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From the rise of the diaspora of Mishar Tatar Turks in Finland – now known as the Finnish Tatar community – in the late 19th century to the present, the community has sought connections with the Ottoman Empire and later the Turkish Republic (from 1923 onward). Cold War politics partially account for why Finnish Tatars sought Turkish support, given that the community’s homeland lay in Soviet Russia. Even as Finnish Tatars re-established links with fellow Mishar Tatar Turks in present-day Russia, the diaspora community has continued to seek support from Turkey. Furthermore, Finnish Tatars have, in turn, supported Turkey, especially in advocating for Turkey’s acceptance into the European Union. Using diaspora studies, this article addresses the gap in connections between Finnish Tatars and Turkey. Through an overview of relations between Finnish Tatars and Turkey and a case study on the establishment of the Finnish-Turkish Folk School in 1948, which was born with influence from Turkey, the article argues that the transnational connections between Finnish Tatars and Turkey have been beneficial to both parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: GNE-myopathy is a distal myopathy with adult-onset and initial involvement of anterior leg compartment. A founder effect has been demonstrated for some patients from several large cohorts in different countries. Methods: In this study, we investigated the allele frequency of the c.169_170delinsTT (p.(Ala57Phe)) variant in the GNE gene (NM_001128227.3) among different ethnic populations (Mari, Tatar, and Bashkir) and estimated the age of the mutation's spread event. Results: The c.169_170delinsTT variant in the GNE gene was detected in the Mari population with an allele frequency of 0.003788 but was not found in the Tatar or Bashkir populations. The disease incidence is estimated to be 1.43 (95% CI: 0.00092–43.78) per 100,000 in the Mari population. According to our study, the estimated age of the mutation's spread is 160.46 years (95% CI: 45.55–244.14). Discussion: By comparing the information gathered with historical data on migration patterns in the Middle Volga region and estimating the age of the variant's dissemination, we propose hypotheses regarding its origin and the pathways through which it spread. In the current context of increased rate of interethnic marriages, investigating the spread of common pathogenic variants from historically isolated populations is important for molecular genetic diagnosis. This approach aids in optimizing diagnostic processes and reducing the diagnostic odyssey for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Balkans represent a highly complex cultural region, shaped by historical processes, sociological structures, political changes, and geographical conditions. This area offers a stage where various peoples live together and engage in multi-layered cultural interactions. As a result, cultural research conducted in the Balkans continues to reveal many cultural heritages and traditions that are yet to be discovered. During a field study conducted as part of the project titled "Creating Written, Visual, and Audio Resources Through the Compilation and Analysis of the Traditional Music of Bulgarian Turks," supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bursa Uludağ University, such discoveries have been made. In this context, a notable example was encountered in the mevlid tradition, a religious musical genre commonly performed in the Balkans and carrying significant identity-related meanings in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article exposes the extent of Russian cultural aggression: the looting of museums and appropriation of items of the Ukrainian museum foundation, the damage to and demolition of archaeological sites of Ukraine, the explosion of the Kakhovka dam and the consequences of this disaster for Ukrainian cultural heritage, and the cultural erasure of Crimean Tatars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the push-pull factors of migration and re-migration of Tatar Muslims living in Korea between 1920 and 1945 and their lives during this period. The research examines the relationship Tatar Muslims had with Japan, their views on Koreans, and their positions within the changing international context of expanding and intensifying Japanese imperialism. Tatar Muslims migrated to Korea due to Russia's anti-Islamic policies, famine, and Japan's pro-Islamic policies aimed at expanding its imperialism. Under Japanese rule, the Tatar Muslim community fully assimilated into Japan's colonial project, supporting anti-communist policies, teaching Japanese language and history, and providing military support. Simultaneously, they maintained their Islamic and Tatar ethnic identity by establishing mosques and Islamic schools, organizing religious gatherings, publishing the Qur'an, inviting ethnic leaders, and sustaining their communities. This behavior led to indifference or ignorance of Korean aspirations for independence. Their consistent pro-Japanese stance and the spread of socialism were major factors in their departure from Korea after Japan's defeat. The history of Tatar migrant Muslims exemplifies the strategic choices minority migrant groups made to survive amidst the maelstrom of 20th-century imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa's army towards the population of the attacked areas of Hungary and Austria during the Vienna Expedition of 1683 in the light of selected Ottoman sources. The aim of the article is to analyze the methods of the Ottoman army under the command of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa and the Tatars supporting him against the people of the Hungarian and Lower Austrian areas during the Turkish expedition to Vienna in 1683. The primary sources are the accounts of chroniclers (Silahdar Mehmed aga of Fyndykla, Jebedji Hasan Esiri) and historians (Husein Hezarfenn, defterdar Sari Mehmed Pasha) of the Ottoman era. Important relations are included into the grand vizier's letters to the residents of the Hungarian city of Sopron and Vienna. These reports show that Ottoman forces sought to capture some cities and Vienna itself without a fight, counting on their surrender. They also succeeded in winning over some Hungarian magnates hostile to the Habsburgs (Imre Thököly, the Batthyanych and Draskovics families). However, terror was mainly used against the local population, which meant the extermination of prisoners of war – military (so-called "tongues") and civilians, as well as the taking of women and children into slavery ("jasyr"). Chroniclers report, among other things, cases of rewarding Ottoman soldiers and Tartars in exchange for supplied captives, who were later murdered. There are numerous reports on the destruction of occupied areas, mass looting and rape of women and boys. The attacked areas were almost completely destroyed and the population decimated. According to calculations, between 80,000 and more than 100,000 residents were killed or taken prisoner during these events. Streszczenie. Celem artykułu jest analiza metod postępowania armii osmańskiej pod dowództwem wielkiego wezyra Kara Mustafy i wspierających go Tatarów wobec ludności z obszarów Węgier i Dolnej Austrii podczas tureckiej wyprawy na Wiedeń w 1683 roku. Podstawowymi źródłami są relacje kronikarzy (Silahdar Mehmed aga z Fyndykły, Dżebedżi Hasan Esiri) i historyków (Husein Hezarfenn, defterdar Sari Mehmed Pasza) z doby osmańskiej. Ważnymi przekazami są listy wielkiego wezyra do mieszkańców węgierskiego miasta Sopron i Wiednia. Z relacji tych wynika, że siły osmańskie dążyły do opanowania niektórych miast i samego Wiednia bez walki, licząc na ich kapitulację. Udało się także pozyskać niektórych możnowładców węgierskich wrogo nastawionych do Habsburgów (Imre Thököly, rody Batthyanych, Draskovicsów). Wobec miejscowej ludności stosowano jednak przede wszystkim terror, który oznaczał eksterminację jeńców — wojskowych (tzw. „języków") i cywili oraz branie kobiet i dzieci w niewolę (jasyr). Kronikarze relacjonują m.in. przypadki nagradzania żołnierzy osmańskich i Tatarów w zamian za dostarczanych jeńców, których potem mordowano. Liczne są informacje o niszczeniu zajmowanych obszarów, masowych rabunkach i gwałtów na kobietach oraz chłopcach. Atakowane obszary zostały niemal całkowicie zniszczone a ludność zdziesiątkowana. Jak wynika z obliczeń, podczas tych wydarzeń zginęło lub zostało wziętych do niewoli od 80 do ponad 100 tysięcy mieszkańców. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Karatai are an ethnographic group of Mordvins, historically living in the KamskoUstinsky district of Tatarstan, whose native language is Tatar. The centuries-old history of this local group is an example of active interethnic interaction in the Volga region. Various aspects of history, material and spiritual culture, and the Karatai language are considered in ethnographic and dialectological literature. Among them are those analyzing hypotheses of the origin of the Karatai, taking into account the obvious Mishar vocabulary of their language; studying the modern area of settlement; features of self-identification. Special attention is paid to the materials of the Mordovian ethnographic expedition, which studied the life and traditions of the Karatai in the 1950s under the guidance of the famous scientist V.N. Belitzer.

Two groups of Tatars have historically been settled in the eastern regions of the Ryazan Region - Kasimov Tatars and Mishari Tatars, with a total population of 3,071 people (as of 2021). These groups, while maintaining a common Tatar identity, close contacts (and family and marriage ties) have significant differences in ethnogenesis, traditional life, and especially in vocabulary. Most of the Kasimov Tatars are now Russian-speaking, while this ethnographic group is characterized by its archaic dialect, which differs markedly from the Mishar dialect found in neighboring Kasimov districts. Our in-depth interviews with Kasimov Tatars show that they perceive their dialect as an important factor of ethnoidentity, full or partial possession of it is noted as a sign of an indigenous inhabitant of the Tatar settlement of the city or local villages founded back in the era of the Kasimov Khanate. Local vocabulary is also used in ritual practices, becoming an integral part of religious everyday life. The Kasimov Tatars are alarmed by the transfer of vocabulary to young people, teaching them. Within the framework of the urban Tatar cultural center, it is only possible to study in the literary language, which the Kasimov Tatars perceive poorly. At the same time, thanks to the joint activities of community activists and researchers from Moscow and Tatarstan, it became possible to fix vocabulary with the possibility of preparing a dictionary of the dialect and further developments in its teaching. The article also examines the significance of the study of the Kasimov dialect of the Tatar language, conducted by the outstanding Kazan dialectologist, researcher and researcher L.T. Makhmutova in her 1952 dissertation. The article attempts to analyze the role of the dialect as a factor of the ethno-confessional identity of a local group of Tatars, as well as the work of the community in fixing and teaching the dialect.

N.I. Vorobyev made a great contribution to the comparative study of the history of settlement and traditional culture of the ethnographic groups of the Chuvash, their interethnic interaction with the contacted ethnoses. He identified three ethnographic complexes based on the features, both those that had archaic signs and newly formed ones. Regarding the history of the formation of ethnographic groups, the researcher argued that the population of the north-east of the Chuvash Volga region perceived more southern Turkic influences in their everyday life, began to differ in language and way of life from the north-western population, although they retained commonality with it in the main elements of language, culture and lifestyle. His conclusion that the main ethnographic groups of the Chuvash, as he considered the upper Viryal and lower Anatri, were finally formed during the 15th century in the northern regions of Chuvashia as a result of the rapprochement of the indigenous population of these areas with newcomers from the south, cannot be considered justified. The work of ethnographic expeditions in the Chuvash regions in the late 1940s and early 1950s, she showed that the archaic complex was most characteristic of the costume of the middle-aged Chuvash Anat enchi, although N.I. Vorobyev considered them an average or mixed ethnographic group. In general, he represented that group as part of the Anatri, who changed their way of life under the influence of borrowing from the Tatars. The author’s team, under the guidance of the scholar, developed in detail the classification of the Chuvash into groups and subgroups based on folk costume. N.I. Vorobyev for the first time identified three subgroups as part of anatri. The border zone between Anatri and anat yenchi, which was not clearly defined by its predecessors, in particular G.I. Komissarov, N.I. Vorobyev, was also not resolved. The riding costume was formed as a result of interaction with the mountain Mari people, although many features that unite it primarily with the anat Enchi costume were not replaced in it. The authors emphasise that the striking external differences that were recorded in the riding Chuvash northwestern subgroups and grassroots chuvashki hirti. They did not violate the common cultural community of the Chuvash people. It should be noted that the task of a more detailed substantiation of cultural and linguistic areas at the level of subgroups within the ethnographic groups of the Chuvash, divided into four subgroups in the upper zone and three in the middle and lower ones, unresolved by the expeditions of the late 1940s – early 1950s, remains relevant.

Research objectives: This article, through the review of István Vásáry’s book, published in 2023 as part of the Variorum Collected Studies Series (digital) by Taylor & Francis, aims to explore the interactions among Turks, Tatars, and Russians within the Eurasian region, as well as their broader political, economic, and cultural influences. Research results and scientific novelty: The book that forms the basis of this article consists of a total of 21 articles by the Hungarian author published in different years, including the revised and translated English version of two articles previously published in Russian. This work of Vásáry, a veteran researcher in the field of Turkic, Mongolian, and Tatar history, as well as Turcology, explores the interaction among societies spanning vast territories from the Steppes to the Balkans and further across Eastern Europe. It exposes with great skill the political, military, administrative, social, economic, diplomatic, religious, linguistic, literary and cultural aspects of the interaction in question through specific case studies and facts. This view is a challenge to the general one that ignores the contributions of the people in the mentioned territories to world civilization. From this aspect, this book beckons scholars to reevaluate historical documents not merely as repositories of the past, but also as critical lenses through which to discern and interpret contemporary realities.

Purpose of the study: to identify sources on everyday life during the Crimean Khanate. An attempt to reconstruct individual episodes of everyday life through the study and reference to materials of the epistolary genre. Research materials: The article analyzes and translates into Russian a letter from Suleiman Effendi to his wife, presumably written during the Polish-Turkish War (1632–1634). This letter was published in 1864 in the collection of V. Velyaminov-Zernov “Materials for the history of the Crimean Khanate”, but until today it remained completely unexplored. Results and scientific novelty: The topic of everyday life during the Crimean Khanate period remains unstudied and unconsidered. In view of this circumstance, the relevance of the problem raised in the study lies in identifying and considering sources containing descriptions of individual aspects of everyday life. The work examines a letter of a private nature, which reveals several aspects from the past: the private life and relationships of people in the family, the ethics of mental behavior in society, the tactics and techniques used by the warring parties during military campaigns, the names of historical figures, the language of that time. Based on the research and identification of sources of the epistolary genre, the author comes to the conclusion that today the letters of a private nature from the period of the Crimean Khanate are very rare. An analysis of the contents of the letter suggests that there was correspondence between Suleiman Effendi and his wife, and this letter is Suleiman Effendi’s response to a letter sent earlier by his wife. It also turns out that letter

The purpose of the study: Study the information of Seyyid Muhammad Riza about the Kazan Khanate. Research materials: “Seven planets in the news about the Tatar kings”, “Umdet alakhbar”, Russian chronicles, historical works, diplomatic documents, etc. Results and scientific novelty. In the essay “Seven Planets in the News of the Tatar Kings” by Seyyd Muhammad Riza, the history of the Crimean Khanate and CrimeanOttoman relations is presented in great detail. Against the background of the fact that the history of the Kazan Khanate is strongly intertwined with the history of the Crimean Khanate, the lapidary nature in the description of Crimean-Kazan relations and the history of the Kazan Khanate as a whole, looks very symptomatic. Based on a textual analysis of news about the Kazan Khanate and diplomatic documents, we came to conclusion that Seyyid Muhammad Riza deliberately “kept silent” about some important events in the history of the Crimean-Russian, Crimean-Kazan and Ottoman-Russian relations, so as not to raise “inconvenient” questions for Porta. It is important that the origins of this approach are found in the Ottoman policy itself at the end of the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries. The sultans did not show much interest in Kazan affairs and forwarded Аксанов А.В. «Не приносившая доход власть»: Сейид Мухаммад Риза… 23 all requests from Kazan citizens to Crimea. Obviously, the Ottomans’ policy of ignoring the “Kazan problem” was determined by their aspirations in the Central European Theater of military operations. In this vein, Sayyid Muhammad Riza's narrative appears to be an apologetics for Ottoman foreign policy.

The article is about one of the most important works devoted to the history of the Crimean Khanate, the historical work “Seven Planets in the News of the Tatar Kings” (“As-sab’ as-sayyar fi akhbari muluk at-Tatar”) by the Ottoman author Seyyid Muhammad Riza, who most likely was of Crimean Tatar origin and came from the Seyid stratum and was part of the elite of the Ottoman Empire, in charge of the affairs of the Seyids. The title of the work has an allegorical meaning and is associated with the sacred meaning of the number seven and means “seven significant khans who ruled within the Crimea.” The work “As-sab‘ as-sayyar fi akhbari muluk at-tatar” was written between 1737–1747 and is an example of the chronicle genre (tawarikh) with a presentation of events in chronological order. In total, eight copies of the composition are known, which are stored in Turkey, Russia and Egypt. All of them were rewritten between 1755–1756 and 1791. The first publication of the original text of the work belongs to A.K. Kazembek.

After 29 October 1923, when the status of the nation as a republic was declared and its official name was proclaimed to be Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (“the Republic of Turkey”), the officials followed a defensive policy and the Turkish status became part of defensive alliances. In this sense, treaties with the USSR were signed, Turkey was part of the Balkan Agreement and had agreements with Great Britain, France, etc. An increased attention was paid to the Balkan space where the legacy of the Ottoman Empire was visible. Ankara’s diplomats appealed to the Turkish-Tatar communities that lived in the geographical area of Balkans to move to the new Turkish state. The Treaty of Lausanne and then the Treaty of Montreux were vital – in the first – for the security of the new Turkish state, but also for the states bordering the Black Sea. From political point of view, the main priority of the foreign turkish policy was to pursue an alliances policy, seeking to maintain and consacrate by treaties its territorial integrity stability in its own influence areas.

This article is dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people, one of the most tragic and large-scale acts of Soviet repressive policies in the 20th century. This event had far-reaching consequences for the Crimean Tatar people, as well as for the socio-economic and cultural structure of the entire Crimean Peninsula. The study thoroughly analyzes the key causes of the deportation, its course, and its complex consequences, which deeply affected the region’s development. The deportation, which involved more than 200,000 Crimean Tatars, was a multi-stage process organized by Soviet authorities. It was accompanied by the forced relocation of the population to remote regions of Central Asia and Siberia, where harsh natural conditions, a lack of food, and medical supplies created extremely difficult living conditions for the deportees. This led to a high mortality rate among the Crimean Tatars, with estimates suggesting that up to 46% of the population died from hunger, disease, and exhausting labor in the first few years following the deportation. In addition to the demographic consequences, the article details the political, ideological, and geostrategic reasons that prompted the Soviet authorities to carry out this deportation. The Soviet regime viewed deportation as part of its broader policy of repression and forced assimilation of national minorities, particularly the Crimean Tatars, whose ethnic and cultural identity posed a threat to the centralized Soviet system. The systematic suppression of national identity was one of the key tools of Stalin’s regime, aimed not only at physical displacement but also at the destruction of the Crimean Tatars’ cultural heritage and historical memory. An important aspect of the work is the analysis of the current situation of the Crimean Tatars in the context of the Russian occupation of Crimea since 2014. This issue is particularly relevant as the Crimean Tatar people once again face new waves of repression and persecution that threaten their cultural heritage and existence. The article examines how the current conditions of occupation affect the national consciousness of the Crimean Tatars and how their history of deportation is used in contemporary political discourse. The article also emphasizes the importance of preserving the historical memory of the Crimean Tatar deportation as one of the key elements in the fight for the rights of deported peoples. Special attention is given to the importance of maintaining national identity in the face of new threats. The work focuses significantly on the international challenges related to human rights violations, particularly those affecting national minorities, as well as the need for the restoration of historical justice and the protection of the cultural rights of peoples affected by deportation and repression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on how the digital age has affected the Crimean Tatar religious authorities in the emerging cyber-Islamic environment. I argue that despite government restrictions, the internet remains a safe space for public debate and for challenging Muslim authorities in Crimea. I also argue that although online media have allowed traditional Muslim authorities in Crimea to improve communication within their organization and expand their audiences, they have become a platform for challenging their hierarchies, structures, ideologies, and texts. First, the structure of the Crimean Muslim community is outlined. I then describe the Crimean cyber-Islamic environment, before using social-media analysis and interviews with Muslim leaders to analyze the situation in the Crimean Tatars' cyber-Islamic environment, with a focus on their religious authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to analysing the legal position of Joan Donoghue, President of the International Court of Justice, regarding the ban on the Mejlis, as expressed in her separate opinion to the Court's Judgment on merits of 31 January 2024, in the case concerning the Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation). The article presents and examines Donoghue's arguments that the ban on the Mejlis, an institution entirely composed of members from a single ethnic group, was based not only on the political activities of the institution or its members but also on the ethnic background of the Mejlis members. This suggests that the ban can be considered an act of discrimination against the Crimean Tatar ethnic group and a violation of relevant CERD provisions by the Russian Federation. The article also analyses three points raised by Donoghue regarding the Court's application of CERD in the context of the issue. First, the Court committed a serious mistake by assessing the legality of the Mejlis ban without adequately analysing the legal grounds for such a ban. Second, the Court artificially separated the political views expressed by the Mejlis from the ethnic background of its members, which was inappropriate in this case. Third, the Court reached an erroneous conclusion that the ban on the Mejlis did not deprive the Crimean Tatar population of representation, as this body allegedly was not the only institution representing the Crimean Tatar community. Donoghue's argumentation is further complemented by author's reflections that, inter alia, the practical application of Russian Federal Law "On Countering Extremist Activity," under which the Mejlis was banned, illustrates the unlawful and discriminatory nature of such an instrument. Since the legal basis for banning the Mejlis was unlawful, the ban on the ban on Mejlis cannot be considered legitimate; it should constitute a violation of the Russian Federation's international obligations under CERD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the editorial concept and content of the thematic issue of the Historical Ethnology journal dedicated to Russian Muslims, the Muslim population of Turkestan in the late 18th – early 20th centuries, and Islam. The papers included in the issue are united by the key subject “Islam in the changing contexts of eras: social and identification projections” and represent a wide field of research perspectives in Islamic studies. The interdisciplinary and diachronic approaches used in forming the content of the issue allowed tracing the dynamics of the state and the development of Islamic institutions, traditions, norms and practices, which undergo changes under the influence of the socio-political, ethnocultural and economic situation of different historical eras of the Russian history. The empirical perspective is aimed at studying the ethnocultural and social aspects of Islam in different regional contexts related to the specifics of the intellectual, theological, ritual, social, and everyday life of Muslim communities in Tatarstan, other regions of the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan (Turkestan of the late 19th – early 20th centuries). A significant part of the articles is devoted to revealing the role of Islam in the Tatar community in different periods of its development: from imperial Russia, through the era of Soviet atheism, to the realities of modern times, which are characterised by unprecedented dynamics of the development of communication technologies. The transformation of the ritual sphere of Muslims, the format of religious practices, new online communities, and the activities of spiritual leaders in the Tatar-language media and in the blogosphere largely determine the attitude of the population, particularly young people, to Islam. A number of works in the issue trace the influence of migration processes on the development of Islam and Muslim communities in historically non-traditional social and geographical contexts. Comparison of historical research with a wide range of factual materials, documents and evidence of the past – with modern ethnological and sociological research allows us to form a multidimensional and dynamic vision of the situation in Islam and Muslim communities, taking into account their historical background in Russia and Central Asia.

The article analyses the educational activities of Tatars, the emergence and development of printing and polygraphic production in Turkestan in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The development of printing in the languages of the local Turkic population in Turkestan is associated with the socio-cultural and religious activism of Tatars. The author analyses historical and archival documents, a number of printed publications in the Uzbek language of the specified period and traces the logistics of the formation of printing culture in this region, which was significant for the Russian Empire. The article shows the effects of the modernisation trend among Tatars in the context of the scientific and technological revolution, and its transit through the Russian society to the foreign Turkic peoples of the country. The author describes the activities of Tatar typesetters who brought Muslim fonts for printing to the given region, thereby showing how the provision of a material and technical base stimulated the development of printing for the local Turkic-speaking population. The author demonstrates the development of the printing culture of Turkestan in the late 19th – early 20th centuries through the analysis of various aspects of the activities of such Tatar figures as Shakhimardan Ibragimov, Mukhammad Khasan Chanishev, Shakhingirey Bekkulov, Abdulatif Yaushev, Ali Bektemirov, Ismail Abidov, Arif Klevleyev, Akhmad Donskoy, and Shagid Akhmadiev. Along with that, the author analyses the participation of the Tatar intelligentsia in the development of printing activities and the establishment of printing in the new socio-political conditions that emerged after the revolution of 1917 – already in the Turkestan ASSR, in particular, in the Khorezm and Bukhara People's Soviet Republics.

The article presents the results of studying the process of constructing new religious spaces in Tomsk in the post-Soviet period, starting from the 1990s – the period of legitimation of religion in Russia. The author’s inclusion of the desecularisation concept in the analytical apparatus of the study allowed us to examine in detail the specifics of the transition of historical Muslim communities from a secular, atheistic social formation to a religious one. The purpose of the study is to examine the process of formation of religious practices among local Muslim Tatars in the context of their construction of urban religious space. The analytical framework of the desecularisation concept implied identification of a number of factors that influence their activism in the religious revivalist movement. They include the following: updating the historical ethno-confessional heritage, privatisation of religious institutions – mosque buildings built in the pre-revolutionary period; post-Soviet religious re-socialisation with the restoration of religious norms and practices at the everyday level; the formation of an accompanying institutional environment for these practices and demands; the complex and contradictory process of restoring the institution of the clergy; ethnocultural revival with formation of online communities. Anthropological and ethnological methods used by the author of the study allowed identifying a set of objective and subjective factors that have a significant impact on the dynamics and quality of the formation of urban religious spaces by local Muslim Tatars and visiting Muslim migrants from the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus republics. At the same time, it is shown how differentiation occurs in the religious institutional space according to the principle of “locals” – “newcomers”, which, one way or another, affects the sphere of religious worship and practices, the specifics of religious infrastructure, the situation of competitive relations between imams from the Tatar community and from number of arriving Muslim migrants. The study shows that local religious Tatar activists create unique religious spaces and practices in the Muslim community, including the media space. Urban spaces, adapted to the needs of believers, become a part of religious relations within the Tatar community. Along with this, the increasing activity of imams, immigrants from Central Asia and the Caucasus republics, who accumulate administrative and territorial resources around themselves, has been noted. This leads to the replacement of traditional Islamic actors from among local Tatars with newcomers from among migrants. The article analyses field materials, observations and in-depth interviews collected from informants in Tomsk and the Tomsk Region from late 2019 to 2024.

The article is devoted to the study of modern effects of the information field in the sphere of ritual Islamic practices in the context of the social crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on issues related to the performance of ritual practices in Islam. New regulations of state medical institutions introduced in connection with the 2020 pandemic have influenced the violation of centuries-old traditional norms and practices in the funeral culture of the Tatars. The emerging contradictions and inconsistencies stimulated the actualisation of expert knowledge on the part of Muslim spiritual leaders. In the article, the author analyses the interaction between Muslim Tatars and religious authorities on the issues of solving everyday life and religious problems that believers encountered due to extraordinary circumstances (COVID-19). The source of the study was the Tatar-language media and Internet resources. The obtained results indicate the flexibility and adaptability of the information environment – traditional print media and digital technologies to rapidly developing social turbulence. At the same time, the influence of non-standard social factors (the pandemic) in a rather conservative and strictly regulated sphere of Muslim funeral and ritual culture is shown. The second aspect of the study is related to the gradual transformation of the ideas of Muslim Tatars about the culture of grave decoration. Epigraphic expeditions conducted by the author indicate that the deepening and dissemination of religious norms among them leads to gradual rejection of the practice of using photographs of deceased relatives on monuments that developed in the Soviet times. The totality of the collected materials allows us to trace how changes in family structure and relationships affect religious practices and the perception of Islam. The processes recorded by the author reflect the dynamics of the formation of theological Islam among Muslim Tatars in modern Tatarstan.

In the 1960s–1970s in the Soviet society, formation of new civil rituals gained relevance. One of the newfound components was family and household (personal family) rituals – ceremonial registration and a wedding. The article reveals the process of introducing a new civil wedding ritual in a Tatar village in the 1970s. The sources include wedding photographs from the family archives of the Nurutdinovs, the Mamatovs, the Khakovs, and the Romazanovs – natives of different regions of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as the author’s field materials collected through in-depth and longitudinal interviews. Wedding photographs represent valuable illustrative material on the problem of the formation of a new “Soviet rituals” in the socio-cultural space of the village, including the destruction of the wedding image and deprivation of its national features and characteristics. They can be considered a multifaceted source upon which the formation of collective memory about the Soviet past is based.

Research Objectives: Studying the contributions of the Crimean and Nogai Tatars to the military efforts of the Ottoman state from the moment that the Crimean Khanate fell under the Turkish protectorate until the mid-19th century. Research materials. The article is based on an analysis of sources and rich historiographical material, the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the topic of research. Results and Novelty of the Research: An analysis of sources and historiography shows that over the centuries, thousands of Tatars (Crimean, Nogai, Kazan) fought in the ranks of the Ottoman army. The participation of the troops of the Crimean Khanate significantly strengthened the capabilities of the Sultan’s armies. After the joining of Crimea in 1783, thousands of Crimean and Nogai Tatars left the territory of the Khanate and continued to fight against Russia. In 1787, the Ottoman authorities proclaimed the revival of the Crimean Khanate. The armed forces of the Girays fought against the Russians and Austrians in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1791. After the war of 1787–1791, despite the liquidation of the Khanate, the Ottoman government continued to actively involve Tatars in military service. The Tatar cavalry fought on the side of the Sultan in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1806–1812 and 1828–1829. Military personnel of the Dobruja Tatar Regiment took part in a number of key events in the Turkish military history of the 19th century. During the Crimean War (1853–1856), the combined forces of British, French and Turkish troops landed in Crimea. The allies, at the same time, used the help from the Crimean Tatar population. Later, Crimean Tatars also participated in Turkish wars, such as the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and World War I (1914–1918).

The TRPM8 thermoreceptor gene (rs7593557) was analyzed in 15 population samples living in different regions of Northern Asia, the Altai-Sayan Highlands, and Canada. High frequencies of a rare genotype and allele in the populations of the Altai-Sayan region and Western Siberia were found among the Telengits (22.2 and 41.7% respectively) and were low among the Siberian Tatars (3.2 and 18.5% respectively), while among the peoples of northern Siberia and the Far East high frequency was found among the Nanais (22.2 and 42.6% respectively) and a low frequency among the Yakuts (1.1 and 10.9% respectively). No deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were found. Trans-association of TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8 gene polymorphisms was carried out using the regression analysis method in 14 populations. Of all three pairs, only one, TRPV1/TRPM8, showed a positive correlation (0.55, df = 13, P-value, 0.032). In TRPV1/TRPA and TRPA1/TRPM8 pairs a negative correlation was revealed (–0.545, df = 13, P-value, 0.048) and (–0.46, df = 13, P-value, 0.097) respectively. Our data indicate that the studied polymorphisms of the TRPV1 and TRPM8 genes are correlated with each other and negatively correlated with TRPA. The results obtained may indicate the coevolution of these genes. It was previously shown that TRPV1, as well as TRPM8, was detected with high frequency in the Nanai population. It is likely that these two mutations came simultaneously from East Asia and spread throughout Russia, which explains the fact that they are positively correlated with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Social Research / Turkiye Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi is the property of Turkish Journal of Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses two books that examine the concept of civilization and the reign of Catherine II in 18th century Russia. The authors argue that despite military conquests and social inequalities, Russian imperialism during this time was a civilized endeavor. They analyze Catherine's governance, reforms, and relationships, emphasizing her ambition, courage, and pragmatism. The books also explore her approach to diversity and the management of her empire. While acknowledging limitations and critics, the authors provide a nuanced and insightful account of Catherine's reign, highlighting the complexities and ironies of the Russian civilizing mission. [Extracted from the article]

Polish Tatars are a minority Muslim community who have lived on the Eastern borderlands of Poland for over 600 years, forming an integral part of Poland despite distinct social and religious customs. I argue that food practices among Polish Tatars in the Podlasie region, rather than being merely a symbolic means of expressing difference, actively create community as forces of both exclusion and inclusion. Affective bonds are reinforced through the bringing together of individuals in the space of the kitchen to cook and consume Polish Tatar food during holidays, but fears of assimilation and loss of identity are reinforced by a perceived weakening of these practices among the youth. Food practices in restaurants represent the community as a type of familiar alterity that is both distinct from, and yet a part of, wider Polish society, while simultaneously mosques complicate binary conceptions of food as belonging exclusively to one group. The contested consumption of pork and alcohol connects Polish Tatars to the wider Polish population as "our Muslims," while also creating boundaries with non-Tatar Muslims. In this paper, food is understood as an agentic force that actively crafts group boundaries of belonging through processes of inclusion and exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Maetagused is the property of Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the persistence of Tatarophobia against Crimean Tatars in the Russian segment of social media during the first year of the full-scale invasion (24 February 2022-24 February 2023). A total of 4,435 posts from various social media platforms, including Facebook, Odnoklassniki, Telegram, Twitter, and Vkontakte, were analysed. The discourse predominantly echoes Russia's imperial and Soviet-era narratives, along with xenophobic and oppressive rhetoric exacerbated by the full-fledged invasion. The propaganda seeks to cultivate a negative perception of Crimean Tatars as an ethnic community, manipulating cultural and historical aspects related to them. Additionally, it endeavours to construct an adversarial image of relations between Ukraine and the Crimean Tatars, as well as of Ukraine's current policies. Russian special services perceive the capacity of Crimean Tatars to self-organize, establish volunteer units, or organize blockades as a threat. The propaganda effort not only fosters harassment and hate speech but also encourages peninsula residents to view them as "unreliable elements" deserving of suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the transformation of ethnic identity among the Tatar community in Tajikistan in the wake of the Tajik Civil War. Drawing on in-depth interviews, it analyses how the war and subsequent dispersion and migration have reconfigured Tatar ethnic ties and fostered the emergence of a hybrid identity. The findings reveal a complex process of identity formation, where the loss of homeland and language intertwines with the development of a Tajikistani national identity and the experience of differentiation through labour migration. The paper argues that the Tatar community's self-definition as 'Tatar of Tajikistan' epitomises the resilience of people navigating multiple contexts and transcending conventional categories of ethnicity and migration. It offers insights into the dynamics of identity politics amidst post-socialist transition and war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the biography of the Polish traveller and diplomat Marcin Broniowski (d. 1592), author of Tartariae descriptio (1578), a classic description of early modern Crimea. While working on the article, I discovered a number of previously unknown Polish sources relating to the diplomat's biography. This allowed me to reconstruct Marcin Broniowski's biography and the chronology of his visits to Crimea. I also analyse the main early modern editions and translations of Tartariae descriptio, as well as its influence on the history of European geographical thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The discovery of two EBV types (EBV-1 and EBV-2) has stimulated the study of their prevalence in populations and association with malignancies. Objective. To study the prevalence of EBV-1 and EBV-2 types among ethnic groups in Russia, to analyze PCR products of the LMP1 gene in virus isolates, and to evaluate the contribution of EBV types to the incidence of malignant neoplasms. Materials and methods. EBV isolates from oral lavages of the Republics Adygea, Kalmykia, Tatarstan and the Moscow Region (MR) representatives were studied by nested PCR for the belonging to EBV-1 and EBV-2 types. LMP1 amplicons obtained by real-time PCR from viral isolates DNA were classified and sequenced on an automatic DNA sequencer ABI PRISM 3100-Avant (USA). The sequencing results were analyzed using Chromas 230 and Vector NT programs (Invitrogen, USA). The reliability of the obtained data was assessed using statistical packages Statistica for Windows, 10.0. Results. The prevalence rates of EBV-1 and EBV-2 in representatives of four ethnic groups were compared with the incidence rates of some tumors in the population of three Republics and MR. The dominant persistence of the transforming in vitro EBV-1 type in representatives of the Republic of Tatarstan and MR correlated with a high incidence of gastric cancer and lymphomas in the population of these territories. On the contrary, predominant infection of the non-transforming in vitro EBV-2 type and both types of the virus in approximately the same percentage of representatives of Adygea and Kalmykia, respectively, correlated with a lower level incidence of above tumors in populations of these Republics. The differences between the incidence rates of neoplasms in the compared ethnic populations were statistically insignificant (p 0.05). LMP1 variants of viral isolates did not reflect either the level of EBV persistence types or the incidence of tumors. Conclusion. Infection of ethnic groups with EBV-1 and EBV-2 may vary significantly under the influence of various factors. The predominance of the in vitro transforming EBV-1 type in the population did not increase the incidence of tumors due to cases associated with the dominant virus type.

This paper aims to make visible the alternative social projects hidden beneath everyday Crimean Tatar landscapes. Drawing on audio recordings and field data from interviews and narrated walking tours led by young citizens, it illuminates how these spaces of otherwise emerge and are co-constructed through participants' re-readings of material artifacts, resemiotisation of place semiotics and resignification of communal spaces. Participants navigate among such spaces, negotiating the legacies of historical acts of material, cultural, and linguistic dispossession and disruption as well as the contemporary forms that such acts take. In narrating semiotic landscapes, participants perform acts of Linguistic Citizenship, a concept that recognizes that speakers express agency, voice, and participation through a variety of semiotic means; they engage or disengage with political institutions of the state and advance claims for alternative forms of belonging. This paper thus expands semiotic landscape research through its design as a linguistic ethnography, using interactional data to account for individuals' perceptions of place. It also adds to research on Linguistic Citizenship by foregrounding invisibilized linguistic repertoires and performative acts of meaning-making in a charged political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike Western European countries, in Poland, there are two groups of native Muslim citizens: the Tatars and converts to Islam. They differ from mainstream society by their religion – Islam, and the Tatars, additionally, by their ethnicity. However, one of these groups – Islam converts – is racialised by the other. We argue that the Polish Tatars can use the repertoire of both sides – non-Muslim mainstream society and born Muslims – in order to otherise and racialise Polish converts to Islam. As autochthonous Poles, whose membership in mainstream society has never been questioned, they can employ strategies used by non-Muslims. As born Muslims they can build on the wide range of strategies against Islam newcomers. Moreover, the racialisation of Polish converts seems to be a strategy that aims to maintain the boundaries between these two groups and the positive self-assessment of the Tatars. This article contributes to the scholarship on racialisation of white converts to Islam by bringing out the local context with unique dynamics and power relations between different groups of Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes and studies entrepreneurial activities in the Zaysan region during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Nestled in East Kazakhstan, Zaysan City serves as a treasure trove of historical insights into entrepreneurial pursuits. Throughout this epoch, notable trade hubs burgeoned within urban centers and expansive settlements like Semey, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Zaysan, and Kokpekti, all situated within the East Kazakhstan Region. This proliferation of commerce was emblematic of the region's stature as a pivotal nexus of trade and economic activity during this period. The study includes an analysis of factors that influenced the development of entrepreneurship in Zaysan, such as the city's geographical location, the presence of waterways, trade routes, and connections with other regions. Additionally, the research examines the impact of political and socio-economic conditions, including demographic changes and shifts in the region's ethnic composition, on the development of entrepreneurship. Moreover, the research analyzes the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Zaysan's economic life. It highlights their contributions to the development of the city and the region as a whole. The study gives special attention to the philanthropic activities of entrepreneurs in areas such as education and cultural advancement, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Crimean Tatars, indigenous people of the Crimean Peninsula, are the result of centuries-long mixture of various Turkic tribes with non-Turkic elements. The mixed structure of this Turkish tribe increased the richness and diversity of its culture and language. As a result, today, the Crimean Tatar language is one of the Turkish dialects that combines the characteristics of historical Oghuz and Kipchak Turkish. Especially the dialect of the southern region of Crimea, due to its geographical location, was influenced greatly culturally and linguistically by the Oghuz Turkish. Thus, the dialect of this region is considered as a separate group from other dialects of Crimean Tatar. Based on research conducted in the villages of Balaklava, Alushta, Yalta, Sudak, Karasubazar and Bahçesaray located in the south of Crimea, this article, focuses on terms about wedding and the influence of both historical dialects in this region and their ties to modern Turkish dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the book "Kin Majorities: Identity and Citizenship in Crimea and Moldova" by Eleanor Knott. The book explores how individuals belonging to kin-majority groups in Moldova and Crimea interact with citizenship and quasi-citizenship policies promoted by their respective kin-states. It focuses on the importance of understanding kin-majorities and the political implications of their identities. The book uses qualitative research methods, including interviews, to analyze the perceptions and behaviors of individuals in these regions. It provides comprehensive categories of identification and examines the engagement of citizens with kin-state policies. The book also highlights the complexities and fragmentation within kin-majorities. Overall, it offers valuable insights into the relationship between identity and citizenship in post-Soviet Europe. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD) is the property of Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses attention on the fact that the principles and norms of law are one of the effective components of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the quality of legal norms as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. It has been established that due to the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the UN Charter, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - Krymchaks, Karaites, Crimean Tatars - are the people of Ukraine, its component; indigenous peoples of Ukraine have the right to carry out their cultural and social development; the right to education of children - representatives of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - is a guarantee of the realization of the right to cultural and social development of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine and the subjective rights of each child - a representative of the indigenous people of Ukraine; the right to self-determination belongs to the Ukrainian people, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine are its component, not a separate and isolated component, but a component that is inseparable from the people of Ukraine; every state of the world must respect the right of the Ukrainian people and its integral component - the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - to realize their economic, social and cultural development. The principles of the state's internal policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine are singled out: 1) the principle of state care; 2) the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of the state; 3) the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples. The analysis of the abovementioned international act made it possible to establish the role of these principles in the formation (planning) and implementation of state policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine: the principle of state care and the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of implementation should be combined with the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples. The purpose of the state's activity - it consists in maximally ensuring respect, preservation and development of the identity of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine. The toolkit used for this can also be identified based on the analysis of the Convention of the International Labor Organization on indigenous peoples and peoples leading a tribal way of life in independent countries: 1) correlation of the duties of the state and the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 2) stimulation of such an entity as the state by such an entity as the international community to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 3) the use of treaties by the international community to stimulate the establishment of partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 4) application by the international community of forcing the state to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine in the event that the state violates the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine, or does not establish partnership forms of interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper derived the homogenization of the heat equation with random convolutional potential. By Tartar's method of oscillating test function, the solution of the heat equation with random convolutional potential was shown to converge in distribution to the solution of the effective equation with determined convolutional potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]