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BackgroundEach year 25 000-32 000 children develop rifampicin- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB), and many more require preventive treatment. Levofloxacin is a key component of RR/MDR-TB treatment and prevention, but the existing pharmacokinetic data in children have not yet been comprehensively summarized. We aimed to characterize levofloxacin pharmacokinetics through an individual patient data meta-analysis of available studies and to determine optimal dosing in children.MethodsLevofloxacin concentration and demographic data were pooled from 5 studies and analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Simulations were performed using current World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended and model-informed optimized doses. Optimal levofloxacin doses were identified to target median adult area under the time-concentration curve (AUC)24 of 101 mg·h/L given current standard adult doses.ResultsData from 242 children (2.8 years [0.2-16.8] was used). Apparent clearance was 3.16 L/h for a 13-kg child. Age affected clearance, reaching 50% maturation at birth and 90% maturation at 8 months. Nondispersible tablets had 29% lower apparent oral bioavailability compared to dispersible tablets. Median exposures at current WHO-recommended doses were below the AUC target for children weighing 20 mg/kg are required to ensure adequate exposure. Further studies are needed to determine safety and tolerability of these higher doses.

Effective communication is essential in the construction industry to ensure coordination and collaboration among stakeholders for successful project outcomes. However, traditional communication methods often fall short in meeting the industry's complex demands, often leading to delays, errors, and increased cost. This emphasizes the need for innovative communication solutions, including augmented reality (AR), to help improve communication practices in construction. By integrating virtual elements onto the real-world, AR enhances visualization, information sharing, and collaboration; these are some of the benefits of leveraging AR to ease communication challenges between project stakeholders in various locations. AR tools and applications include remote collaboration, virtual site visits, and real-time progress tracking. However, the successful adoption of AR in construction requires use-based guidance to inform users on effective AR utilization, including guidance on which tools may be feasible and beneficial in a given context. Previous studies exploring the use of AR as a communication tool have revealed different factors affecting the efficacy of using this technology. The objective of this paper is to build on the previously reported factors affecting the efficacy of AR for communication on live construction sites to create a guiding framework for implementation of technological tools and methods supporting successful AR implementation. This framework is developed based on rounds of modified Delphi panels that comprise panelists that have previous experience in using AR for communication, and panelists without experience with AR. In capturing both user types as Delphi panelists, the authors ensure that the developed framework is practitioner-friendly and can guide effective decision-making. Practical Applications: This paper serves as a resource for site construction practitioners seeking to integrate augmented reality (AR) as an effective communication tool throughout the construction process. By offering a practical guiding framework, the paper facilitates the implementation of AR for interaction purposes between on-site and off-site personnel, reforming communication channels. Construction professionals can leverage AR technology to conduct inspections, address inquiries, and collaborate efficiently, bridging the gap between those physically present at the construction site and those working remotely. Within the framework presented in this paper, the implementation of AR is facilitated through a breakdown of each supporting tool, accompanied by specifications and considerations for their effective utilization in varying site conditions. By offering users a clear understanding of the specifications of each tool, such as their capabilities, features, and technical requirements, the framework empowers construction practitioners to make informed decisions tailored to their specific project needs, ensuring that practitioners can select the most suitable AR solutions for tasks like inspections, collaborative discussions, and problem-solving. This approach not only enhances the overall efficiency of communication but also maximizes the utility of AR technology in diverse construction scenarios, ultimately contributing to the successful integration of AR into the construction workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the physicochemical properties of the loaded drug or excipient, the concentration of Kollidon®SR (KSR), and the mechanical characteristics of KSR compacts on their disintegration times. Using disintegration apparatus, a two-hour constraint was chosen as the process's end point. Lactose-KSR compacts subjected to the highest compression pressure and Microcrystalline cellulose-KSR compacts with KSR concentrations exceeding 30% exhibited disintegration times of less than ten minutes. Likewise, compacts containing Diltiazem HCl-KSR demonstrated brief disintegration times across all tested KSR concentrations and compression pressures. Compacts of Modafinil, Metformin HCl, and Ascorbic acid-KSR displayed disintegration times ranging from fast to moderate, contingent upon the levels of KSR and compression pressure applied. Compacts containing KSR with Aspirin, Salicylic acid, or Ibuprofen did not exhibit significant disintegration even at minimal amounts of KSR (0.5%). Theophylline-KSR tablets also showed prolonged dissolution times, even at very low concentrations of KSR. The disintegration times of Dic-KSR tablets were roughly close to an hour and were predominantly unaffected by varying KSR levels and only marginally influenced by compression pressures. It is possible to draw the conclusion that different drugs or excipients have different minimum KSR requirements to resist compacts’ disintegration process. Compounds that demonstrate low solubility in water can result in extended disintegration times for KSR compacts. The melting points of these compounds, in conjunction with the Py values of the compacts and their compaction properties, could affect the disintegration process, although a precise evaluation is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Manipulation of tablet medications to produce a customized dose is common practice, and splitting tablets may reduce the acquisition cost of the medication. However, cost savings may be diminished by the cost of the increased labor and repackaging materials needed when splitting tablets. Splitting tablets may also result in safety concerns if the final products are under (eg, reduced benefit) or over (eg, toxicity) the desired dosage. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to evaluate and recommend changes for all half- and quarter-tablet medications prepared and distributed from the inpatient pharmacy at University of Utah Health (U of U Health). Summary The evaluation included all half- and quarter-tablet medications prepared by pharmacy technicians for administration to patients admitted to U of U Health hospitals. A final list of 173 half- and quarter-tablet dosages was evaluated for opportunities to decrease the total number. On the basis of the developed criteria, 93 half- and quarter-tablet dosages (54%) were recommended to be removed from routine stock in the inpatient pharmacy. Systems remain in place to create customized half and quarter tablets if required for patient care. Conclusion Reducing the number of medications for which half and quarter tablets are used may allow pharmacy technicians to prioritize other patient care tasks and potentially decrease waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to reflect on the opportunities that mobile smartphones (MSPs) present as ICT integration tools in teaching geography. The more extensive study, underpinned by the Professional Development Framework for Digital Learning (PDFDL) in ICT integration, employed a qualitative research approach. Lensed by the Professional Development Framework for Digital Learning (PDFDL), the article used the qualitative approach to garner insights from the participants regarding using MSPs as tools to integrate ICT in geography teaching. Data collection tools included interviews, observations, and document reviews. Researchers sampled (n = 4) schools, interviewed and observed (n = 13) teachers, and interviewed (n = 10) learners and (n = 8) parents in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Furthermore, they used a purposive sampling technique to access the participants, basing the research on the premise that MSPs promote virtual reality for an array of learners. As the findings revealed, although some participants viewed the use of MSPs as a distractor in the learning space, teachers felt compelled to heed the call to modify their teaching pedagogies, such that they integrated mobile phones fruitfully in their teaching. The findings further revealed that such a paradigm shift would benefit homeschooling and facilitate a dual teaching mode at learning institutions. Curriculum planners are responsible for helping teachers accept that uncertainty is the only certainty about the future, considering the volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and augmentation (VUCA) challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Extended lockdown periods accelerated the use of MSPs in teaching, requiring every stakeholder in the educational space to become a life-long learner by using a range of technologies and platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the importance of smart mobile devices grows, organizations face the challenge of selecting appropriate devices such as smartphones, tablets, or smart glasses. The device selection can prevent physical and psychological risks associated with their subsequent use in the workplace. Organizations can avoid bad investments and proactively minimize risks by conducting a pre-purchase risk assessment. In the GBU-SmarD project, an analysis of 253 publications has provided scientific insight into the potential health and safety risks of working with smart mobile devices. In addition, eight focus groups with 20 tablet and 17 smart glasses users complemented the findings with practical experience from the field. This article presents 24 device selection criteria that will form the basis for the future development of a device selection tool for organizational use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful integration of digital technologies in the education of young children still needs to be solved. Despite a growing body of research focusing on learning through digital technologies in childhood, there are areas of knowledge where the impact of digital technologies has yet to be explored. A prominent example is nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST), a new interdisciplinary field that promises to solve long-standing global challenges. Considering that NST concerns elements that cannot be observed with the naked eye, their understanding by young children requires appropriate teaching methods. These distinctive aspects of NST align well with the capabilities of smart mobile devices, the critical feature of which is their ability to display interactive simulations and playful visualizations. This study investigates and compares the effect of using tablets and alternative experiential teaching on developing the ability to understand nanoscale elements. To implement the research, we conducted a week-long intervention, including experimental and control groups. Children in the experimental group participated in a nanoteaching session during the school curriculum, using educational software on tablets. The children in the control group participated in a precisely similar instruction but without using technology. To assess the children's performance, the Nanoscale Elementary Knowledge Comprehension Test (TENANO) created for the needs of this study was used. The sample consisted of 101 s-grade primary school children in Greece. The results showed that teaching with tablets compared to alternative experiential teaching contributed significantly to developing young children's nanoliteracy level. Moreover, gender and non-verbal cognitive ability did not seem to differentiate the development of children's ability to understand nanoscale entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compaction pressure can induce an undesirable solid-state polymorphic transition in drugs, fragmentation, loss of coated pellet integrity, and the decreased viability and vitality of microorganisms. Thus, the excipients with increased plasticity can be considered as an option to decrease the undesirable effects of compaction pressure. This study aims to increase the plasticity (to reduce the mean yield pressure; Py) of dried microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by loading it with a specially selected plasticizer. Diethyl citrate (DEC), water, and glycerol were the considered plasticizers. Computation of solubility parameters was used to predict the miscibility of MCC with plasticizers (possible plasticization effect). Plasticizer-loaded MCC spheres with 5.0 wt.% of water, 5.2 wt.% of DEC, and 4.2 wt.% glycerol were obtained via the solvent method, followed by solvent evaporation. Plasticizer-loaded formulations were characterised by TGA, DSC, pXRD, FTIR, pressure-displacement profiles, and in-die Heckel plots. Py was derived from the in-die Heckel analysis and was used as a plasticity parameter. In comparison with non-plasticized MCC (Py = 136.5 MPa), the plasticity of plasticizer-loaded formulations increased (and Py decreased) from DEC (124.7 MPa) to water (106.6 MPa) and glycerol (99.9 MPa), and that was in full accordance with the predicted miscibility likeliness order based on solubility parameters. Therefore, water and glycerol were able to decrease the Py of non-plasticized MCC spheres by 16.3 and 30.0%, respectively. This feasibility study showed the possibility of modifying the plasticity of MCC by loading it with a specially selected plasticizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid and accurate titrimetric procedure using potassium hydrogenperoxymonosulphate have been developed for the semi-micro determination of sodium metamizole in pure form and in tablets. The proposed method is based on the oxidation of bisulfite ions formed as a result of acid hydrolysis of sodium metamizole by known excess of the potassium hydrogenperoxomonosulphate with the following determination of the residual oxidant by iodometric titration. The optimum reactions conditions and other analytical parameters are evaluated. The influence of the substrates commonly employed as excipients with sodium metamizole has been studied. Statistical comparison of the results with those of an official method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in precision. RSD ≤ 1.49%; (δ =0.49 - 0.84%). LOQ=0.01 mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV Spectrophotometric method has been developed to determine Gliclazide in bulk pure and tablet forms. It is a simple, accurate, reproducible, rapid and less time-consuming method. The maximum wavelength of the drug was found to be 232nm. Beer Lamberts' law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-20 µg/ml. (LOD)The limit of detection and limit of qualification (LOQ) was found to be 0.16 µg/ml and 0.50 µg/ml from this method per cent recovery of the drug was found to be 99.30% which indicates no interaction of the excipients. This method was found accurate, simple, precise and rapid for determination of tablet dosage form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prucalopride (PCD) is a contemporary medication that was licensed in the USA in 2018 for the relief of constipation induced by motility impairment. PCD exhibits high selectivity and affinity toward the 5-HT4 receptor. Herein, an ultrasensitive, workable, one-pot experiment, green chemistry compatible approach was implemented for PCD assay. The strategy utilizes molecular size-based resonance Rayleigh scattering phenomena resulting from the dual complex association between Cilefa Pink B and PCD. In an acidic environment, when PCD medication and Cilefa Pink B are mixed, an association complex is immediately created, and dye's RRS is amplified due to molecular size growth. This RRS growth is directly proportional to the PCD concentrations at an interval ranging from 50 to 1300 ng/mL. The RRS signal was monitored at 351 nm. The limit of detection (14.5 ng/mL) and limit of quantitation (43.9 ng/mL) reveal a high approach's sensitivity. The tunable approach variables were strictly investigated and retrieved. The requirements of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) were applied to the strategy to verify its validity. Additionally, the strategy was successfully applied for PCD analysis in the prescribed dosage form. The use of the established RRS technology to check content uniformity was a noteworthy accomplishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the dimensions, when other additives are present, shows potential as a method to improve the dissolution and solubility of biopharmaceutical classification system class II drugs that have poor solubility. In this investigation, the process involved grinding naproxen with nicotinamide with the aim of improving solubility and the rate of dissolution. Naproxen was subjected to co-milling with urea, dimethylurea, and nicotinamide using a planetary ball mill for a duration of 90 min, maintaining a 1:1 molar ratio for the excipients (screening studies). The co-milled combinations, naproxen in its pure milled form, and a physical mixture were subjected to analysis using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and solubility assessment. The mixture displaying the highest solubility (naproxen-nicotinamide) was chosen for further investigation, involving testing for intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after co-milling for both 90 and 480 min. The co-milled combination, denoted as S-3b and consisting of the most substantial ratio of nicotinamide to naproxen at 1:3, subjected to 480 min of milling, exhibited a remarkable 45-fold increase in solubility and a 9-fold increase in IDR. XRPD analysis of the co-milled samples demonstrated no amorphization, while SEM images portrayed the aggregates of naproxen with nicotinamide. FTIR outcomes negate the presence of any chemical interactions between the components. The co-milled sample exhibiting the highest solubility and IDR was used to create a tablet, which was then subjected to comprehensive evaluation for standard attributes. The results revealed improved compressibility and dissolution properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Drawing tasks are an elementary component of psychological assessment in the evaluation of mental health. With the rise of digitalization not only in psychology but healthcare in general, digital drawing tools (dDTs) have also been developed for this purpose. This scoping review aims at summarizing the state of the art of dDTs available to assess mental health conditions in people above preschool age. Methods: PubMed, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, CINAHL, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection were searched for dDTs from 2000 onwards. The focus was on dDTs, which not only evaluate the final drawing, but also process data. Results: After applying the search and selection strategy, a total of 37 articles, comprising unique dDTs, remained for data extraction. Around 75 % of these articles were published after 2014 and most of them target adults (86.5 %). In addition, dDTs were mainly used in two areas: tremor detection and assessment of cognitive states, utilizing, for example, the Spiral Drawing Test and the Clock Drawing Test. Conclusion: Early detection of mental diseases is an increasingly important field in healthcare. Through the integration of digital and artbased solutions, this area could expand into an interdisciplinary science. This review shows that the first steps in this direction have already been taken and that the possibilities for further research, e.g., on the optimized application of dDTs, are still open. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of perampanel in pharmaceutical preparations (assay method) and human plasma (bioanalytical method). The fluorescent product was measured at an excitation wavelength (λex) 294 nm and emission wavelength (λem) 430 nm. The assay method was validated as per the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2(R1) guidelines. For the assay method, the fluorescence intensity versus concentration plot was found to be linear over the concentration range 25–175 ng/mL.In case of bioanalytical method, for the extraction of drug from human plasma, a lucid liquid-liquid extraction method using ethyl acetate was employed. The bioanalytical method was validated according to the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) guidelines and it was applied for the quantification of the drug in human plasma with reasonable accuracy and precision. For the bioanalytical method, the fluorescence intensity versus concentration plot was found to be linear over the concentration range 5–150 ng/mL. The impact of endogenous compounds of the plasma matrix on drug fluorescence was also assessed. To assess the greenness of the developed method, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) tools were applied and it was inferred that the developed method adheres closely to the principles of green analytical chemistry.

Tinidazole (TIN), an antimicrobial, is commonly prescribed for the treatment of giardiasis, trichomoniasis and amoeba infections. It presents a monograph in official compendiums by titration and the literature presents some analytical methods, which mostly use methanol and acetonitrile, options opposed to the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and the current trend in chemical-pharmaceutical analyses. Among the principles of GAC, the generation of less waste, the choice of less toxic reagents and solvents, the use of fewer materials, the assessment of costs involved, faster steps and processes are included. In this context, the objective was to develop and validate an eco-friendly method by spectrophotometry in ultraviolet region (UV) for quantitative evaluation of TIN in tablets. Additionally, the proposed method was evaluated for greenness by the Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA). Purified water and ethanol (90:10, v/v) as a diluent, quartz cubette at 318 nm were used. The method was linear in the range of 7–22 µg/mL (0.9999), precise (RSD < 5 %), selective through sample adjuvants and by the forced degradation, exact (100.47 %) and robust against changes in reading wavelength. As for the greenness of the method, it proved to be a green alternative to quantify TIN in tablets according to the ESA.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate some toxicological parameters of a new combined anthelmintic based on oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel in tablet formulation for dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The studies used 70 outbred male rats and 50 outbred male mice. Acute oral toxicity was studied in male mice and male rats weighing 14–16 and 160–180 g, respectively. The subchronic toxicity study with the drug administered repeatedly, orally for 14 days was conducted on male rats weighing 180–200 g. The study monitored the laboratory animals’ overall health status, behavior and possible death, and any intoxication symptoms were recorded. All studies were performed using conventional techniques for experimental (preclinical) studies of new pharmacological substances using the guidelines edited by R. U. Khabriev (2005) and A. I. Mironov et al. (2012). Additionally, the experiments assessed clinical toxicological, biochemical, and morphological parameters of the laboratory animals.Results and discussion. In evaluation of the drug acute toxicity in the male mice and the female rats, the LD50 exceeded the dose of 6000 mg/kg; the animals showed no signs of intoxication during the entire study. Thus, the drug was classified as substance hazard category 4. Doses 600, 300 and 120 mg/kg of the drug had no negative effect on the organism of the laboratory animals in the subchronic experiment on the male rats; the doses were ineffective (safe). The threshold or toxic dose could not be determined.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of antiparasitic drug based on Lufenuron, Moxidectin, Praziquantel against ixodidosis in dogs under natural conditions and during experimental infection with ixodid ticks.Materials and methods. The experiments used the drug in tablet formulation containing Lufenuron in 320 mg, Moxidectin in 9.6 mg and Praziquantel in 160 mg. To study the preventive and therapeutic acaricidal effect of the drug against ixodid ticks in the country part of the Karachaevsky District of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, two groups (10 dogs each) were formed of Alabai dogs or outbred dogs with a body weight of 16–76 kg. The dogs of the first experimental group were administered the drug in tablets. The dogs of the second group served as controls and were not treated. The experiment used clinically healthy dogs of both sexes over 6 weeks of age, spontaneously infected with Ixodidae. Animals were selected so that they were not exposed to drugs for at least 1 month prior to the experiment. The animals were kept under normal conditions throughout the experiment and received their usual food. Antiparasitic tablets were administered to the dogs individually, once, orally, mixed with food at a dose of 1 tablet per 16–32 kg of body weight. The ixodid infection was diagnosed in the dogs by clinical examination. The genus of Ixodidae was determined by typical morphological characteristics. The drug efficacy was evaluated based on reduced number or absence of ticks on the treated animals (experimental) versus the untreated animals (control). Before the experiment and after the drug, the animals were examined every hour for 48 hours, and condition, separation, separation time from the start of the drug and death of the ticks were recorded; the dogs were then examined every 5–7 days for two months.Results and discussion. The article presents study data on antiparasitic drug efficacy against ixodidosis in dogs spontaneously infected with Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus, and Dermacentor reticulatus. The result of the studies found that the antiparasitic drug (active substances were Lufenuron, Moxidectin, and Praziquantel) had a therapeutic effect that was recorded on day 5 after treatment and was 90%. The preventive efficacy was also above 70%: on day 7 and 14, this value was 90.0 and 86.9%, respectively, which indicated the duration of the preventive effect for 25–28 days. To fully evaluate the acaricidal efficacy against ixodidosis, studies were conducted on experimentally infected animals. Forty percent efficacy was determined at 48 hours after the drug; at 2 weeks after the drug, 90 %, 98.5 and 100 % efficacy were determined against ixodidosis in the dogs at 24 hours, 48 and 72 hours after the transfer of ticks, respectively. At 4 weeks after the drug, 100 % efficacy was determined against ixodidosis in the dogs at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the transfer of ticks, respectively.

Background and Objectives: Limited diabetes drug availability and frequent adverse reactions to oral medications highlight the need for improved drug delivery. This study suggests optimizing drug efficiency through process modifications, focusing on anti-diabetic medications like metformin hydrochloride. Matrix-type formulations are utilized to overcome current drug targeting and dosage management limitations. Methods: This study aims to improve anti-diabetic drugs, focusing on metformin hydrochloride, via process modifications in drug delivery. We developed a sustainable drug release process with matrix-type formulations, comparing hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and guar gum as rate-controlling polymers. The optimized formulation was then compared with Glyciphage SR 500 to identify similarities and differences in drug release profiles. Results: We utilized matrix-type formulations to administer metformin hydrochloride. It develops a sustainable drug release process with HPMC and guar gum as rate-controlling polymers. Next, we conducted comparative drug release studies, systematically optimized the formulation, and compared it to Glyciphage SR 500 using appropriate analytical methods. Results: Comparative dissolution data, including a high similarity factor (f2) of 75.33 with Glyciphage SR 500, emphasizes the promising resemblance between metformin hydrochloride tablet (MT5) and the market sample, warranting further stability studies for potential upscaling. Conclusion: The study's novelty lies in successfully formulating sustained-release MT5 using HPMC K100M and guar gum via wet granulation, demonstrating a potential reduction in dosing frequency and adverse effects. MT5's optimal physical and chemical parameters and sustained drug release exceeded 99% at 12 hours.

BackgroundWe studied the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of 100-mg doravirine and doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed-dose combination (100/300/300 mg DOR FDC) treatment in adolescents with HIV-1.MethodsAdolescents ages 12 to younger than 18 years were enrolled in 2 sequential cohorts. Cohort 1 evaluated intensive PK and short-term safety of 100-mg single-dose doravirine in adolescents ≥35 kg. Cohort 2 participants either initiated treatment with DOR FDC (antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve) or switched to DOR FDC from a previous ARV regimen (virologically suppressed). The first 10 Cohort 2 participants had intensive PK evaluations, and safety, sparse PK, and HIV RNA were assessed through week 24.ResultsFifty-five adolescents, median age 15.0 years and baseline weight 51.5 kg, were enrolled. Nine participants completed Cohort 1 PK assessments (8 of the 9 participants weighed ≥45 kg) and 45 initiated study drug in Cohort 2. The doravirine geometric mean (GM) AUC 0-∞ was 34.8 μM∙hour, and the GM C 24 was 514 nM after a single dose, with a predicted steady-state GM C 24,ss,pred of 690 nM. Cohort 2 enrolled adolescents weighing ≥45 kg. Plasma concentrations of doravirine, tenofovir, and lamivudine achieved by Cohort 2 participants were similar to those reported in adults. No drug-related serious or grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred. Forty-two of 45 participants (93.3%; 95% CI: [81.7, 98.6]) achieved or maintained HIV-1 RNA

OBJECTIVE: Examine whether distribution of tablets to patients with access barriers influences their adoption and use of patient portals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included Veterans Affairs (VA) patients (n = 28 659) who received a VA-issued tablet between November 1, 2020 and April 30, 2021. Tablets included an app for VAs My HealtheVet (MHV) portal. Veterans were grouped into 3 MHV baseline user types (non-users, inactive users, and active users) based on MHV registration status and feature use pre-tablet receipt. Three multivariable models were estimated to examine the factors predicting (1) MHV registration among non-users, (2) any MHV feature use among inactive users, and (3) more MHV use among active users post-tablet receipt. Differences in feature use during the 6 months pre-/post-tablet were examined with McNemar chi-squared tests of proportions. RESULTS: In the 6 months post-tablet, 1298 (8%) non-users registered for MHV, 525 (24%) inactive users used at least one MHV feature, and 4234 (46%) active users increased feature use. Across veteran characteristics, there were differences in registration and feature use post-tablet, particularly among older adults and those without prior use of video visits (P

The aim of the work was to develop a simple, eco-friendly, quick, affordable and alternative spectrophotometric procedure that uses the azodye methyl red (MR) for the determination of lercanidipine in its dosage form considering the "green" chemistry principles. Materials and methods. Analytical equipment: Shimadzu UV-1800 double beam UV-visible spectrophotometer (Japan) with included UV-Probe 2.70 software, RAD WAG AS 200/C precise analytical balance (Poland), Elmasonic EASY 40H ultrasonic bath. Lercanidipine hydrochloride (purity 99 %) was purchased from Jiyan Chemicals (India). Lercanidipine tablets 10 mg and 20 mg were used in our experiments. Results and discussion. To determine the amount of lercanidipine in tablets, a spectrophotometric method has been developed. To select the best dye for the method development, we tested a variety of dyes, including MR, bromocresol purple, bromophenol blue, cresol red, bromocresol green and bromothymol blue. We selected MR as the reagent based on the experimental studies' outcomes, and the solvent was an acetonitrile and ethanol mixture with a ratio of 95 to 5. The optimal parameters were determined for the quantitation of lercanidipine in tablets utilizing MR with 5x10-5 mol/L of dye concentration, 0.5 ml of MR solution, at a temperature of 25 °C without heating; detection wavelength was 498 nm and reaction time of 5 min. By using the molar ratios (saturation) method and Job's (continuous variations) approach, the stoichiometric coefficients of reacting components involving lercanidipine and dye were established to be 1:1. The proposed spectrophotometric procedure was linear within the concentration ranging from 6.48-32.41 μg/mL. Using the least squares method, a regression equation was generated: y=0.0208x-0.0318. The correlation coefficient was higher than 0.999, indicating that the analytical procedures' linearity is acceptable; the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 1.19 μg/mL and 3.62 μg/mL, respectively. The robustness, accuracy and precision of the study results fell within acceptable limits. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the content of lercanidipine in its tablet dosage forms. The analysis of the method's "greenness" using AGREE and GAPI tools yielded excellent results. Conclusions. The method that has been developed can serve as an alternative approach for the routine control of lercanidipine content in its tablets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim. To determine the optimal qualitative and quantitative composition of auxiliary substances for tablets containing dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves and the solid dispersion of quercetin, their relatively therapeutic dose and antiexudative activity. Materials and methods. This study determined a relatively therapeutic dose of dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves, investigated the impact of various auxiliary substances on the properties of tablets formulated with active ingredients -- dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves and solid dispersion of quercetin, and assessed antiexudative activity these tablets. The comprehensive analysis entailed the utilization of standardized pharmacopoeial methods to evaluate the quality of the tablet samples. These methods encompassed a range of assessments designed to ensure that the tablets met the requisite pharmacological standards, focusing on key characteristics such as dissolution rate and stability. Determination of the relatively therapeutic dose and antiexudative activity made using standard pharmacological methods in laboratory rats. Results. In-depth exploration during the study led to identifying Ac-Di-Sol and Lubripharm SSF as the most suitable auxiliary substances for the tablet composition. Detailed analysis revealed that Ac-Di-Sol, when utilized at a 10 % concentration, markedly improved the tablets' disintegration rate without adversely affecting their structural integrity. Concurrently, Lubripharm SSF was observed to significantly enhance the tablets' mechanical stability by reducing their friability. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the relatively therapeutic dose of dry extract of Acorus calamus leaves, and the solid dispersion of quercetin, optimal auxiliary substances for the tablet formulation -- Ac-Di-Sol and Lubripharm SSF -- were established. The conducted research enabled the development of a tablet composition that aligns with the requisite pharmacotechnological specifications and conditions of the modern pharmaceutical industry and demonstrates high antiexudative activity relative to monocomponent substances and famous drugs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have addressed the question of whether the people of early China wrote with thin bamboo strips held in their hands or whether they wrote with the support of flat desks. However, scholars have not addressed the distinction between jian (bamboo strips) and larger du (wooden tablets) in everyday writing. In early China, tablets would be held in the hand to write, while strips would be laid flat on a writing desk. Tablets were the main medium of everyday writing during the period spanning the pre-Qin and Western and Eastern Han dynasties. In the drafting of various literary texts, taking court records, and taking classroom notes, tablets were the primary writing medium. Among written materials from before the Western Han dynasty, duan zhang (short passages) were the most common style of writing, and most texts were composed of short passages. Among the early Chinese manuscripts that have been unearthed, short passages are also very common. However, almost no one has raised the question of why a documentary system dominated by short passages was formed in the pre-Qin and Western and Eastern Han dynasties period. The number of characters that a writing tablet can accommodate essentially coincides with the number of characters in short passages in early Chinese manuscripts. In view of its wide use, I propose that the formation of the short passage form was potentially influenced by the material writing medium of the tablet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study introduces a practical and cost‐effective method for tracking diltiazem (DLZ) analytically. It utilizes a fluorimetric approach that relies on the modulation of fluorescence intensity of a dye called erythrosine B. Through a one‐pot experiment performed in an acidic environment, a complex is rapidly formed between DLZ and erythrosine B. By observing the decrease in erythrosine B emission, a linear calibration plot is established, enabling the detection and quantification of DLZ concentrations ranging from 40 to 850 ng/ml. The estimated limits of detection and quantitation were 10.5 and 32.1 ng/ml, respectively. The variables affecting the DLZ‐dye complex system were carefully adjusted. The validity of the approach was confirmed through a thorough evaluation based on the criteria set by ICH guidelines. The accuracy and precision of the methodology were evaluated, and the standard deviation and relative standard deviation were below 2. The strategy was successfully employed to analyze DLZ in tablets and capsules, and no significant variation between the proposed and reported methods as the values of the estimated t‐test and F‐test at five determinations were below 2.306 and 6.338, respectively. Notably, the method adheres to the principle of green chemistry by utilizing distilled water as the dispersing medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns are a fundamental component of mathematics, and the patterning ability of young children has been well researched; however, this research has largely been conducted with relatively small cohorts (±70) and in an interventionist way (in laboratory settings or with researchers directly intervening in educational contexts). The current study examines the patterning skills of approximately 3 200 children in a naturalistic setting. As part of a larger, early years' STEM engagement program, children were provided patterning opportunities across one school term. The data presented here provides information regarding the children's performance on the tablet-based activities embedded in the program. Findings indicate that 3.5- to 4.5-year-old children were able to copy, extend, insert missing elements, fix, and create patterns, using a range of two, three or four elements pattern structures. These findings, from a large-scale naturalistic setting, confirm some aspects of the existing laboratory-based research, whilst also indicating that some children are more capable in terms of creating patterns than the existing research suggests. These findings have implications for educators when they are planning play-based patterning activities with preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the awareness of using tablets as Potential assistive pedagogical tools among primary school teachers. The Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) model was adopted to show the process of professional development for teachers as a consequence of technology implementation in classrooms. Triangulation design with concurrent orientation was used that enables data collection, interpretation and analysis using quantitative and qualitative approaches at a single phenomenon and same time. Data collection tools included closed-ended questionnaires and an interview guide. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyse data. The findings revealed that all the respondents were familiar with the use of tablets, but they differed in terms of knowledge and skills of how to change the devices in facilitating the teaching processes where there are those with high awareness, medium awareness and low awareness. The study recommends that the government should provide in-service training in ICT to build teachers' ability to use tablets as assistive pedagogical tools. The findings of the study bear significant practical implications for a broad range of stakeholders, including learners, teachers, educators, policymakers, mobile companies, industry professionals, researchers, NGOs, and society at large. The results aid educational stakeholders, and policymakers in making informed decisions about increasing the provision of modern ICT tools to teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Video-based telehealth may expand access to mental health services among older veterans with alcohol use disorder (AUD). We examined the modalities through which mental health services were rendered, and predictors of video visits before and after video-enabled tablet receipt from the Veterans Health Administration. Method: 11,210 veterans aged 60 or older with a diagnosis of AUD who received a tablet between 1 April 2020 and 25 October 2021 were identified. The electronic health record was used to characterized encounters by modality of mental health care delivery in the six months pre/post tablet receipt. Logistic regression examined predictors of a video visit for mental health. Results: Phone was the most common modality; however, the proportion of video encounters increased from 8.7% to 26.2% after tablet receipt. Individuals who were older, male, and had more physical health conditions, were less likely to have a video visit. Individuals who were married, resided in urban areas, had a history of housing instability, and had more mental health conditions, were more likely to have a video visit. Conclusion: Video-enabled tablets may help older adults with AUD overcome access barriers to mental health services, although targeted support for certain groups may be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated a digital intervention program with aging Holocaust survivors. Participants received a tablet device and were coupled with a volunteer who assisted them to use the tablet. The study aimed to assess which characteristics of the Holocaust survivors are linked with more frequent use of digital communication at the end of the program. Information was collected by telephone interviews with 91 survivors before and 54 after participating in the program. We combined this data with digital usage data from the tablets. Regression models examined the characteristics of Holocaust survivors that were related to higher frequency of using digital communication technologies during the intervention. The Holocaust survivors expressed high satisfaction with the program. They increased their frequency of using digital communication technologies—text correspondence and video chats with friends and family. Regressions showed that Holocaust survivors who reported increased digital communication were characterized at the start of the intervention by having fewer post-traumatic stress symptoms, higher levels of flourishing (reflecting a more meaningful life and higher well-being), being lonelier, and were also more satisfied with the program at follow-up. The pilot program benefited the aging Holocaust survivors. Further programs should be developed to increase the digital communication of vulnerable older populations, such as trauma survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of variations in chitosan concentration as a polymer on the physical characteristics, mucoadhesive properties, and dissolution profiles of mucoadhesive tablets in carrier microspheres. Mucoadhesive tablets are made using the direct felt method. In making mucoadhesive tablets, three different concentrations of E. palmifolia extract compared to chitosan are used, including F1 (1:1), F2 (1:2), and F3 (1:3). Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr is used as the active ingredient and chitosan is used as a polymer. Evaluation of the physical characteristics of mucoadhesive tablets includes tests for uniformity of content, size, hardness, brittleness, and crushing time. In addition, mucoadhesive properties are also evaluated, including expandability tests, wash-off tests, and dissolution tests. The measurement of content uniformity showed no significant difference from the three formulas with no significant difference (p > 0.606). The uniformity test results of size, hardness, brittleness, crushing time, and the wash-off test showed a significant difference by the significant difference in each test sequentially of 0.012, 0.018, 0.028, 0.000, and 0.004. Dissolution tests were carried out with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 dissolution media using a type 2 dissolution tester (paddle), and dissolution level measurements were carried out with UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 340.5 nm. The dissolution values of the three mucoadhesive tablet formulas in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 1.2 media and the median simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 showed significant differences (p < 0.000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used grounded theory to investigate older Uruguayans' use of tablets delivered through a public program called Plan Ibirapitá. This program was developed in 2015, by the leftist government that was in power at that time, to promote the digital inclusion of individuals considered to be excluded from the benefits of the information society, such as older adults. Through Plan Ibirapitá, older adults who receive a pension below approximately 900 USD, receive a tablet for free, training for its use, and 1 GB of monthly internet. According to the program's Fifth-Use Survey from 2019, almost 60% of those who received Plan Ibirapitá's tablet do not use it. To examine the relationship between older adults and the tablets, twenty-six participants were interviewed about their experiences with this device. Results suggest that the relationship they established with the tablets is ambivalent. On the one hand, the participants see information and communication technology (ICT) as modern tools that are useful for communicating with loved ones. On the other hand, they understood their lives as busy for which tablets were mostly unnecessary. These findings indicate that including older people into the digital world is more complex than distributing devices top-down. Key Points: Digital inclusion is complex and should not be based on technological determinism. Top-down technological programs need to consider older people's social contexts. Policymakers should avoid technological-solutionist approaches to problems of aging. Older people are not necessarily nor automatically benefited by digital technology. Provides a background for technological-intervention programs in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with plastic behaviour and calcium phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO4) with brittle behaviour under compaction is very popular in the pharmaceutical industry for achieving desirable structural–mechanical properties of tablet formulations. Thus, mixtures of specific grades of MCC and CaHPO4 were tested in volume proportions of 100-0, 75-25, 50-50, 25-75, and 0-100 at a constant weight-by-weight concentration of sodium stearyl fumarate lubricant, utilizing a state-of-the-art benchtop compaction simulator (STYL'One Nano). Tablet formulations were prepared at 100, 150, 250, 350, 450, and 500 MPa, and characterized by tabletability profile, ejection force profile, proportion–tensile strength relationship, proportion–porosity relationship, pressure–displacement, and elastic recovery profiles, as well as by in-/out-of-die Heckel plots and yield pressures. Interestingly, the 25-75 formulation demonstrated a two-stage out-of-die Heckel plot and was additionally investigated with X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT). By post-processing the µCT data, the degree of brittle CaHPO4 particles falling apart, along with the increasing compression pressure, was quantified by means of the surface area to volume (S/V) ratio. For the 25-75 formulation, the first stage (up to 150 MPa) and second stage (above the 150 MPa) of the out-of-die Heckel plot could be attributed to predominant MCC and CaHPO4 deformation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to develop two simple, rapid, economic, alternative spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ramipril in tablets based on the reaction with sulfonephthalein dyes (bromphenol blue (BPB) and cresol red (CR)). Materials and methods. Analytical instrumentation: Shimadzu UV-1800 double beam UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Japan) with attached UV-Probe ver. 2.62 software, RAD WAG AS 200/C precise analytical balance (Poland). Ramipril (purity ≥98 % (HPLC)) was purchased from AARTI Industries Limited (India). Ramipril tablets 5 mg and 10 mg were purchased from a local pharmacy. Results and discussion. Two spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ramipril in tablets have been developed. We have tested various sulfophthalein dyes (BPB, bromocresol green, bromthymol blue, thymol blue, CR) in order to choose the optimal for the method development. According to the results of the experimental studies, we chose BPB and CR as reagents, and the solvent was acetonitrile for both methods. The optimal conditions for the quantitative determination of ramipril in tablets by using BPB were established: dye concentration -- 2.35×10-4 mol/L, volume of BPB solution -- 1.0 ml, without heating, wavelength -- 598 nm, reaction time -- 5 min, temperature of the solution -- 25 °C. The optimal conditions for the quantitative determination of ramipril in tablets by using CR were established: dye concentration -- 1.33×10-4 mol/L, volume of CR solution -- 1.0 ml, without heating, wavelength -- 395 nm, reaction time -- 5 min, temperature of the solution -- 25 °C. The spectrophotometric method by using BPB was linear in the concentration range of 1.99--5.96 µg/mL, LOD -- 0.20 µg/mL, LOQ -- 0.60 µg/mL. The spectrophotometric method using CR was linear in the concentration range of 0.42--5.44 µg/mL, LOD -- 0.10 µg/mL, and LOQ -- 0.36 µg/mL. The results of the study on robustness, accuracy, and precision were within the acceptance criteria. The results of studying the «greenness» of both methods indicate an excellent «green» analysis. Conclusions. Developed methods can be used as an alternative method for the routine analysis of ramipril tablets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of smartphones is increasingly widespread, and the usefulness of mobile applications as low-vision aids is evident but not thoroughly examined. In this study, we surveyed people with low vision to assess the usability of common, preloaded mobile applications, to evaluate the usage of typical assistive technologies of smartphones, and to measure the usefulness, and usability of recent software advancements that can be used as visual aids. We invited 134 low-vision individuals to participate, and 45 of them met the eligibility criteria and completed an in-person survey. The eligibility criteria were as follows: aged 18 years or older and mentally competent, visual acuity worse than 0.4 logMAR with best-corrected glasses in the better-seeing eye, ownership of a smartphone and familiarity with visual assistive technologies. All testing scenarios were carried out using the participants' smartphones, either with Android or iOS operating systems. Participants reported the usefulness and ease of use for common visual display enhancements (i.e., text size, bold text, increased contrast, inverted colors, and dark mode), audio feedback capabilities, four primary preloaded apps (Dialer, Clock, Calculator, and Calendar), and four usage scenarios that serve as low-vision aids (magnify with camera, hard-copy text-to-speech, voice typing, and voice commands). Participants also indicated whether they could use the apps or execute the scenarios independently. The Dialer and Clock apps, text enhancements, camera magnification, and voice typing were rated as highly useful, while the Calendar application received lower ratings. Most of the selected apps or services were rated as easy to use, with lower ratings recorded for the Calendar and Select to Speak ones. Considering the positive results across all options, this collection of apps and services proved useful for all age groups, regardless of gender, technological familiarity, or education. The feedback received in this study can help towards improving the everyday lives of low-vision people as well as informing the design of apps and assistive features, guiding future research and development to enhance visual accessibility on mobile computing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dear Editor, The Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) in India was launched in 1978 by the Government of India in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO). The main objective of the programme is to provide free vaccination services to children and pregnant women. Over time, the programme has expanded and evolved to incorporate many vaccines against preventable diseases. Vaccines such as Diphtheria, Pertussis (whooping cough), Tetanus (DPwT), Pentavalent, Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) are well known for their post-vaccination fever

AimTo characterize cabotegravir population pharmacokinetics using data from phase 1, 2 and 3 studies and evaluate the association of intrinsic and extrinsic factors with pharmacokinetic variability.MethodsAnalyses were implemented in NONMEM and R. Concentrations below the quantitation limit were modelled with likelihood-based approaches. Covariate relationships were evaluated using forward addition (P

OBJECTIVES: Fear and risk of precipitated withdrawal are barriers for initiating buprenorphine in individuals with opioid use disorder, particularly among those using fentanyl. A buprenorphine rapid overlap initiation (ROI) protocol (also knownas rapidmicro-dosing) utilizing small, escalating doses of buprenorphine can overcome this barrier, reaching therapeutic doses in 3 to 4 days. We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a buprenorphine ROI protocol for buprenorphine initiation in the outpatient setting. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients prescribed an outpatient ROI protocol at the Office-based Buprenorphine Induction Clinic from October to December 2020. The ROI protocol utilizes divided doses of sublingual buprenorphine tablets and blister packaging for easier dosing. Patients were not required to stop other opioid use and were advised to follow up on day 4 of initiation. RESULTS: Twelve patients were included, of whom eleven (92%) were using fentanyl at intake. Eleven patients picked up their prescription. Seven patients returned for follow-up (58%), and all 7 completed the ROI protocol. One patient reported any withdrawal symptoms, which were mild. At 30 days, 7 patients (58%) were retained in care, and 5 (42%) were still receiving buprenorphine treatment, 4 (33%) of whom had been abstinent from nonprescribed opioid use for ≥2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The ROI protocol was successful in initiating buprenorphine treatment for patients in our outpatient clinic, many of whom were using fentanyl. The ROI protocol may offer a safe alternative to traditional buprenorphine initiation and warrants further study.

Introduction. Gout treatment drugs are widely represented on the pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation, including those with INN febuxostat. These drugs differ in excipients composition, in the dosage form (tablets and capsules) and production technology. The Dissolution Kinetics Test was chosen to assess the rate and extent of active ingredient release for drugs with INN febuxostat for different manufacturers as in vitro test dissolution allows to suggest the release from the dosage form in vivo. The rate and percent of active substance release are factors that have a direct impact on the bioavailability of drugs. Drug release was studied in a phosphate buffer solution pH 6.8, sampling was carried out at time points 0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 30 and 45 min. The analysis of the obtained solutions was carried out using the UV spectrophotometry method at a wavelength of 317 nm. The comparison of dissolution profiles was carried out in accordance with the requirements of Decision of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated November 3, 2016 N 85 "On approval of the Rules for conducting bioequivalence studies of medicinal products within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union". The purpose of the study. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinetics of the release of the active substance febuxostat from drugs registered in the territory of the Russian Federation in the form of tablets and capsules. Materials and methods. Drug release studies were performed using the Sotax dissolution tester AT Xtend, Switzerland. Each drug was analyzed in 12 repetitions in a pH 6.8 phosphate buffer dissolution medium, on a "Paddle apparatus", special sinkers were used for capsule dosage forms. The selected samples were analyzed on a Shimadzu UV 1800 UV spectrophotometer, Japan, at a wavelength of 317 nm. Results. Dissolution profile studies for three drugs with the active substance febuxostat were conducted in a phosphate buffer solution pH 6,8. For the studied drugs, the release of febuxostat was observed to be more than 85 % at 15 minutes. The release profiles can be recognized as equivalent without further mathematical processing. Conclusion. Based on the results of dissolution profile studies, no differences were found in dissolution profiles of febuxostat from drugs with different dosage forms (tablets and capsules).

Introduction. Cytochromes P450 depression is the reason for the low effectiveness of etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy of hepatitis. Recent experimental and clinical studies demonstrated the need for use of inducers of hepatocytes monooxygenase system to increase the effectiveness of treatment of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine is a promising inducer of hepatocytes monooxygenase system with detoxifying and cytoprotective activity demonstrated in models of acute hypobaric hypoxia, liver ischemia, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, toxic hepatitis. Development of a dosage form for 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine requires evaluation of its technological properties which was the aim of the present study.Aim. Preparation of a tablet dosage form for 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine by direct pressing.Materials and methods. The object of the study was the substance of 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine (DPDX270216001 series). Lactose monohydrate (200-559-2, LLC "Neftegazkhimkomplekt", Russia), microcrystalline cellulose (100-32-2, Silverline chemicals Ltd., India), potato starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose (ZW180113, Fengchen Group Co., Ltd., Китай), talc (LLC "Agat-Med", Russia), magnesium stearate (209-150-3, Ataman Chemicals) were used as excipients. Evaluation of the substance properties was carried according to the following indicators: appearance, loss on drying, fractional composition, flowability, bulk density, porosity, tablet compression (cohesion), ejection force of the tablet from matrix. Tablet masses were evaluated according to the following indicators: flowability, bulk density, tablet compression (cohesion), ejection force of the tablet from matrix. The tablets were obtained by the method of direct pressing. The analysis of obtained tablets were carried out according to the following parameters: average weight, crushing strength, disintegration. The tests were carried out in accordance with the Russian Federation State Pharmacopoeia.Results and discussion. The substance demonstrated poor compression (cohesion), low flowability, low bulk density and high porosity. The addition of lactose monohydrate and microcrystalline cellulose improved the cohesion (compression) parameter, but increased the ejection force of the tablet from matrix. The subsequent addition of magnesium stearate reduced the ejection force of the tablet from matrix by 5 times. The flowability of the tablet mass increased to 3,5–4,0 g/s, the disintegration time of the tablets increased (13–14 min). The introduction of 10 % disintegrators into the mold improved the disintegration rates.Conclusion. Based on the studied properties of the substance, was developed the optimal ratio of tablet mass. The possibility of obtaining a dosage form – tablets of 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine by direct pressing was show.

Abstract Objectives To compare the efficacy and safety of Shanhuang Jiangzhi tablets and atorvastatin in reducing blood lipid levels. Methods Patients with hyperlipidaemia admitted to the cardiac centre between January 2019 and December 2020 were included in the study. A total of 1063 patients with hyperlipidaemia took either Shanhuang Jiangzhi tablets (n = 372) or atorvastatin (n = 691) and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clinical data, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were retrospectively evaluated after propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. The adverse events were also recorded during the therapy process. Results Following PSM analysis, both groups were well matched across all parameters. Compared with the baseline, Shanhuang Jiangzhi tablets had greater effects on TC, TG and LDL-C, and the difference was statistically significant (p 0.05. However, the decrease of TG was greater in the Shanhuang Jiangzhi group (p

Abstract Students often recruit digital devices to complete their classroom activities. To determine best practices for the classroom, the present study explored the use of tablets relative to laptops and paper in the understudied context of brief, in-person, small group academic tasks. One-hundred twenty small groups of two to three undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one device (paper, laptop, or tablet) and one set-up (a single shared device or multiple individual devices) in a 3 × 2 between-subjects design. Data were collected in 2019 –2021. Students completed one group task that culminated in a knowledge quiz and a second group task that culminated in writing their own quiz together. They then individually rated group members as well as reported their perceptions of satisfaction, effort, and difficulty. Open-ended questions further assessed their perceptions of technology and the three devices in question. Results showed equivalency in group outcomes and individual perceptions across devices and set-ups, with very few exceptions. Quantitative and qualitative data supported that students found advantages and drawbacks to each device and believed that all were effective tools in such a context. Educators must consider the affordances of different technologies when encouraging their use in the classroom but should be open to students using their device of choice for groupwork.

The present work represents the propyl modification and characterization of Moringa gum for sustained drug delivery applications. The propylation of Moringa gum was performed using n-propyl bromide by alkyl etherification process. The propylated Moringa gum was further evaluated as a diclofenac sodium-loaded matrix tablet and composite beads for sustained drug delivery. The modification of Moringa gum was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The degree of propyl substitution was determined to be 0.407. The characterization studies revealed the increase in the degree of crystallinity, thermal stability, surface roughness, and the decrease in viscosity on propyl modification. The native and modified gum had a molecular weight of 1.02 × 104 and 4.84 × 104 KDa, respectively. The diclofenac-loaded matrix tablets of Moringa gum disintegrated in simulated gastric fluid, while tablets of propyl Moringa gum provided sustained release of diclofenac by super case 2 transport following Higuchi release kinetics. The ionically gelled beads of propyl Moringa gum were able to control the burst release of diclofenac in simulated gastric fluid releasing 84% of the drug in 24 h following Higuchi kinetics. It can be concluded that the propyl-modified Moringa gum can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient for sustained drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle size ratio, tablet thickness, and compaction pressure are three important tableting parameters that affect the obtained tablet spectrum. In this study, the single-factor test and response surface analysis (RSM) were adopted to examine how these three parameters and their interactions affect the analytical measurements performed over terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Tablet samples were composed of a different percent (wt-%) of acetylsalicylic acid within microcrystalline cellulose. Results indicate that change in absorption coefficient was found to be more obvious for a larger particle size ratio. Thinner tablets were sensitive to absorption coefficient effects created as the transmitted THz radiation propagates through the tablet interfaces. Compression pressure has a limited effect on the absorption coefficient. The particle size ratio had the largest effect on the coefficient of correlation of the quantitative regression model, followed by the compaction pressure, and the tablet thickness. In this study, the optimized tableting parameters were determined: tablet thickness of 0.48 mm, particle size ratio of about 1:1, and compaction pressure of 30 MPa. Under this condition, the R2 of the quantitative regression model of acetylsalicylic acid content was 0.971 and 0.998 at the range of acetylsalicylic acid mass fraction between 10 and 90 wt-%, 1 and 30 wt-%, respectively. This study provides a method to effectively reduce the scattering effect of spectral detection of tablets by improving the sample's properties, to provide a reference for enhancing the reliability and accuracy of quantitative measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Advanced Research in Health Sciences (JARHS) / Sağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi (SABİAD) is the property of Journal of Advanced Research in Health Sciences (JARHS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)