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Taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) is a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado that has shown important characteristics such as a significant phenolic compound content and biological activities. The present study aimed to characterize the phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity in taperebá peel extract, as well as microencapsulating the extract with chitosan and evaluating the stability of the microparticles. The evaluation of the profile of phenolic compounds was carried out by UPLC-MS/MS. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods. The microparticles were obtained by spray drying and were submitted to a stability study under different temperatures. In general, the results showed a significant content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. The results of UPLC-MS/MS demonstrated a significant content of polyphenols in taperebá peel, highlighting the high content of ellagic acid and quercetin compounds. There was significant retention of phenolic compounds when microencapsulated, demonstrating high retention at all evaluated temperatures. This study is the first to microencapsulate the extract of taperebá peel, in addition to identifying and quantifying some compounds in this fruit. Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-27T15:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nilton-Junqueira-Phenolic-compound-profile.pdf: 1726437 bytes, checksum: 50e8652d7679bbea5b43b9b5921e758d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

The objectives were to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of different substrates, and assess the influence of different substrates, with and without the addition of controlled-release fertilizer, on the growth and morphological quality of taperebá (Spondias macrocarpa) seedlings. The experimental design adopted was a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, with the presence and absence of 8.0 g L-1 of encapsulated controlled-release fertilizer and six substrates [Sub1= soil; Sub2= soil + carbonized rice husk (2:1 v/v); Sub3= soil + organic compos (2:1 v/v); Sub4= soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (1:1:1); Sub5= soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (2:1:1); Sub 6= soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (2:2:1)], with five replicates, composed of 10 seedlings (one in each container). Formulations of substrates containing soil + carbonized rice husk + organic compost (1:1:1) and soil + organic compost (2:1 v/v) had total porosity ranging from 0.88 to 0.91 m3 m-3, aeration space from 0.33 to 0.35 m3 m-3 and available water from 0.27 to 0.29 m3 m-3, hence being suitable to obtain taperebá seedlings with superior quality. The substrate Cerrado soil (Sub1) is not viable for the production of taperebá seedlings, since it has acidic pH, an undesirable chemical characteristic for the cultivation of this species. Incorporation of controlled-release fertilizer into the substrates used in the present study led to better morphological characteristics, so it is indicated as an input for fertilization in the initial stage of growth of taperebá seedlings. Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-30T12:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 document.pdf: 1626784 bytes, checksum: c00702f1645d1457a83bafbc88940eee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

The present study investigated the effects of murici and tapereba on improving hepatic and inflammatory biomarkers in high-fat-diet rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 10/group): control (CON), high-fat diet (HF), murici drink + high-fat diet (Mu-HF), tapereba drink + high-fat diet (Tap-HF), and murici and tapereba blend drink + high-fat diet (MT-HF). Drinks were offered daily for 60 days, following which body and liver weights, hepatosomatic indexes, serum parameters, inflammatory profile, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ORAC) were analyzed. The cell death of hepatic cells was evaluated using flow cytometry. It was observed that weight gain was similar among the groups, while glycemia was lower in the MT-HF group. A high-fat diet increased the concentration of cholesterol total, ALT, IL-1β (in plasma and liver), and TNF-α (in the liver), and this was reduced by treatment with the fruit-based beverages. The other evaluated parameters showed no statistically significant difference. Compared to the CON and HF groups, the groups that received the drinks had higher cellular antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress, lipid oxidation, and development of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β. A high-fat diet induced higher cell death in hepatic tissue, which was prevented by the murici, tapereba, and the fruit-blend drinks. The consumption of murici, tapereba, and fruit-blend-based beverages showed beneficial effects on liver metabolism; therefore, they may serve as a nutritional approach for preventing and treating non-alcoholic liver disease.

Fruit flies are economically important pests that infest a wide variety of host trees. The environmental damage caused by traditional pesticide-based control methods has prompted scientists to seek less damaging alternatives such as biological control by native species. Parasitoids, especially Braconidae species, have excellent potential as biological control agents for fruit flies, being both generalists and well distributed geographically. Native fruit trees that support medium or high levels of these parasitoids could therefore play an important role in biological control strategies. A good potential example is Spondias mombin L. in the Brazilian Amazon, which hosts several species of fruit flies and associated parasitoids. Here, we provide a unique synthesis of over nearly two decades of data from the east Amazon, clearly demonstrating the potential of S. mombin to act as a source and reservoir of fruit fly parasitoids. This important ecosystem service (biological control) provided by the parasitoids and supported by S. mombin could be further enhanced through conservation of this plant species in its natural environment. Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-30T18:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAF-AP-2021-Spondias-mombin-as-a-reservoir.pdf: 1715431 bytes, checksum: c487e0b9021860d1b2438dcfa10be976 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Foram registradas diversas espécies de insetos interagindo com Spondias mombin, dentre elas espécies de importância econômica infestando os frutos. Este trabalho discute a influência de características biométricas e o estado do fruto na abundância dos insetos. Foram amostrados no total 400 frutos (3,73 kg) de dois locais na área urbana de Manaus-AM e observadas as características de peso, estratificação, estado da casca, estado de maturação e árvore de origem. Os frutos foram individualizados, assim como os puparios de Tephritidae para melhor compreensão dos resultados. Obtivemos 4.938 insetos com seis principais grupos: 44 Anastrepha antunesi, 345 Anastrepha obliqua, 484 Doryctobracon areolatus, 155 Opius bellus, 3.333 Zaprionus indianus e 411 Drosophila spp.. Foi verificado que a abundância dos insetos foi influenciada pelos frutos com peso dentro da média, com a casca danificada, frutos coletados no solo e pela árvore de origem. Entre frutos com média de peso superior a média dos frutos ofertados, a abundância foi maior nos mais pesados. Provavelmente os insetos também aumentam a quantidade de danos sofridos pelos frutos além da queda propriamente dita. De forma geral, com exceção de Drosophila spp., A. antunesi e A. obliqua, a abundância dos insetos foi influenciada pelas características propostas no trabalho. Observar características individuais de cada árvore se mostrou importante para explicar a infestação e a abundância dos insetos que exploram seus frutos. Características complementares se mostram necessárias as aqui propostas, principalmente para A. antunesi e A. obliqua. Many insect especies were registered interacting with S. mombin, some have economical impications in the fruits. In this paper we discuss the insect abundance under influence of biometrical traits of fruits and fruit peel condition. 400 fruits (3,73 kg) were sampled from two locations on the urban area of Manaus, Amazonas state. About the traits, measures of weight were taken, and observed the stratification, peel condition, ripening state and which tree the fruit came from. We individualized the sampled fruits and the Tephritidae puparia to better observe the reared insects. Were reared 4.938 insects from six main groups, Tephritidae: 44 Anastrepha antunesi and 345 Anastrepha obliqua, Braconidae: 484 Doryctobracon areolatus and 155 Opius bellus, Drosophilidae: 3.333 Zaprionus indianus and 411 Drosophila spp.. Our results allows to presume the relation between insects abundance and average weight fruits, damaged fruits, ground sampled fruits and which tree the fruit was originated. Between fruits above the average weight the abundance of insects was higher in the heaviests. For the fruits, insect activity is another damaging (or damaging enhancer) factor besides the fall from the tree. The traits and peel condition discussed in this paper has influence in the insects abundance, except for Drosophila spp., A. antunesi and A. obliqua. Observe individualy the tree characteristics showed an important step to explain infestation and abundance of insects exploring fruits. Additional fruits characteristics than the ones chosen in this paper could be necessary, for A. antunesi and A. obliqua in especial.

O ensaio com clones de cajazeira foi avaliado, na chapada do Apodi, em Limoeiro do Norte - CE. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (cinco copas x dois porta-enxertos), com quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. As copas foram obtidas de plantas adultas produtivas das localidades de Capuan, Caucaia-CE; Curimatã, Pacajus-CE; Gereau e Ladeira Grande, Maranguape-CE e Lagoa Redonda, Fortaleza-CE e os porta-enxertos de sementes de cajazeira e de umbuzeiro. O objetivo foi caracterizar o crescimento vegetativo e a produção de frutos dos clones de cajazeira. Os clones Gereau e Lagoa Redonda foram os mais vigorosos, tiveram as maiores alturas de planta (390 cm) e espessuras de caule (57 cm). O Ladeira Grande foi o menos vigoroso, com altura (220 cm) e espessura de caule (49 cm), diferindo significativamente dos demais. O porta-enxerto de cajazeira formou caule mais espesso que o de umbuzeiro. A razão entre os perímetros de caule (enxerto e porta-enxerto) foi menor que 1,0 no porta-enxerto de cajazeira e maior no de umbuzeiro. O número de frutos por cacho variou de 8 a 76. Algumas plantas dos clones Lagoa Redonda e Gereau sobre umbuzeiro produziram de 100 a 300 cachos de frutos por planta. Os clones formam plantas de porte baixo, vigorosas, com aspectos fenotípicos e morfológicos distintos a cada clone, não alterando o padrão de crescimento do caule principal e do formato de copa; o porta-enxerto de cajazeira forma plantas com troncos mais vigorosos do que os de umbuzeiro; as razões de perímetros de caule, enxerto e porta-enxerto são maiores nas combinações com umbuzeiro, mas sem indícios de incompatibilidade; o porta-enxerto de umbuzeiro aumenta o porte, precocidade e produtividade dos clones, notadamente do Gereau e Lagoa Redonda sendo que o clone Ladeira Grande é o de menor porte. The experiment was established, at the Apodi Plateau; in Limoeiro do Norte County, State of Ceará (Brazil). A randomized block design was used with a factorial 5x2 (5 scions on 2 rootstocks), with 4 replicates and 4 plants per plot. Scions stem from superior plants collected in the counties of Caucaia (Capuan locality), Pacajus (Curimatã locality), Maranguape (Gereau e Ladeira Grande localities) and Fortaleza (Lagoa Redonda locality). Rootstocks were prepared from seeds of S. mombin L. and S. tuberosa Arruda. All scions and rootstocks were collected in Ceará State. The parameters assessed were the vegetative growth and fruit setting. Clones Gereau and Lagoa Redonda were the most vigorous, higher (3.9 m) and with bigger stem girth (57 cm). Ladeira Grande showed the poorest peformance in hight (2.2 m) and stem girth (49 cm) and, being statistically different from the others. As far as the root-stocks are concerned those from S. mombim were superior to S. tuberosa. The stem girth ratio was less than 1.0 for S. mombin rootstocks and higher than 1.0 for S. tuberosa rootstocks. The number of fruits per bunch of studied clones presented values of raged from 8 to 76. Some plants of Lagoa Redonda and Gereau clones on S. tuberosa yielded from 100 to 300 bunches. Final results confirmed that scions of S. mombin grafted on rootstocks of S. mombin and S. tuberosa produced combinations with the following characterists: vigorous clones with distinct phenotypic and morphological features such as low hight, uniform canopies and standardized main stem growth; S. mombin rootstocks allowed the formation of plants with more vigorous stems compared with rootstocks of S. tuberosa; the stem girth, graft and rootstock ratios were higher for combinations on S. tuberosa, but without indications of grafting incompatibility; the rootstock of S. tuberosa increase plant hight, productive and precocious of clones Gereau e Lagoa Redonda, and clone Ladeira Grande showed the lowest hight.

Neste trabalho, foi determinado o comportamento reológico do suco misto obtido a partir de uma mistura de frutas tropicais, mediante um viscosímetro de cilindros concêntricos, no intervalo de temperatura de 10 ºC a 60 ºC. Os modelos Lei da Potência e Mizrahi-Berk foram ajustados aos dados experimentais. Os modelos mostraram-se adequados para descrever o comportamento reológico do suco misto, de acordo com os parâmetros estatísticos de ajuste. O produto apresentou índice de comportamento menor do que 1 (um), caracterizando a pseudoplasticidade do suco. Os índices de comportamento de consistência decresceram com o aumento da temperatura. O efeito da temperatura no comportamento reológico do suco foi descrito por uma equação análoga à de Arrhenius e discutida em termos de energia de ativação (Ea). Os valores de Ea variaram de 4,27 a 4, 66 kcal.gmol-1, com o aumento da taxa de deformação. The rheological properties of a juice blend obtained from a tropical fruit mix were determined in this work using a rotational viscosimeter at temperatures from 10 ºC to 60 ºC. The Power law and Mizrahi-Berk models were fitted to the experimental data. All the models were considered adequate to describe the rheological properties of the juice blend according to the fitted statistical parameters. The behaviour index of the product was below 1.0, indicating the pseudoplasticity of the juice. The behaviour indexes for consistency were found to decrease with increase in temperature. The effect of temperature on the rheological behaviour of the juice was described by an Arrhenius type equation and discussed in terms of the activation energy (Ea). The values for Ea varied from 4.27 to 4.66 kcal.gmol-1 with increases in shear rate.

Os frutos do taperebazeiro (Spondias mombin L.) são muito apreciados pelas comunidades amazônicas, tanto para consumo in natura quanto em formas processadas. Do ponto de vista ecológico, é uma espécie que exerce importante função como reservatório de parasitóides (Hymenoptera) de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae). de maniera geral, seus frutos são desuniformes em tamanho, peso e espessura de polpa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se esses parâmetros interferem na incidência de parasitóides de moscas-das-frutas. Foram coletados 75 frutos maduros (cada fruto individualmente representou uma amostra) de um taperebazeiro na área urbana do município de Macapá, Amapá. Os parâmetros analisados foram: peso dos frutos, maior e menor diâmetro dos frutos, espessura de polpa, índice de infestação de frutos por moscas-das-frutas e percentual de parasitismo. Não foi observada a existência de uma função matemática do tipo "decaimento exponencial" que ralcionasse os parâmetros avaliados ao percentual de parasitismo. Houve, porém, uma tendência de decréscimo linear, com baixa significância estatística.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o sistema de polinização de Spondias mombin L., obtendo dados sobre a, sistema reprodutivo e os visitantes florais. Spondias mombin floresceu durante a estação seca e produziu frutos maduros na estação chuvosa. É uma espécie andromonóica, produzindo flores hermafroditas e masculinas, com números e viabilidades polínicas semelhantes. A análise da razão pólen/óvulo revelou que é uma espécie que se enquadra no tipo de sistema reprodutivo xenogâmico, necessitando da polinização cruzada realizada, neste caso, pelos insetos. Spondias mombin foi visitada por uma variedade de insetos de pequeno porte e generalistas como abelhas, moscas, vespas e besouros. As abelhas Apis mellifera Linneu, 1758, Tetragona goettei (Friese, 1900) e Trigona hyalinata (Lepeletier, 1836) apresentaram maior freqüência e, seu comportamento, tocando as partes reprodutivas das flores, sugere que são os principais polinizadores desta espécie vegetal. Além disso, a análise do pólen coletado pelos principais polinizadores demonstrou a fidelidade destes ao taperebá e o grande poder de recrutamento desta espécie. The objective of this study was to characterize the pollination system of Spondias mombin L., through its phenology, floral biology, reproductive system and floral visitors. Spondias mombin blossomed during the dry station and produced mature fruits in the rainy station. It is an andromonoic species, that produces hermaphrodites and masculine flowers similars numbers and pollen viability. The analysis of pollen/ovule ratio showed that this species fits in the xenogamic reproductive system, and it needs the cross-pollination realized by insects. Spondias mombin was visited by a variety of small and generalistic insects as bees, flies, wasps and beetles. The bees Apis mellifera Linneu, 1758, Tetragona goettei (Friese, 1900) and Trigona hyalinata (Lepeletier, 1836) showed higher frequency and, their behavior to touch the reproductive parts of the flowers, suggest that they are the main pollinators of this plant species. In addition, the analysis of the collected pollen by the main pollinators demonstrated the fidelity of them to the taperebá and the great power of recruitment of this species.

A cajazeira é uma fruteira da família Anacardiaceae, explorada extrativamente, cujos frutos são nuculânios amarelos, de sabor agridoce, perfumados, ricos em carotenóides, açúcares, vitaminas A e C, denominados de taperebá, cajá-mirim ou cajá e muito utilizados na alimentação humana. Os problemas mais limitantes ao cultivo da cajazeira são a inexistência de clones recomendados para cultivo comercial e o elevado porte da planta. A cajazeira enxertada sobre umbuzeiro apresenta compatibilidade e afinidade entre as partes enxertadas e pouco interfere na forma de crescimento da planta, que é muito semelhante à de planta oriunda de semente, ou seja, tendência em formar caule de haste única e copa alta. A cultura ainda exige estudos sobre as modalidades e épocas de realização das podas para o controle do crescimento da planta e formação de copas que se enquadrem dentro de modelos de exploração intensiva. Spondias mombin is an Anacardeaceae fruit tree family, widely exploited with drupe yellow sour-sweet taste, highly contents of carotenoid, sugars and vitamins A and C. It is know under several regional names such as hog plum or yellow mombin and is commonly used as a human food source. The main constraints of cropping this species are the lack of uniform recomended clonal genotype and the high height of the plant. The Spondias mombin can be grafted over S. tuberosa showing compatibility and good interaction between both grafting parts. But it doesn't have interference on top plant growth. The top plant growth is similar to that observed by seed propagated plant, thus it tends toward growing by one single trunk and high height. Nevertheless, the control of tree grow and shaping its canopy into exploitation models suitable for intensive cropping still needs further studies as much as to pruning practices and time.