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The anthrax pathogen Bacillus anthracis can remain dormant as spores in soil for many years. This applies to both natural foci and to sites of anthropogenic activity such as tanneries, abattoirs, or wool factories. The A.Br.075 (A-branch) clade (also known as A.Br.Sterne) is prominent not only because it comprises several outbreak strains but even more so because spore preparations of its namesake, the Sterne strain, are counted among the most utilized anthrax animal vaccines. In this study, we genome-sequenced and analyzed 56 additional B. anthracis isolates of the A.Br.075 clade. Four of these we recently retrieved from soil samples taken from a decades-long abandoned tannery. The other 52 strains originated from our archival collection from the 20th century. Notably, the extended phylogeny of the A.Br.075 clade indicated that many of the newly added chromosomes represent basal members, some of which are among the most basal strains from this lineage. Twelve new strains populate a very deep-branching lineage we have named A.Br.Ortho-Sterne (also known as A.Br.076). A further 11 isolates amend the clade named A.Br.Para-Sterne (A.Br.078). Finally, some of the terminal clusters of the clade named A.Br.Eu-Sterne appear to be replete with (near) identical isolates, possibly a result of widespread use of the Sterne vaccine and of its re-isolation from vaccination-related animal anthrax outbreaks. From the accrued new phylogenetic information, we designed and tested a variety of new SNP-PCR assays for rapid and facile genotyping of unassigned B. anthracis genomes. Lastly, the successful isolation of live B. anthracis from a long-abandoned tannery reemphasizes the need for continued risk awareness of such sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater by combining electrocoagulation, ozonation, and ion exchange technologies. For this purpose, an electrocoagulation reactor equipped with aluminum electrodes, an ozonation tank, and a filtration system with zeolite were employed. The electrocoagulation treatment applied the response surface methodology with a 3k factorial design with the following two factors: current intensity (I) ranging from 3 to 7A, and treatment time (t) from 10 to 30 min; the removal percentage of total suspended solids (TSS) is set as a response variable. Results indicate that the treatment time and current intensity were significant for the removal of total suspended solids TSS, at a confidence level of p < 0,05. Under these conditions, a TSS, removal efficiency of 98% was achieved. Through the electrocoagulation process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 58%, while in the ozonation tank, an additional 23% of COD was removed. The filtration stage demonstrated that 13X HP zeolite can exchange ions with the ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater, wherein a 39% removal efficiency is reached at equilibrium. Thus, the integration of various treatment methods is a viable alternative to reduce wastewater from the tannery industry. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of three methods for treating tannery wastewater. The results show that the combination of these treatments provides a more effective solution for removing the pollutant load, especially nitrogen, compared to the use of individual treatment methods alone. The study opens new perspectives for optimizing multi-stage treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A hydrolytic enzyme called protease from microbial sources has expansive applications in leather as well as tannery industries and thus leaves no choice but to discover a potential candidate for efficient yield of protease with eccentric characteristics. Methods and results: In the current study, using skim milk agar medium, three bacterial strains (Pro SS14, Pro NTL1, Pro SM) were identified for protease production out of thirty tannery waste samples. The bacterial isolates were identified through morphological, biochemical and molecular basis and the highest protease producer (134 U/mL) having the paramount protein content (8.75%) with the greatest biomass (absorbance 1.7 at 600 nm) was further bioinformatically identified as Bacillus subtilis Pro NTL1. Moreover, the cultural conditions—pH, temperature, incubation period and salinity were tested to get the optimized condition for the three isolates where Bacillus subtilis Pro NTL1 gave best growth at pH 9 demonstrating alkaline protease producing capability, at 45 °C for 72 h proving its thermotolerance characteristics and at 3% NaCl concentration declaring its halotolerance property. Furthermore, following Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion technique, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was investigated showing Bacillus subtilis Pro NTL1 was resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, sulfafurazole and sensitive to amoxicillin, gentamycin, cefotaxime, kanamycin, imipenem, tetracycline. Additionally, Bacillus subtilis Pro NTL1 showed antagonistic activity against three pathogens named Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Thus, these findings suggest that Bacillus subtilis Pro NTL1 is a newly isolated strain with unique features which might help to contribute in several biotechnological purposes with significant industrial benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial activities are paramount to sustaining the economy in a rapidly developing nation and global powerhouse like India. Leather industries are important in the country's economic map due to the high revenue and employment generation opportunities. Several of these industries contribute largely to environmental pollution. The pollution of the environment is mainly caused by improper disposal of the tannery effluents that are highly rich in hexavalent chromium, a potent human carcinogen. Hexavalent chromium imparts toxic effects on the biotic components, which include plants, animals, and humans. The review portrays the current status of the Indian leather tanning sector and its impact on the Indian economy. The process of chromium tanning and its adverse effects on the environmental biotic components have been briefly discussed. Phytoremediation of these effluents using suitable hyperaccumulating plants has been suggested as an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for the sustainable restoration of the polluted environment. The mechanism behind the remediation approach and the factors influencing it have been detailed. The manuscript briefly discusses some important advancements in the field of phytoremediation and emerging technologies and concludes by emphasizing further research for sustainable management of tannery wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study’s Excerpt • The heavy metals concentrations and other physicochemical parameters in effluents from tannery and textile industries in Sharada Industrial Area, Kano, Nigeria, were assessed. • Results revealed that their concentrations exceed permissible limits set by WHO, EU, and NAFDAC. • There is a need for monitoring and regulatory interventions to mitigate the environmental and health risks of effluents in the region. Full Abstract Industrial development, urbanization, and growth in the agricultural sector due to human needs have resulted in the widespread use of chemicals that significantly increased the rate of water pollution through the discharge of effluents. The present study aimed to determine the extends of physicochemical parameters levels in the effluents released by tannery and textile industries at Sharada Industrial Area, Kano, Nigeria. This can pose a health risk to humans and other aquatic organisms. Effluent samples were collected in July and August and digested using nitric acid (HNO3). Effluent samples were analyzed for concentration standard limits of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) using the spectrophotometer for atomic absorption (Buck Scientific with the model 210VGP). Effluent samples were further also studied for the pH level, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO). Furthermore, other parameters such as nitrites, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Phosphate and electrical conductivity (EC). The results showed that all the heavy metals (Cd and Pb) studied were elevated at different levels compared to those previously studied in normal samples and those recommended by WHO, EU, and NAFDAC concentration limits. Furthermore, the results of the study also show that samples collected in July revealed that the mean value of temperature, Phosphate, Lead, and Cadmium exceeded the permissible levels of the WHO, EU, and NAFDAC, whereas those in August revealed that the mean value of temperature, Phosphate, Lead, pH, and Cadmium also elevated above the same permissible limits set by WHO, EU, and NAFDAC. Two-sample T-test results revealed a significant relationship in the mean concentration of EC, pH, BOD, Nitrate, and Lead between tannery and textile industries in July, while pH, EC, BOD, Nitrate, lead, DO, temperature, and Phosphate showed a significant correlation difference between tannery and textile in August. The results further showed that the tannery industry had the most contaminated effluents, and August had the highest mean level of contaminated effluents. Therefore, these effluents are likely to pose serious risks of diseases and deterioration of health conditions of the humans using it as a source of water and adversely affect the quality of life of the aquatic organisms in the sewage, drainage, and dams. It could further pose a risk of transmission of diseases to plants during irrigation and affects the fruits and vegetables quality and nutrition. Thus, there is a need for serious monitoring.

The bacteria producing proteases are important for the industries. The proteases are utilized commercially in leather, detergent, pharmaceutical and food industry. The proteases are hydrolytic enzymes which can degrade protein into peptides and amino acids. In leather industry proteases are employed to remove the redundant parts from the animal hide especially hairs to make fine quality of the products. The proteases also prove as green environmental approach. In present study a total of 40 bacterial isolates were recovered from the soil samples of the tannery and screened for proteolytic activity on casein ager plates, among them three isolates were selected with good activity. The morphological and biochemical characteristic features were used to identify the strains; the different conditions of the culture and medium were optimized to check the protease activity. The best proteolytic activity was observed at temperature of 37 °C, pH 8.5, 6% casein concentration as substrate and casein as nitrogen sources as well at 12 h of incubation. The maximum activities by SZ2, SZ1 and SZ3 observed 16.53U/mL, 8U/mL and 7.16U/mL, respectively. The goat skin was treated with proteases from these isolates, complete dehairing observed after 12 h of incubations. Present study was conducted to identify microbes from local tannery, to find out most efficient strain for protease production and to use these enzymes in leather industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In leather processing, a significant amount of lime is required for leather processing. In this study, the effectiveness of calcined eggshell lime was compared with commercial lime for leather production. Commercial lime and eggshell lime are applied in liming operations for goatskin processing to produce shoe-upper leather. The calcined eggshells lime and conventional were characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrophotometer. The physicochemical properties of the manufactured leathers belonging to tensile strength and elongation percentage were evaluated and compared. Eggshells contain comparatively more lime (97.6%) than conventional lime (94.5%). The strength properties of the produced crust leather fulfilled the requirement of the shoe upper leather. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the limed pelts and final leathers showed similar fibre open-up. Lime produced from waste eggshells can be an effective alternative source of lime for leather processing.

The anthrax pathogen Bacillus anthracis can remain dormant as spores in soil for many years. This applies to both natural foci and to sites of anthropogenic activity such as tanneries, abattoirs, or wool factories. The A.Br.075 (A-branch) clade (also known as A.Br.Sterne) is prominent not only because it comprises several outbreak strains but even more so because spore preparations of its namesake, the Sterne strain, are counted among the most utilized anthrax animal vaccines. In this study, we genome-sequenced and analyzed 56 additional B. anthracis isolates of the A.Br.075 clade. Four of these we recently retrieved from soil samples taken from a decades-long abandoned tannery. The other 52 strains originated from our archival collection from the 20th century. Notably, the extended phylogeny of the A.Br.075 clade indicated that many of the newly added chromosomes represent basal members, some of which are among the most basal strains from this lineage. Twelve new strains populate a very deep-branching lineage we have named A.Br.Ortho-Sterne (also known as A.Br.076). A further 11 isolates amend the clade named A.Br.Para-Sterne (A.Br.078). Finally, some of the terminal clusters of the clade named A.Br.Eu-Sterne appear to be replete with (near) identical isolates, possibly a result of widespread use of the Sterne vaccine and of its re-isolation from vaccination-related animal anthrax outbreaks. From the accrued new phylogenetic information, we designed and tested a variety of new SNP-PCR assays for rapid and facile genotyping of unassigned B. anthracis genomes. Lastly, the successful isolation of live B. anthracis from a long-abandoned tannery reemphasizes the need for continued risk awareness of such sites.

The discharge of effluents and sludge from the leather industry is raising a growing concern. However, the mobility and hazards of tannery organic pollutants in soils are easily ignored. Herein, soil column leaching experiments were conducted using typical tannery organic pollutants glutaraldehyde (GA) and two azo dyes [Acid Red 73 (AR 73) and Direct Blue 6 (DB 6)]. Under simulated rain conditions, the leaching behavior of GA and organic dyes showed significant differences even though they were both water-soluble organic pollutants. AR 73 and DB 6 could be detected in the leachates throughout 7 leaching events for 28 days and in soil columns after leaching, while GA failed to be detected in both leachates and soil columns, indicating that AR 73 and DB 6 with more complex molecular structures had poorer degradability than GA under the condition of similar initial concentrations. The results demonstrated that the azo dyes AR 73 and DB 6 used in the experiment were more likely to cause adverse effects on soil and underground water under the condition of the covering thickness of dyes ≥ 0.5 mm on soil, and thus possessed higher environmental risk than GA. This study is also conducive to further evaluating the risk of tannery contamination sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tanning industry needs to implement changes and adopt innovative technologies to guarantee efficient management, focused on environmental, social and economic sustainability. The work was carried out in 2022, in order to propose improvements to the "Arte del Cuero" project on the Isla de la Juventud, especially to treat the cattle skins generated in the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" Meat-Based Business Unit. Data collection was carried out through various sources, including the production technology area, interviews with mini-industry producers and the "Abel Santamaría" Meat-Based Business Unit, as well as through direct observations of technological processes. Among the problems identified are: difficulties in processing, obsolete equipment, insufficient capacity, limited transportation and lack of economic study. Among the highlighted results, the need to coordinate with livestock production units for the care and marking of animal skins is emphasized, thus guaranteeing the optimal use of all available hides. Fulfillment of the objective not only yielded concrete results, but was also involved in the promotion of leather processing through a mini-tannery industry, with the collaboration of local actors to strengthen the project. Specific actions were proposed that not only improved the efficiency and sustainability of the production process, but also guaranteed the availability of raw materials at the local level to consolidate the project as a reference for the use of skins generated by the meat industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature-based solutions (NBSs) for remediation of various emerging contaminants have gained impetus during the last few decades. In the current study, watermelon (citrullus lanatus), a highly consumed seasonal fruit, was used as a feedstock waste biomass for biochar synthesis through valorization of watermelon rinds. The watermelon biochar (WM-BC) was synthesized through slow pyrolysis at 550°C under anoxic conditions. Langmuir model with R2>99, was found to best fit the adsorption isotherm, and the adsorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. Various characterization tools including FTIR, SEM, BET, XRD, and TEM were used to evaluate the surface morphology of the biochar. The removal efficiency increased from 35% (dosage = 0.4 g), to 81% at WM-BC dosage of 2 g. A maximum adsorption capacity of 115.61 mg/g was found. The results from kinetic and isotherm model model suggested that the adsorption was favorable and multilayer adsorption can be considered. The adsorption mechanism was found to be governed by the co-existing factors such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and aromatic interactions. Results suggest that WM-BC has high potential to be employed as an adsorbent for efficient remediation of methylene blue dyes from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic wastewater was performed by employing vegetable-tanned buffing dust, a byproduct of tanneries. Different analysis techniques such as SEM, BET, and FTIR were used to characterize the vegetable-tanned buffing dust. The experiment on adsorption was carried out in a batch manner. Investigations were conducted into the various operating parameters, such as the dose of adsorbent, contact period, and initial Cr (VI) concentration. At a dose of 1g/100 mL and a contact period of 280 minutes, the maximum adsorption capacity was noted. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherms were examined at various concentrations. With a maximum adsorption efficiency of 14.14 mg/g, the Langmuir isotherm model was found to be the most well-fitting for the current investigation. Kinetic analysis was performed for pseudo first and second order; the pseudo-second-order model demonstrated the most optimal fit with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9936. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of Neolithic to Bronze Age settlement organization in Central Europe has revealed ditches as an important component of settlement structures. The various shapes and sizes of these features contribute to different understandings of their functions, mainly referring to ditches as elements of fortifications or ritual practices. Based on a newly discovered Copper Age feature at Kamianets-Podilskyi (Tatarysky), Ukraine, our paper contributes to the discussion on the function of ditches in their relation to prehistoric technologies. This study presents evidence on tanning techniques and technologies associated with a section of ditch belonging to the Western Trypillia culture. Due to the uniqueness of this discovery, we applied various analyses, including GIS spatial analyses, palynological, anthracological, archeozoological, malacological, and use-wear studies. The obtained results enable us to recognize the complex practices of Copper Age communities, skillfully combining technical knowledge with an understanding of environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leather processing industry produces a significant quantity of waste materials, which can be treated in a manner that is consistent with the concepts underlying the circular economy. This article provides an overview of ways to recycle substances or energy from tannery waste, such as thermal, biological, chemical and other procedures. These approaches have the potential to facilitate the recovery and recycling of a diverse range of recyclable chemical substances like chromium, fats, gelatin vitamins, hydrolysate and minerals, biomass, and microbial waste products for use in other manufacturing operations. All the methods related to leather waste valorization have been discussed in this study to illustrate the recent development in techniques and processes of leather waste. The incorporation of the concept of circular economy has also been depicted. The premise of the circular economy model is that any waste product from the leather industry may be recycled and utilized again in the leather-producing process or in other related sectors. This study demonstrates that the circular economy approach to leather production offers chances for collaboration and innovation across several industries. Collaboration among organizations may lead to the discovery of innovative methods to minimize waste, enhance productivity, and extract value from resources that would otherwise be disposed of. The overview also addresses the state of waste legislation today and how it affects the environment. Technologies for sustainable and intelligent valuation allow for high recycling levels without negatively impacting the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannery wastewater is often characterized by their complexities in terms of contaminants and require specialized treatment technologies. Hence, the objective of this paper is to explore the performance evaluation of a laboratory-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) in the treatment of tannery wastewater in Kaduna, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Out of the tree replica systems, two were respectively vegetated with Phragmites australis and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea, while the last was left un-vegetated and used to treat tannery effluent. Characteristics such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrates (NO-3), phosphates (PO43-), suspended solids (TSS) and chromium (Cr) analyzed using standard methods were used as indicators of the treatment efficiency under a 6-day Hydraulic Retention Time. The results showed that the system vegetated with Phragmites australis had the best performance in the removal of BOD, COD, NO-3, PO43- and Cr (97.9%, 94.2%, 54.4%, 44.1% and 98.4% respectively). The system vegetated with Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea on the other hand had the best performance for SS removal (92.6%) while the system vegetated with Phragmites australis had a SS removal efficiency of 92.3%. The performance indices for unvegetated cell, Phragmites australis vegetated cell and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea vegetated cell were respectively, 4, 9 and 8 which shows that the cell vegetated with Phragmites australis had the best performance in the treatment of tannery wastewater. It also showed that the performance of the cell vegetated with Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea was also comparable with that of Phragmites australis. This study demonstrated that the HSSFCW vegetated with both Phragmites australis and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea can effectively treat tannery wastewater. There is however a need to investigate the efficiency of the system over a longer period with consideration of microbial characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannery wastewater is often characterized by their complexities in terms of contaminants and require specialized treatment technologies. Hence, the objective of this paper is to explore the performance evaluation of a laboratory-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) in the treatment of tannery wastewater in Kaduna, Nigeria using appropriate standard techniques. Out of the tree replica systems, two were respectively vegetated with Phragmites australis and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea, while the last was left un-vegetated and used to treat tannery effluent. Characteristics such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrates (NO-3), phosphates (PO43-), suspended solids (TSS) and chromium (Cr) analyzed using standard methods were used as indicators of the treatment efficiency under a 6-day Hydraulic Retention Time. The results showed that the system vegetated with Phragmites australis had the best performance in the removal of BOD, COD, NO-3, PO43- and Cr (97.9%, 94.2%, 54.4%, 44.1% and 98.4% respectively). The system vegetated with Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea on the other hand had the best performance for SS removal (92.6%) while the system vegetated with Phragmites australis had a SS removal efficiency of 92.3%. The performance indices for unvegetated cell, Phragmites australis vegetated cell and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea vegetated cell were respectively, 4, 9 and 8 which shows that the cell vegetated with Phragmites australis had the best performance in the treatment of tannery wastewater. It also showed that the performance of the cell vegetated with Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea was also comparable with that of Phragmites australis. This study demonstrated that the HSSFCW vegetated with both Phragmites australis and Polygonum salicifolium + Ipomoea carnea can effectively treat tannery wastewater. There is however a need to investigate the efficiency of the system over a longer period with consideration of microbial characteristics.

The article introduces one of the leather industries, the tanning industry, which is responsible for some of the most critical processes that leather undergoes before it is used in subsequent parts of the industry. Since the processes carried out require significant amounts of water, they generate equally large amounts of wastewater, which, as industrial wastewater, requires appropriate treatment. Additionally, due to the quantities and complexity of the processes carried out, the chemicals used become demanding in terms of how they are treated and managed. The parameters of wastewater subjected to a collection in a typical tank are changed. In contrast, wastewater from chromium tanning processes, which should be discharged into a separate tank, is a source of chromium pollution with its high content, thus posing a significant danger to the environment. The study made it possible to assess the biodegradability of wastewater generated during production and the concentration of chromium compounds and other pollutants. Based on the results, it was found that the wastewater generated during the production process is biodegradable (except for mixed wastewater), and the concentration of chromium is 2.81-3.11 g/dm³. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chromium (Cr) is a significant pollutant in the effluents from leather industries and domestic city sewage. Cr was determined in water, sediment, and different tissues (gill, muscle, intestine, liver, and kidney) of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus harvested from wastewater-fed aquaculture (WFA) situated at Bamonghata, Bantala, Chowbaga and Chingrighata of East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW), a Ramsar site in West Bengal, India. The results showed that Cr concentration in surface water ranged between 0.05 to 0.15 mg/L, while Cr was detected at high concentration (100–300 mg/kg) in the sediment soil of the first three WFAs and in moderate concentration (50–110 mg/kg) in Chingrighata WFA. Average Cr concentrations in the tissues were ranked in the following sequence: kidney>liver>intestine>gill>muscle. However, the extent of accumulation of Cr in different tissues varied between the WFAs. We used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to determine the route of Cr transfer. The fitness of the model was evaluated by the performance measures. Cr accumulation pathways varied between the sites depending upon the level of Cr in water or sediment. Except for Bamonghata WFA, sediment was found as the principal source of accumulation of Cr in different tissues of O. niloticus. Cr refluxed from sediment into overlying water and accumulated in fish either through the food chain or through direct accumulation from water. In Bamonghata WFA, the role of sediment in the transfer of Cr could not be established due to the high water depth or biological non-availability of Cr in the sediment. It is concluded from this study that fish reared in the WFAs of EKW are still not hazardous in respect to Cr but require proper management to avoid the influx of Cr-containing effluents into the WFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated chromium (III) stability in chromium wet blue shavings (WBCS) during the leaching with water at different pH conditions and after they were heat treated. Raw WBCS were gathered from 10 local tanneries and stored between 0 and 140 days. Samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Temperature Programmed Reduction with hydrogen gas flow, Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and leached with water at pH 3, 7, and 9 for 2h, 350 rpm at 25 °C. Released chromium in the leachates was quantified by UV–vis spectroscopy. WBCS were also heat treated up to 500 °C before leaching with water at pH 7. The results showed that chromium III in the shavings requires a minimum storage time of 14 days to finish its stabilization between the collagen fibers. Chromium VI was not detected in WBCS without heat treatment, and chromium leached was best released at pH 3. In heat-treated WBCS, the extraction of chromium III in water increases with the treatment temperature; however, at 300 °C, chromium stabilizes strongly. Between 400 and 500 °C, chromium III oxidizes to chromium VI, obtaining Cr6+ in higher proportion in the leachates than Cr3+. Thus, it is essential that WBCS pre-treat them with basifying agents in the tanning process or treatment at 300 °C to use in the circular economy.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study proposes an alternative gelatin extraction method from waste materials generated by tanneries, including trimmings, offcuts, and leather scraps. These industrial byproducts yield substantial monthly volumes that are managed by an environmental entity and disposed of in a sanitary landfill. To harness the potential of these waste materials, experimental techniques were employed, involving protein analysis, assessment of response to varying concentrations of acetic acid, and the application of various treatments to individual samples. The objective was to maximize yield and minimize ecological impact. The most effective treatment was found to be T16 (1 mole of acid per liter) for trimmings, T12 (0.8 moles of acid per liter) for offcuts, and T8 (0.7 moles of acid per liter) for leather scraps. Approximately 90% of the obtained protein values correspond to collagen, with a more pronounced presence in the trimmings samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil samples taken during archaeological investigations of a historical tannery area in the eastern suburb of the medieval city of Jena have been investigated by 16S r-RNA gene profiling. The analyses supplied a large spectrum of interesting bacteria, among them Patescibacteria, Methylomirabilota, Asgardarchaeota, Zixibacteria, Sideroxydans and Sulfurifustis. Samples taken from soil inside the residues of large vats show large differences in comparison to the environmental soil. The PCAs for different abundance classes clearly reflect the higher similarity between the bacterial communities of the outside-vat soils in comparison with three of the inside-vat soil communities. Two of the in-side vat soils are distinguishable from the other samples by separate use of each abundance class, but classes of lower abundance are better applicable than the highly abundant bacteria for distinguishing the sampling sites by PCA, in general. This effect could be interpreted by the assumption that less abundant types in the 16S r-RNA data tend to be more related to an earlier state of soil development than the more abundant and might be, therefore, better suited for conclusions on the state of the soils in an earlier local situation. In addition, the analyses allowed identification of specific features of each single sampling site. In one site specifically, DNA hints of animal residue-related bacteria were found. Obviously, the special situation in the in-site vat soils contributes to the diversity of the place, and enhances its Beta-diversity. Very high abundancies of several ammonia-metabolizing and of sulphur compound-oxidizing genera in the metagenomics data can be interpreted as an echo of the former tannery activities using urine and processing keratin-rich animal materials. In summary, it can be concluded that the 16S r-RNA analysis of such archaeological places can supply a lot of data related to ancient human impacts, representing a kind of “ecological memory of soil”.

We provide a theoretical framework to analyze how climate change influences the Ganges and how this influence affects pollution in the river caused by tanneries in Kanpur, India. We focus on two tanneries, A $A$ and B, $B,$ that are situated on the same bank of the Ganges in Kanpur. Both produce leather and leather production requires the use of noxious chemicals. Tannery A $A$ is situated upstream from tannery B. $B.$ Tannery A's ${A\text{'}s}$ leather production depends on labor use but tannery B's ${B\text{'}s}$ leather production depends on labor use, the chemical waste generated by tannery A, $A,$ and the natural pollution absorbing capacity of the Ganges. In this setting, we perform four tasks. First, we construct a metric that measures the climate change induced mean reduction in the natural capacity of the Ganges to absorb pollution in the time interval [0,t]. $[0,{t}].$ Second, we use this metric and determine the equilibrium production of leather by both tanneries in the benchmark case in which there is no pollution. Third, we ascertain how the benchmark equilibrium is altered when tannery B $B$ accounts for the negative externality foisted upon it by tannery A. $A.$ Finally, we study the impact on leather production and on labor use when the two tanneries merge and then discuss the policy implications stemming from our research. Recommendations for Resource Managers: Climate change worsens the impact of water pollution in the Ganges caused by tanneries in Kanpur.Climate change can mitigate and even nullify the usefulness of market based solutions to the Ganges water pollution problem.Market based pollution control methods such as unitization are likely to be superior to uniform, command and control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Middle Ages, Barcelona was an important centre for leather and fur production. A large number of tanneries involved in the transformation of animal hides and skins located on the outskirts of the city have been documented. Despite this, the importance of these activities has hardly been considered from the perspective of the archaeofaunal remains. This scarcity of data is even greater when it comes to the preparation of the fur of small animals such as rabbits. In this paper we present the zooarchaeological and taphonomic study of a sample of rabbit remains recovered from El Born archaeological site. Specifically, the sample comes from a 13th-century context excavated in an area called the Casa Riera. In the period under study, this area was just outside the limit of the urbanised zone, and it was connected with important watercourses. The context studied was very rich in faunal remains, mostly rabbits and caprines. The analysis of the rabbit bones indicates that these animals were clearly used for fur production. Our results have enabled us to characterise this type of assemblage taphonomically. Besides, on the basis of the results, some of the steps in animal carcass processing and of tanning practices can be illustrated. Finally, our data are contrasted with the background provided by documentary evidence.

Soil samples taken during archaeological investigations of a historical tannery area in the eastern suburb of the medieval city of Jena have been investigated by 16S r-RNA gene profiling. The analyses supplied a large spectrum of interesting bacteria, among them Patescibacteria, Methylomirabilota, Asgardarchaeota, Zixibacteria, Sideroxydans and Sulfurifustis. Samples taken from soil inside the residues of large vats show large differences in comparison to the environmental soil. The PCAs for different abundance classes clearly reflect the higher similarity between the bacterial communities of the outside-vat soils in comparison with three of the inside-vat soil communities. Two of the in-side vat soils are distinguishable from the other samples by separate use of each abundance class, but classes of lower abundance are better applicable than the highly abundant bacteria for distinguishing the sampling sites by PCA, in general. This effect could be interpreted by the assumption that less abundant types in the 16S r-RNA data tend to be more related to an earlier state of soil development than the more abundant and might be, therefore, better suited for conclusions on the state of the soils in an earlier local situation. In addition, the analyses allowed identification of specific features of each single sampling site. In one site specifically, DNA hints of animal residue-related bacteria were found. Obviously, the special situation in the in-site vat soils contributes to the diversity of the place, and enhances its Beta-diversity. Very high abundancies of several ammonia-metabolizing and of sulphur compound-oxidizing genera in the metagenomics data can be interpreted as an echo of the former tannery activities using urine and processing keratin-rich animal materials. In summary, it can be concluded that the 16S r-RNA analysis of such archaeological places can supply a lot of data related to ancient human impacts, representing a kind of "ecological memory of soil". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was aimed at removing a local scrap iron dye from tannery wastewater using alum and rice husk. Contact time (0 to 60 min; wastewater dye concentrations: A0 = 0.244 and A0 = 0.48 for alum; A0 = 0.213 and A0 = 0.045 for rice husk), pH (2 to 10; wastewater dye concentration of A0 = 0.045 for rice husk and A0 = 0.073 for alum), mass of adsorbents (0.05 to 1 g; wastewater dye concentration of A0 = 0.184 for alum, A0 = 0.057 for rice husk), temperature (25 to 60 °C; wastewater dye concentration of A0 = 0.079 for rice husk and A0 = 0.048 for alum) and mixtures of the two adsorbents (wastewater dye concentration of A0 = 0.057 and A0 = 0.217) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of these adsorbents in removing color from a local Maroua tannery wastewater. Equilibrium was reached in 10 min with a removal of 54.16% for alum and in 5 min with a removal of 66.66% for biomass. 100% elimination of color was obtained at pH 2 and 4 for rice husk and 73–76% for alum. But the mixture of 0.2 g of alum and 0.1 g of rice husk gave removal rate of 95% with a less concentrated solution against 74.84% for the mixture of 0.1 of alum and 0.2 g of rice husk with concentrated solution. Results of this study shows that substitution or complementing alum a synthetic chemical with rice husk, a biomass highly available at almost no cost can be very efficient in the treatment of tannery wastewater containing dye in a low cost process.

Background: The goal of this study was to measure the concentrations of chromium (III) (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in the scalp hair of tannery workers. It also sought to establish a correlation between the levels of these metals and the length of time the workers had been employed. High level of exposures of these metals are associated with several diseases. Methods: Human hair samples from 18 tannery workers at Hemayetpur, Savar, Bangladesh, were collected and evaluated for metals (Cr, Pb, and Cd) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique (AAS). Results: The findings showed that the concentrations of chromium (III) (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in hair samples from tannery workers were ranged between 0.25 to 19.85 mg kg−1 (average value 6.254 mg kg−1), 0.50 to 9.25 mg kg−1 (average value 3.873 mg kg−1), and 0.025 to 0.20 mg kg−1 (average value 0.044 mg kg−1), respectively. Conclusion: In comparison to the allowable limits, there were appreciably high levels of chromium and lead, and low levels of cadmium. A positive correlation was also obtained between Cr-Cd pair from Pearson's correlation study. The results of the investigation suggest that the tannery workers had very high levels of chromium in their hair samples that indicated their hazardous working circumstances induced to their numerous illnesses, including high blood pressure, skin infections, and respiratory disorders.

We focus on the interaction between a representative polluting tannery and a negatively impacted small farmer in Kanpur, India. The tannery produces leather and toxic chemical waste that ends up in wastewater used by the small farmer to irrigate agricultural land and grow vegetables. The waste generated by the tannery is functionally related to its output of leather. The small farmer faces a capacity constraint that describes the maximum amount of vegetables he can grow. In this setting, we perform three tasks. First, we determine the optimal production of leather when the tannery does not account for the negative effect it has on the small farmer. Second, on the assumption that the tannery compensates the small farmer per unit of waste it generates, we ascertain the optimal compensation amount, the optimal output of leather, and the profit levels of the tannery and the small farmer. Finally, we compare the solutions in the preceding two cases and explain what accounts for the differences between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the process of bioremediation, sequestration of carbon dioxide, and biofuel production using multifarious potent freshwater microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus TS03. The heavy metals were reduced, viz., 8.34 mg of cadmium (95.13%), 4.56 mg of chromium (97.28%), 1.34 mg of copper (98.67%), 1.24 mg of cobalt (98.19%), 1.93 mg of lead (96.72%), 2.31 mg of nickel (97.14%), and 2.23 mgL−1 of zinc (96.59%) using photobioreactor microalgal treatment method. The heavy metal biosorption capacity rate (qmax) was 98.90% determined by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm kinetics model at 10 days of effluent treatment using Tetradesmus obliquus TS03. The microalgae T. obliquus TS03 utilized 98.34% of carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced by acetyl CoA carboxylase and RuBisCO enzymes. The biodiesel was extracted from microalga and identified 32 fatty acid methyl ester major compounds viz., tetradecanoate methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, tridecanoic acid methyl ester, heptadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester, eicosanoic acid methyl ester, pentadecanoic acid methyl ester, and cis-methylicosanoate using gas mass chromatography (GCMS). The biodiesel functional groups were identified, viz., amides, phenols, alcohols, alkynes, carboxylic acids, carbonyls, and ketones groups using Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR). The bioethanol was identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and determined the peak presented at RT of 4.35 min (75,693.1046 µV s−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beside natural factors, human activities are important for the development of microbiomes. Thus, local soil bacterial communities are affected by recent activities such as agriculture, mining and industry. In addition, ancient human impacts dating back centuries or millennia have changed soils and can emboss the recent bacterial communities up to now, representing a certain long-term "memory of soil". Soil samples from five different archaeological excavation places were investigated for the presence of Archaea with a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis of the DNA coding for 16S r-RNA sequences. It was found that the abundance of Archaea differs strongly between less than one and more than 40 percent of bacteria. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of all samples shows that the archaeological excavation places can be distinguished from each other by the archaeal component of soil bacterial communities, which presents a typical pattern for each place. Most samples are marked by the dominance of Crenarchaeota, which are presented mainly by ammonia-related types. High contents of Nanoarchaeaota have been observed in one ash deposit of a historical saline and all samples of a historical tannery area. These samples are also marked by a significant presence of Dadabacteria. The specific abundancies of special Archaea—among them ammonia-oxidizing and sulphur-related types—are due obviously to former human activities and support the concept of the "ecological memory of soil". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigated the feasibility of photo-oxidation process for the removal of oil and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in Indian tannery wastewater with the support of mathematical modeling and statistical approach. The influence of process variables such as nano-catalyst dose and reaction time was analyzed on the removal of oil/grease and COD. The obtained results are discussed using the response surface methodology (RSM) design in detail. Zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared from Eclipta prostrata plant leaves and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). COD removal of 93.6% and oil and grease removal of 90% in 35 min using 3 mg/L nanoparticle dosage were recommended as an optimum condition in photo-oxidation process. Practitioner Points • The structure and surface morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles in spherical shape was confirmed by the SEM with EDX and XRD analysis. • Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken design (BBD) combination was explained the effect of different parameters on COD and oil and grease removal. • The treatment of photo-oxidation process showed chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 93.6% and coil and grease removal of 90% in 35 min using mg/L nanoparticle dosage. • The obtained result showed that photo oxidation of green synthesized zinc oxide nanocatalyst was found to be an effective method for tannery wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the study is the method of wastewater recycling. The problem of reducing the negative impact on the environment, by increasing the efficiency of treatment facilities is the most urgent at the moment. The methodology of wastewater recycling is one of the most famous and popular, nowadays. Wastewater recycling allows both to reduce the negative impact on the environment and to increase the efficiency of existing technological schemes for wastewater treatment. Examples of the implementation of this method in the meat processing industry, as well as in enterprises producing extraction phosphoric acid and mineral fertilizers, as well as the impact on the operation of biological filters are considered. In the course of the study the current situation in the world on the implementation of this methodology and its effectiveness was considered. Further, both practical and theoretical materials on this issue were considered. The variant of implementation of the recirculation method on the existing technological scheme of wastewater treatment of tannery production was considered. At the end of the study it was concluded that it is important to further investigate this technique for its successful integration into existing wastewater treatment process schemes..

The current study is focused on using tannery waste called buffing dust to remove hexavalent chromium from an aqueous solution. The buffing dust was characterised by using different technique like FTIR, SEM, and BET analysis. The adsorption experiment was conducted in batch mode. The different operating factors including contact time, dose and initial Cr (VI) concentration were investigated. The optimum adsorption capacity was observed at contact time of 240 min and dose of 1g/100 mL. The adsorption isotherm such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were investigated at different initial concentration. It was observed that Langmuir isotherm model was best fitted for present study with maximum adsorption efficiency of 11.33 mg/g. The kinetic study was performed for pseudo first order and pseudo second order and it was found that pseudo second order model was provided the best match with regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9991.

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In the present study, the removal of chromium(III) from tannery wastewaters by means of ion exchange was investigated to develop a possible recovery. Experimental investigations were carried out using a strongly acidic cation exchange resin, Amberlite 200. The first part of experiments comprised the measurement of the equilibrium of exchange of Cr(III) for H+. For this purpose different amounts of resins were contacted with a fixed volume of chromium-bearing solution. For evaluation of equilibrium parameters, the surface complexation theory was applied. In the second part, chromium(III) species elimination was studied in column experiments with repeated exhaustion and regeneration series. As a result, it was obtained successful results for removal and recovery of chromium with strong cation exchange resin, Amberlite 200. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]