federal outlays or revenues. Table 1 provides estimates of the act's budgetary effects by title. The following pages give details by program and provision. The cost or savings figures cited in this memorandum represent the estimated changes in spending or revenues attributable to the Balanced Budget Act, compared with baseline projections of what would have happened under prior law. The baseline projections underlying the estimates were completed by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) early in 1997 and were used by the Congress as the basis for the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 1998 (H. Con. Res. 84).

Testimony before Task Force on Social Security Reform, Committee on the Budget, US Senate.

The number and duration of contingency contracting taskings has increased significantly in recent years. This increase taxes the ability of deployed Contingency Contracting Officers to provided functional area deployed personnel with instruction in the contracting process. In lieu of requiring a deployed contracting officer to train individual customers on the process, the customer support guide provides the necessary explanations without straining valuable manpower resources. The Contracting Deployment Customer Guide aids the customer in contingency situations and addresses purchase requests and statements of work, types of contracts available, customer responsibilities for administration, and receiving and paying for goods and services.

CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION; PART I-POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; PART II-PREPARING THE COST COMPARISON ESTIMATES; APPENDICES..(1) DEFINITION OF TERMS; (2) 0MB CIRCULAR NO. A-76 INVENTORY; (3) USEFUL LIFE AND DISPOSAL VALUES; (4) TAX TABLES; (5) OFPP POLICY LETTER 92-I, 'INHERENTLY GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTIONS'; (6) AVIATION COMPETITIONS; (7) MOTOR VEHICLE COMPETITIONS., Supersedes AD- A270 961, AD- A310 849 and AD- A306 734

Contents: Agriculture and Food; Budget and Spending; Business, Industry, and Consumers; Employment; Energy; Environmental Protection; Financial Management; Government Operations; Health; Housing; Income Security; Information Management; International Affairs; Justice and Law Enforcement; National Defense; Natural Resources; Science, Space, and Technology; Social Services; Tax Policy and Administration; Transportation; Veterans Affairs; and Special Publications.

Internationally, the demand for infrastructure continues to grow as repressed needs of developed countries and new needs of emerging countries proliferate. This requirement for infrastructure provision causes great pressure on public expenditure. Member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), for example, devote on average nearly one-fifth of capital formation to infrastructure (1:3). The increased need for infrastructure coupled with debt and tax limitations on governments which restricts their ability to provide capital for infrastructure projects has led to the involvement of the private sector in comprehensive contracting partnerships.

This thesis presents a present value analysis of the Old-Age Survivors Insurance (OASI) comparing retirement benefits under Social Security with alternative private sector plans and provides a spreadsheet model for making this comparison of plans using different assumptions. The investigation was done by collecting data from various books, Government publications, and various Government agencies to conduct a spreadsheet analysis of three different wage-earning groups, assuming various real interest rates potentially earned in the private sector. A comparison of Social Security with alternative private sector plans is important to the DoD/DoN because less constrained budgets could result if Social Security is allowed to let individuals opt for private investment. The analysis presents clear findings showing that most people incur a net present value loss when comparing Social Security to the private sector if realistic real rates of return, on the order of four to seven percent, are used. Individuals only experience a net gain when an artificially low real rate of return of two percent, which is used by Social Security, is assumed.

This document is intended to provide insight into the use of structure value to estimate the expected cost of flood damage to the national economy. In order to accomplish this objective, the report presents an overview of valuation concepts, with descriptions of the role of each concept in the Corps of Engineers planning process. This information on the various uses of structure values is intended to assist the reader in understanding that there is more than one correct measure of value, depending on the perspective of the person establishing that value and the end use of the estimate. From the perspective of flood damage assessment and the use of depth damage curves, the value of material and labor resources represented by the structure is the correct measure of the structure's value. (MM), Prepared in collaboration with URS Consultants, Paramus, NJ.

Internal management controls are not new, they have been around since 1921. Reported cases of break downs in controls created the perception of the taxpayer that the government loses billions of tax dollars through fraud, waste, and abuse. The Federal Managers Financial Integrity Act and the Office of Management and Budget Circular A-123 established internal management controls to safeguard government assets. Department of Defense implemented these controls. However, each service and agency supplemented DOD procedures to execute the internal management control program. Each service and agency has the same objective of safeguarding government assets but varies in implementation. A single regulation standardizing procedures to execute the program is overdue. A single regulation will eliminate the extra cost and efforts required to publish each services internal management control regulation. In addition future strategies utilizing joint forces operations necessitate a common set of rules to achieve internal management control objectives successfully. Recommend that DOD consolidate 0MB A-123 guidance into one regulation applicable to all services.

This new pamphlet presents guidance for performing economic analysis as part of the resource allocation process for Military Construction, Army, Base Realignment and Closure, Army, Commercially Financed Facilities, Army Reserve and Army National Guard projects.

This report contains translations/transcriptions of articles and/or broadcasts about Egypt. Topics include: Islamic coalition, Arab unity, social unrest, economics, land reform, tourism, agricultural reform, taxes, etc.

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) and Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) publications contain political, military, economic, environmental, and sociological news, commentary, and other information, as well as scientific and technical data and reports. All information has been obtained from foreign radio and television broadcasts, news agency transmissions, newspapers, books, and periodicals. Items generally are processed from the first or best available sources. It should not be inferred that they have been disseminated only in the medium, in the language, or to the area indicated. Items from foreign language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed. Except for excluding certain diacritics, FBIS renders personal names and place-names in accordance with the romanization systems approved for U.S. Government publications by the U.S. Board of Geographic Names.

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) and Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) publications contain political, military, economic, environmental, and sociological news, commentary, and other information, as well as scientific and technical data and reports. All information has been obtained from foreign radio and television broadcasts, news agency transmissions, newspapers, books, and periodicals. Items generally are processed from the first or best available sources. It should not be inferred that they have been disseminated only in the medium, in the language, or to the area indicated. Items from foreign language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed. Except for excluding certain diacritics, FBIS renders personal names and place-names in accordance with the romanization systems approved for U.S. Government publications by the U.S. Board of Geographic Names.

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) and Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) publications contain political, military, economic, environmental, and sociological news, commentary, and other information, as well as scientific and technical data and reports. All information has been obtained from foreign radio and television broadcasts, news agency transmissions; newspapers, books, and periodicals. Items generally are processed from the first or best available sources. It should not be inferred that they have been disseminated only in the medium, in the language, or to the area indicated. Items from foreign language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed. Except for excluding certain diacritics, FBIS renders personal names and place-names in accordance with the romanization systems approved for U.S. Government publications by the U.S. Board of Geographic Names.