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Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Double-yolked eggs occur in reproductive flocks, especially at the beginning of the laying period. Although the reasons for their occurrence are fairly well understood and work is underway to reduce them, the problem still affects about 1–2% of chicken eggs. Due to reduced hatchability, such eggs are hatchery waste, but may be of interest in the context of consumer eggs. The present study aimed to analyse the quality and technological suitability of eggs with a double yolk compared to eggs with a normal structure. Differences were shown in the proportion of individual egg morphological elements in the weight of the whole egg, as well as in the chemical composition. Small but positive differences in the content of unsaturated fatty acids suggest the possible use of double-yolked eggs as table eggs. The study material consisted of 360 eggs from a reproductive flock of meat-type hens; 240 were double-yolked eggs and 120 were single-yolked as a control group. The eggs were numbered individually and then analysed for their quality in terms of characteristics of the whole egg (weight, shape index, specific gravity), shell (colour, strength, weight, density), albumen (pH, height, weight, Haugh units) and yolk (colour, weight, shape index, pH). During the analyses, yolks were sampled for analyses including basic composition, fatty acid profile (by gas chromatography) and fatty acid indices. It was found that double-yolked eggs differed significantly from single-yolked ones in terms of weight, proportion of individual elements in the egg weight, total protein content in the yolks as well as in terms of the fatty acid profile and their indices both due to the presence or absence of two yolks and in the context of the individual yolks analysed. The results indicate the possibility of using double-yolked eggs as table eggs due to the absence of negative effects stemming from being double-yolked and the increased content of biologically important components such as fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Table eggs occupy a special importance in human nutrition, as it provides them with albumin and protein necessary for their health and growth, especially children, and are also included in many food industries, and with the high prices of eggs, especially in 2023, as in other foods, resulting from the high prices of feed, especially imported ones, it was necessary to encourage farmers and other investors to produce to increase the supply of it to work to reduce its high prices and meet the increasing demand for it, and the research aimed to prepare an economic feasibility study to establish a table egg production station in Beheira Governorate with a capacity of (30) thousand birds in three wards, in order to produce about 10 million eggs in one production cycle, i.e. every two years and about 28 thousand chickens at the end of one production cycle, and the research relied on the initial data that were collected using a questionnaire form in the personal interview for 60 poultry breeders in Beheira Governorate, and the research relied on achieving its objectives on the criteria of the economic feasibility study of projects. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which are: 1- The investment, construction and operational costs required to be provided in the first year amounted to about 32.344 million pounds, which includes all the costs that the first project pays once land, buildings, machinery, equipment and tools, which are the expenses of establishment. 2- The fixed costs of the project amounted to 727 thousand pounds calculated on salaries and 10% for maintenance and renewal, which are the costs incurred by the project, whether produced or not produced, such as employee salaries, fixed labor, salaries with contracts, and rents of all kinds. 3- The costs required to operate the project during its useful life period amounted to about 15.65 million pounds in the first year of the production cycle and estimated at about 10.65 million pounds in the second year of each production cycle. 4- The egg production from the project as an average, according to the data of the research sample, amounted to 10.5 egg plates per hen, so the project produces about 291.4 thousand egg dishes, or approximately 8.75 million eggs, with a value equivalent to 36.42 million pounds per session, or about 18.21 million pounds annually. 5- The project achieves a net profit estimated at EGP 708.1 million during 20 years, which is the estimated production period for research, and achieves an estimated internal rate of return of about 106%, and the capital recovery period for the project is about 2.8 years. 6- By studying the sensitivity and risk analysis of the project, it was found that the project is not sensitive to price fluctuations, whether in costs or revenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess the quality of table eggs produced in battery and floor production systems. Storage of table eggs in refrigerator is a popular practise; it may lead to increase the risks of eggs contamination. A total of 100 table eggs were collected from battery and floor farms in Sharkia province and then stored in refrigerator at 4°C. The collected eggs were divided into two groups (50 of each). Each group was divided into five sub-groups for examination: at laying time, the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days. They were subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological examination of eggshells and internal contents. The results of the current study indicated that the storage had a major effect on the egg quality parameters including eggs, albumen, and yolk weights and internal contents pH, in both battery and floor eggs. In addition, the microbiological examination showed that the eggshells, particularly in the floor system, were higher in bacterial contamination with E. coli and Salmonella than the internal contents. The egg quality traits that were done by this study help to protect consumers against foodborne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has demonstrated that lead (Pb2+, for the remainder of the paper referred to as Pb) and other heavy metals are present in table eggs from backyard birds. While the source of Pb exposure is unknown, exposure to the environment via the foraging behavior of backyard poultry is likely a significant factor. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted to better understand how oral Pb consumption correlates with Pb concentration in table eggs and other physiological compartments (i.e. bone, blood, and liver). In order of absolute mean concentration, Pb was most present in bone (226.24 ppb experimental vs. 31.00 ppb control), blood (14.47 ppb experimental vs 0.27 ppb control), liver (11.24 ppb experimental vs 0.75 ppb control), and egg (1.17 ppb experimental vs 0.06 ppb control). The low concentration of Pb in table eggs implies that Pb preferentially accumulates in other tissues aside from the egg. While this study showed that eggs have the lowest overall tropism for Pb, the presence of Pb in other tissues demonstrates a public health risk when chickens are orally exposed to Pb via oral consumption.

Table eggs are an excellent animal-based food with an important role in human diet. However, eggs are often associated with foodborne illnesses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the commercially available ultraviolet irradiation system incorporated in an egg grading and packing machine, and to compare the number of naturally present microorganisms on eggshells and the number of microorganisms on eggshells after ultra-violet treatment. The study showed reductions of the total number of aerobic microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and the number of yeasts and molds on the eggshells, while the pathogenic bacteria, including Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., as well as the number of coagulase-positive staphylococci, were under the limit of quantification on the shells of both not ultra-violet treated and ultra-violet treated table eggs. In conclusion, the 7 s ultra-violet treatment was effective in reducing the bacteria, molds and yeast on the eggshells, which could contribute to better health of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Eggs are a good source of high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. In addition to their high nutritional value, table eggs must be microbiologically safe and have favourable sensory and functional qualities. Factors that shape egg quality can be storage time and conditions. Marketable eggs may be packaged in plastic or cardboard egg packaging. The influence of the type of packaging, storage time, and temperature on the microbiological quality of the shell and contents of eggs and the foaming properties of the egg white as well as the sensory characteristics of the eggs after hard-boiling were investigated. The type of packaging was shown to influence the microbiological quality of the egg contents. More bacteria were found in the contents of eggs stored in plastic packaging than in cardboard packaging. The type of packaging in which the eggs were stored did not affect the foaming properties of the egg white or the sensory characteristics of the eggs after hard-boiling. Irrespective of the type of packaging, a tendency toward deterioration of the foaming properties of egg white and a deterioration of the sensory characteristics of eggs after hard-boiling was found with storage time. The storage of eggs at 5 °C was more favourable for their microbiological quality and the stability of egg white foam. Regardless of the type of packaging, eggs stored at 5 °C after hard-boiling had better yolk colour, smell, and texture than eggs stored at 22 °C. The studies aimed to assess the impact of packaging, storage time, and temperature on the microbiological quality as well as on the sensory quality and functional properties of chicken eggs. The study material consisted of eggs from laying hens kept under free-range conditions. The eggs packed in cardboard and plastic cartons were stored at 5 °C and 22 °C, respectively. The eggs were examined on the day of laying and on days 14 and 28 of storage. The microbiological quality of the shell and contents of the eggs and the foaming properties of the egg white stored in cardboard and plastic packaging as well as the sensory characteristics of the eggs stored in both types of packaging after hard-boiling were examined on all evaluation dates. The type of packaging in which the eggs were stored was shown to influence the microbiological quality of the egg contents. Eggs stored in plastic packaging, on days 14 and 28 of storage, contained more bacteria in egg contents than eggs stored in cardboard packaging (p < 0.05). The type of packaging in which the eggs were stored did not have an effect on the foaming properties of the egg white (p > 0.05) or on the sensory characteristics of the eggs after hard-boiling. Irrespective of the type of packaging, the foaming properties of the egg white and the sensory characteristics of the eggs after hard-boiling deteriorated with storage time. The effect of temperature on egg quality was found. Regardless of the type of packaging, eggs stored at 5 °C after hard-boiling had better yolk colour, smell, and texture than eggs stored at 22 °C (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in table eggs in El-Fayoum city, Egypt. A total of 250 table egg samples (75 Baladi hens’, 75 white farm hens’, 75 brown farm hens’ and 25 duck egg samples) were collected randomly from poultry farms, groceries, supermarkets, and street vendors in El-Fayoum city, Egypt. Each Baladi hen ҆s egg sample was represented by five eggs, while each farm hen ҆s and duck egg sample was represented by three eggs. The shells and contents of eggs were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus spp < /em>., coagulase (coa), and staphylococcal enterotoxins (Ses) genes. The obtained results revealed that the examined samples of shells and contents of Baladi hens ҆, poultry farms ҆ (white and brown), and ducks ҆ eggs were contaminated with Staphylococcus spp. with incidences of 24.0, 9.3, 5.3, 44.0, 8.0, 2.7, 1.3 and 12.0 %, respectively and coagulase-positive S. aureus with the incidences of 16.7, 14.3, 0.0, 18.2, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 and 33.3 %, respectively. Enterotoxin profiling by PCR proved that two classical enterotoxin genes (Seb and Sed) were produced from three (42.86%) coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, as two Baladi hens’ ҆ eggshells produced Seb and one of the ducks ҆ egg contents produced Sed. The public health hazards of the isolated strains and enterotoxins had been discussed.

Th e aim of this study was to investigate the eff ect of gum arabic coating on the quality characteristics of table eggs during 28 days of storage at 4°C and 25°C. Treatments were compared in a 2 x 4 factorial design with two diff erent storage temperatures (4°C and 25°C) and five prestorage coating applications (control, 1% gum arabic (G1), 5% gum arabic (G5), and 10% gum arabic (G10) solution). Egg quality characteristics that were measured included weight loss, specific gravity, shell strength, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH. Th e eggs coated with 10% gum arabic solution had the lowest egg weight loss (2.71%), and albumen pH (9.18), and the highest egg specific gravity (1.057 g/cm3) at the end of storage (P

Very few data exist globally regarding the use of antimicrobials in the table egg industry. Antimicrobial use data from broiler chickens and turkeys cannot be used as a surrogate of layer chickens because of the fact that table eggs for human consumption are produced daily by laying hens. To avoid the possibility of antimicrobial residues in the eggs, there are very few antimicrobials approved for use in layers in the U.S. The objective of this study was to collect on-farm antimicrobial use data from the U.S. table egg industry and to have it be representative of the national layer flock. Participation was voluntary. Data were collected for the period 2016 through 2021 and are reported on a calendar year basis. Using production statistics from USDA:NASS as a denominator, the data supplied by participating companies accounted for 3,016,183,140 dozen eggs (~40% of national egg production) in 2016 and 3,556,743,270 dozen eggs (~45% of national egg production) in 2021. All of the replacement chicks placed on pullet farms during the study period were estimated to have received 0.2 mg/chick gentamicin at the hatchery. Most of the antimicrobial administration in U.S. egg production is via the feed. The ionophores monensin and salinomycin were used in the pullets, bacitracin was used in both pullets and layers (primarily for control of necrotic enteritis), and chlortetracycline was used primarily in layers for the treatment of E. coli-related disease. In the layers, between 0.10 and 0.19% of total hen-days were exposed to chlortetracycline. Only two water-soluble administrations were recorded during the entire study period, both involving lincomycin to pullet flocks for the treatment of necrotic enteritis. Overall, antimicrobial use in the U.S. layer industry was focused mainly on controlling necrotic enteritis in the pullets and treating E. coli-related disease in the laying hens.

Fipronil is an insecticide which is not approved for use in any food‑producing animal species in the European Union (EU). However, the inappropriate use of fipronil in mites’ disinfestation products utilized in poultry farms in the Netherlands and other EU countries in 2017, led to the detection of residues of this pesticide in eggs across Europe. In Italy, a national monitoring plan was established to verify the possible misuse of fipronil in Italian laying hens. Out of 577 sampled farms, 23 eggs resulted contaminated (4.0%; 95% CI: 2.7%‑5.9%). A higher prevalence of contamination was observed in flocks kept on cage (8.7%; 95% CI: 6.0% ‑ 12.4%) than on ground (1.6%; 95% CI: 0.7% ‑3.7%); Chi‑square = 16.1; P < 0.001). The results allowed developing a stochastic model for estimating the risk of fipronil ingestion through the consumption of contaminated table eggs for the Italian consumer. The probability that an individual ingests a dose of fipronil greater than the acute reference dose (ARfD, equal to 0.009 mg/kg body weight) was assessed as very low, ranging from values very close to 0 in people with more than 10 years of age and 0.0007 in infants less than 3 years.

In this experiment the effects of supplementation of the diet for laying hens with different doses of green tea (Camelia sativa) on egg quality were studied. Hens of laying hybrid Lohmann Brown (n=30) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10) and fed for 16 weeks with diets with green tea powder supplemented. In the control group hens received feed mixture without any additives. The diets in the first and second treatment group were supplemented with 0.5% or 1.0% green tea powder. The egg weight (g), specific egg weight (g/cm3), egg yolk weight (g), egg yolk index, egg yolk color (°HLR), albumen weight (g), egg albumen index and Haugh units (HU) were evaluated. Results showed that the addition of green tea powder slightly decreased egg weight (P>0.05). Supplementation of the feed mixture with the green tea powder statistically significantly affected the albumen index in both groups compared to the control group (P

In this experiment the effects of the diet for laying hens supplemented with probiotic product with an organic form of selenium on egg weight, albumen quality, yolk quality and egg shell quality were studied. Isa Brown hens (n=90) were randomly divided at the age of 17 weeks into three groups (30 birds per group). Hens in all groups consumed the complete feed mixture ad libitum. In the control group water for drinking contained no additions. In the first experimental group probiotic product was added to the water, in the second experimental group the same probiotic preparation enriched with 0.8 to 1 mg of organic selenium per 1 g of the product was added to the water. The probiotic preparations were administered at the dose of 15 mg per 6 l of water daily, in both experimental groups. Monitored physical parameters of eggs: egg weight (g), specific egg weight (g/cm3), albumen weight (g), albumen height (mm), albumen index, Haugh units (HJ), yolk weight (g), yolk index, yolk color (HLR), egg shell weight, egg shell specific weight (g/cm3), egg shell strength (N/cm2), the average eggshell thickness (µm). Experiment lasted 48 weeks. The results showed that egg weight was slightly higher in both experimental groups compared with the control group, differences between the groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The values in the order of groups: 60.97±4.97, 61.18±5:00; 61.75±5.89 (g±SD). Was found insignificant impact of the add probiotic preparation and probiotic preparation enriched with selenium on the quality parameters of table eggs. Yolk index, albumen index, Haugh units and the average egg shell thickness were only slightly, statistically insignificant higher in the experimental groups (p>0.05).

In this experiment the effects of supplementation of the diet for laying hens with oregano essential oil and Rhus coriaria L. seeds addition on physical and microbiological egg parameters were studied. Hens of laying hybrid Hy-Line Brown (n=30) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10) and fed for 20 weeks with diets with oregano essential oil and Rhus coriaria L.seeds supplemented. In the control group hens received feed mixture with no additions. The diets in the first experimental groups were supplemented with 1 ml/kg oregano essential oil. The feed for second experimental group of birds consisted of basal diet supplemented with Rhus coriaria L. seeds (1% in total feed mixture). The results suggest that the most of qualitative parameters of egg internal content and egg shell were not significantly influenced with oregano oil or Rhus coriaria L. seeds addition (p>0.05). A statistically significant difference in favour of the experimental groups compared with the control group was observed in two indicators of albumen quality, in the index of albumen and in the Haugh Units (p

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The existence of antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin is a safety concern worldwide. This study investigated the occurrence of such residues in table eggs collected from Erbil city (Iraq) markets according to shell color, location, and season. Results showed that the total proportion was 15.2%. The differences were not significant for the shell color (White color 13.7%; Brown color 16.8%), location (Urban 16.4%; Rural 13.8%), and months (July 12.1%, August 13.5%, September 18.8%, October 15.7%, December 16.9%, and November 14.1%). Such level of residue contamination requires a response from in-charge Iraqi health authorities to regulate antibiotics usage and ensure food safety.

This study was conducted to record the potential risk of some pathogens in table eggs in Beni-Suef city, Egypt. A total of 100 table eggs samples (Farm and Baladi eggs) were randomly collected from poultry farms, markets, supermarkets and groceries in Beni-Suef city, 50 farm eggs samples (each of 3 eggs) and 50 baladi eggs samples (each of 5 eggs) were examined for the presence of coliforms, E.coli, Salmonella, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Isolates were identified by biochemical, serological and molecular (PCR) methods. The obtained results in the present study revealed that (22%) of the examined samples were contaminated with Coliforms. The other identified genera were Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter diversus, Edwardsiella tarda, Enterobacter spp., Morgonella morganii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Providencea spp., Serratia fonticola and Yersinia intermedia. E.coli (atypical type) was detected in a percentage of 27.27%. True fecal E. coli and Salmonella spp. failed to be detected in any of the whole examined 100 eggs samples. Additionally, Staphylococcus spp. was detected with incidence rate of (13%), out of them, 8 (61.5%) isolates were accounted for coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Enterotoxin profiling revealed that two classical enterotoxin genes (SEA and SED) were detected either singly or in combination. The potential health hazards and the suggested control measures of the isolated strains had been discussed.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop a chitosan biofilm against Salmonella enteritidis, for the conservation of fertile and table eggs. Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1: 400 specific pathogen-free table eggs were divided in a completely randomized design into four treatments, five replicates and each replicate with 20 table eggs. Experimental groups were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were then exposed to Salmonella enteritidis and stored for 1, 24, 96 and 168h at 4ºC. The eggs were then washed with 10mL of physiological saline solution. Experiment 2: 80 specific pathogen-free fertile eggs were tested, the assays were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. Each treatment had 20 fertile eggs. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were individually weighed and incubated. Egg weight, humidity loss, and hatchability (weight and length of newly hatched chicks) characteristics were assessed. In Experiment 1, comparison between treatments showed differences (P< 0.05) in the total recovered of Salmonella enteritidis on eggshell, with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment at 96 y 168h respectively. In Experiment 2, chitosan did not show any effect on the egg weight and chick weight, where the average was 57.44 and 38.23g respectively. The humidity loss and chick length showed differences (P< 0.05), with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment. The antibacterial activity of chitosan biofilm provide a practical tool against Salmonella enteritidis in fertile and table eggs because the chitosan did not affect egg weight and chick weight, relevant parameters in the poultry industry.

This study aimed to modify the feed mixtures of laying hens to enrich the consumer eggs with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). One hundred and twenty Tetra-SL laying hens used in the study were divided into three groups of 40 laying hens arranged in five repetitions: C, control with 5% soybean oil; E1, 0.5% fish oil + 0.5% microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum; and E2, 0.75% fish oil + 0.75% microalgae. The composition of the mixtures was balanced at the level of 17.5% raw protein and 11.81 MJ/kg metabolic energy (ME). Feed and water were provided ad libitum, and the experiment lasted for 21 days. In this study, the different physical and chemical properties of eggs, the fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation of fat in egg yolks were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the weight of the egg yolk and that of the shell depended on the feeding treatments (P=0.014 and P

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in table eggs in El-Fayoum city, Egypt. A total of 250 table egg samples (75 Baladi hens’, 75 white farm hens’, 75 brown farm hens’ and 25 duck egg samples) were collected randomly from poultry farms, groceries, supermarkets, and street vendors in El- Fayoum city, Egypt. Each Baladi hen ҆ s egg sample was represented by five eggs, while each farm hen ҆ s and duck egg sample was represented by three eggs. The shells and contents of eggs were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus spp., coagulase (coa), and staphylococcal enterotoxins (Ses) genes. The obtained results revealed that the examined samples of shells and contents of Baladi hens ҆, poultry farms ҆ (white and brown), and ducks ҆ eggs were contaminated with Staphylococcus spp. with incidences of 24.0, 9.3, 5.3, 44.0, 8.0, 2.7, 1.3 and 12.0 %, respectively and coagulase- positive S. aureus with the incidences of 16.7, 14.3, 0.0, 18.2, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 and 33.3 %, respectively. Enterotoxin profiling by PCR proved that two classical enterotoxin genes (Seb and Sed) were produced from three (42.86%) coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, as two Baladi hens’ ҆ eggshells produced Seb and one of the ducks ҆ egg contents produced Sed. The public health hazards of the isolated strains and enterotoxins had been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse the heavy metal content in eggs and feeding stuffs dedicated to organically reared birds as an indirect indicator of agricultural environment pollution. The material consisted of 180 table eggs, from caged hens and two organic farms (OF) with different locations. Feed samples were also collected. The samples were mineralised and the content of Ca, Na Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Cu (in yolks) and Pb, Cd, As, Cr (in yolks and feed) was determined. The home-produced feed mixtures contained higher doses of heavy metals (HM) compared to their commercial equivalents. Although no high levels of HM contamination were found in the feed compounds, their content in the eggs was significantly higher than in the feed. Also, depending on the region of the study, metal concentration levels can vary significantly. Due to the area-limited nature of poultry production sites, eggs obtained in specific areas can serve as an indirect and non-invasive bioindicator of environmental HM pollution. The analyse of correlations between particular elements allows to assess the impact and extent of pollutant emitters and to model the areas designated for OF to ensure that the produced food is as safe as possible. • Higher heavy metal levels were found in on-farm organic feeds than commercial. • Table egg quality indicates heterogeneous raw materials, notably in organic eggs. • Despite low feed heavy metal content, eggs showed significantly higher levels. • Heavy metal concentrations varied greatly across similar rearing conditions. • Eggs may indirectly indicate heavy metal presence in bird rearing areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: This typescript has been written to provide a brief history of the commercial egg industry and the modern laying hen from the beginning of the 20th century to present. Certainly the hens’ husbandry and production practices will continue to change at the onset of this publication and thereafter. Farmers, egg distribution centers, and commercial egg companies in the U.S. have done an excellent job in keeping eggs affordable and in plentiful supply during the cited 100 yr plus (e.g., 1900 to present) of population growth, urban and suburban growth, and declining egg farmers and producers. Further, as industry efficiency and company consolidation increased, so did hen rearing practice misconceptions among U.S. consumers. The 2010 U.S. Census indicates that 1.6% of the US population is engaged in agriculture production, which feeds the remaining 98.4% of the population. This review highlights over 100 yr of table egg production in the U.S., beginning in 1900 when approximately 25% of the U.S. population was engaged in agriculture production.

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to determine the profitability of value-added egg production, an economic analysis of the production costs incurred therein was performed. The cost of feed mixture for laying hens can be calculated as the sum of the raw material costs and the total mixture production and processing costs. The results obtained indicate that the production cost of value-added eggs (with increased contents of omega fatty acids and the use of natural pigments) was higher by RSD 3-9 than that of control eggs. The cost of currently available S class omega eggs approximates to 23 RSD/pc. Accordingly, the current cost of omega eggs in the Serbian market is higher by 4-9 RSD/pc than that of standard commercial eggs of the same class. Therefore, it can be concluded that the value-added egg production achieved in our experiment is extremely cost-effective and fully justified economically.

The object of research is the market for Ukrainian table eggs. Having analysed the domestic market for table eggs, the main trends are found there. The dynamics of the consumption of table eggs in our country over the last few years and the factors that have the greatest impact are studied. The aim of the article. The research is to analyse and assess the condition of the table eggs market. Methodology. The study was conducted using a systematic approach, using methods of economic-statistical, logical, and functional analysis. The factors that influence the level of competition of domestic enterprises in the market for eating eggs are determined. Established market concentration indicators and calculated the concentration coefficients and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, which indicate a significant degree of concentration in the market of the four largest egg production companies and the tendency to reduce the share of giant companies in this market. Value/originality. It is established that the domestic market for table eggs is oligopoly with undeveloped competition, which negatively affects its development, updating of assortment and consumer prices. One of the leaders in the market of food eggs is AVANGARDCO IPL, which offers the market its rather diverse branded products. The peculiarities of the activity of the agroindustrial company “AVANGARDCO IPL” as the leading producer of eating eggs in the market for poultry products with a high technological level, quality of products, and supply stability are investigated. In the future, such enterprises will gradually eliminate products produced at enterprises with less technological production, and therefore, more expensive and less qualitative. The features that are inherent in organic products and have their specifics in the context of the poultry product subcomplex are determined. On the basis of the conducted researches, the peculiarities of the demand for organic eggs produced by AVANGARDCO IPL were determined, which allowed substantiating the priority of the development of organic production for this enterprise in the market of our state and the EU countries.

Whilst food-producing-animals could be a pool of resistance-conferring elements in the existing animal production system in Pakistan, the issue has not yet judiciously been highlighted. This study was conducted to determine incidence of extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) - producing Escherichia coli in table eggs and human with history of close association with table eggs. For this purpose, a total of 200 table eggs and 50 stool samples from human were analyzed. Results showed that out of 80 E. coli isolates recovered from eggs, 20 (25%) were found to be ESBL-producers, while, of the 17 humanisolates, 4 (23.5%) were ESBL producers. PCR revealed that blaCTXM (blaCTXM-1=15 and blaCTXM-9=4) was carried by all 22 (91.6%) ESBL-producers with additional blaSHV2 (n=12) and blaNDM-1 (n=3), but no blaTEM was identified. A predominant combination of blaCTXM + blaSHV2 (n=12) followed by blaCTXM + blaNDM-1 (n=3) was determined. All these isolates (phylogroup D=14/24, A= 6/24 and B2=4/24) were found to be multidrug resistant displaying resistance against at least three different classes of antibiotics. Class 1 integron was carried by (21/24) followed by additional class 2 integron (15/24). A total of 8 isolates were harboring insertion sequence common region 1 (ISCR1), which was found to be linked with blaCTXM in 50% (4/8) isolates. Results of the current study indicate contamination of eggs with ESBL-producing E. coli suggesting to improve hygienic process for end consumer during- egg production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several nutritional approaches were used to warrant the quality and safety of hen table eggs throughout the last decades. Apart from most of the researches focusing on the usage of a wide variety of minerals sources in layers' nutrition, this study aimed to measure the effect of using six different feed additives on the eggs quality, hypothesizing in the beginning on the indirect effects that they might induce in hens' minerals metabolism, in electrolytic homeostasis or in improving the digestive organs capacity to uptake minerals form diet and to transfer them in egg structure. Seven groups comprising each 120 ISA Brown layers, aged 30 weeks, were formed and fed a conventional diet for peak of production at a daily intake of 120 g mashed feed (2750 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy, 17.5% crude protein). Control group (CG) received plain diet, without additives, while the other groups received different rates of additives supplementation: 0.03 % ascorbic acid (ASC group); 1% sodium bicarbonate (SOB group); 0.3% prebiotics as organic acids mixture (OAC group); 0.1% mannan oligosaccharide prebiotic (MOS group); 0.1% synbiotic mixture-probiotic, prebiotic and phytogenic compounds (SYN group); 0.2 % mycotoxins adsorbent (MYC group). The reasoning criteria were represented by: eggs structure (% of edible and non-edible parts); Haugh Index (HU) as freshness trait; eggshell integrity (% of whole eggs yield); eggshell defects and commercial loss (% of whole eggs yield); shell thickness (mm); shell breaking strength (Newton). All analyses were run for one-week eggs yield, using 280 eggs randomly collected from each group (40 eggs per day). Eggs structure varied between 25.17%-25.73% yolk proportion, 64.47-65.00% albumen proportion and 9.34-9.89% shell proportion, with certain levels of statistical significance between tested groups, in terms of shell participation in whole eggs structure. Haugh Index assessment indicated not significant improvement or decrease of freshness and commercial status of the eggs due to feed additives supplementation (88.33-90.38 H.U., commercial class AA). Usage of certain feed additives, such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotic and mycotoxins adsorbents significantly improved shell thickness, by 9.94 to 14.04% (P < 0.05), while ascorbic acid and sodium bicarbonate usage slightly but not significantly improved the same trait (3.80-4.39%). The most improved integrity trait was the shell breaking strength, subsequently to shell thickness increasing. Thus, it significantly differed versus control (P<0.05, 4.19-5.08% better resistance in ascorbic acid and sodium bicarbonate supplementation) and distinguished significantly (P<0.01, 10.3 to 14.2% improved). Overall, commercial loss due to shell quality issues decreased from 8.9% of whole yield to 5.0-6.8% in the hen groups whose diet was supplemented with studied experimental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to monitor the quality and mycobiota composition of table eggs during storage period. The most significant changes in the egg weight and water activity were observed on Day 7. To identify the mycobiota present on the eggshell by PCR method, a newly designed procedure for the extraction of fungal DNA based on a combination of commercial isolation kit, proteinase K and ultrasound was implemented. Identified mold genera included Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria alternata group. Their ratio varied considerably during storage with the dominance of Penicillium spp. on Day 14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to modify the feed mixtures of laying hens to enrich the consumer eggs with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). One hundred and twenty Tetra-SL laying hens used in the study were divided into three groups of 40 laying hens arranged in five repetitions: C, control with 5% soybean oil; E1, 0.5% fish oil + 0.5% microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum; and E2, 0.75% fish oil + 0.75% microalgae. The composition of the mixtures was balanced at the level of 17.5% raw protein and 11.81 MJ/kg metabolic energy (ME). Feed and water were provided ad libitum, and the experiment lasted for 21 days. In this study, the different physical and chemical properties of eggs, the fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation of fat in egg yolks were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the weight of the egg yolk and that of the shell depended on the feeding treatments (P<0.014 and P<0.001), and the weight of eggs and basic parts, as well as the thickness of the shell depended on the storage duration (P<0.001). The storage time affected the pH of egg yolks and albumen and the reduction in Haugh units and albumen height (P<0.001). Significant differences were observed in the content of ALA, DHA, Σn-3 PUFA (mg/100 g) and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio between the C and E1/E2 egg groups (P<0.001). The results of the study indicate that it is sufficient to use a lower level of fish oil and the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum in hens' feed to achieve a satisfactory increase in n-3 PUFA in eggs, while maintaining optimal values of egg quality and freshness indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of the research was to measure the relative economic efficiency of the egg production projects and to estimate dual production function through a normalized profit function. The study used cross-section data according to the comprehensive inventory method consist (44) of farmers from Diyala Province A year of productivity 2018. The results of the quantitative analysis of the estimate of the a normalized profit function showed that the double logarithmic model is the most suitable for the relationship adopted in the study to express the relationship between the a normalized profit from the egg production farms as a dependent variable and the relative variable inputs (labor price, feed price, value of medicines and vaccines) and dummy variable (D), which represents the size of the farm. If we give one number to large farms, more than 10 thousand birds and zero for 10 thousand birds or less, in order to measure the relative economic efficiency of the table egg farmers. It was found that the large farms are relatively more efficient economically compared to small farms based on the positive and moral significance of the variable (farm size). The study concluded that the coefficients of the dual production function were estimated. Medicines and vaccines and the number of productive birds that have not achieved technical efficiency in use. Accordingly, the value of the return of scale (0.977) was determined, the large farms achieved decreasing returns. When calculating allocative efficiency (price), the resources used in producing the table eggs were not used optimally, which means there was surplus and inability to use the resources profit from farms producing table eggs. The study concluded that the size of the farm has a positive relationship with the relative economic efficiency of Projects of Table Eggs Production and therefore reflected in decreasing returns for the studied projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, projects of table eggs production in Iraq faced technical and economic problems, So it was necessary to carry out a financial analysis of these projects to know the performance of the producers, Diyala province has chosen as a case study, The study used cross-section data according to the comprehensive inventory method consist (44) of farmers from Diyala Province for the 2018 agricultural season, the study aimed calculation of economic criteria to assess the efficiency of the financial performance of the projects and measurement investment risk, and the sample divided into two, the large scale and small scale dichotomy of the farms is included. large farms are those with more than 10000 birds while small farms have 10000 or less birds. The results of the study of the criteria for financial performance assessment indicated that the large scale achieved more economic efficiency than small scale and the study community as a whole, as the economic profit and net cash income increased with increasing the productive scale (number of birds) and large scale ranked the first for the criterion of the invested dinar turned and profitability percentage has achieved 1.33, 0.33 Iraqi Dinar (ID) receptivity, the criterion of money refund and the operating ratio for the large scale about 3.06 years, 75% receptivity, the study found by analysis of neutralization a positive relationship between the net return (profit) with investment risk. In general, the study indicates that increasing the productive scale of table egg production projects led to increases their economic efficiency, which. the optimal use of the resources used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of antibiotics resistant food borne pathogens continues to be a growing concern to the food industry. However, as eggs continue to be a source of cheap protein, there are few information on the prevalence of these antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 in table eggs. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the occurrence and antibiotic sensitivity profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in table eggs from poultry farms in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. Eggshells and contents of 360 table eggs were sampled purposively from 12 farms (2 farms per local government) in Ibadan. Enumeration for Escherichia coli O157:H7, total aerobic bacteria and coliform counts was performed using standard procedures. The antibiotics sensitivity test was carried out using the Kirby Baeur disc diffusion method. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α 0.05. The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was 7(9.8%) which was entirely from egg shell. The Total aerobic bacteria count (Mean Log CFU) was 1.43 ±1.65 and 4.95 ± 0.24 for egg contents and shell, respectively, and the Total coliform count was 1.36±1.46 and 4.84 ± 0.33 for egg contents and shell, respectively. All isolates were resistant to Ampilillin, Ceftadizine, Cefuroxime and Amoxicillin. In all 100% was multidrug resistant. The isolates were mostly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (87.5%). and Ofloxacin (87.5%). Improvement in the hygienic conditions of poultry farms and control of the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in poultry is therefore strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in retail raw table eggs sold for human consumption in Enugu State and to determine the resistance of these pathogens to antimicrobials commonly used in human and veterinary practices in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 340 raw table eggs comprising 68 composite samples (5 eggs per composite sample) were collected from five selected farms (13 composite samples from the farms) and 10 retail outlets (55 composite samples from the retail outlets) in the study area over a period of 4-month (March-June, 2014). The eggs were screened for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species following standard procedures within 24 h of sample collection. Isolates obtained were subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test with 15 commonly used antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method. Results: About 37 (54.4%) and 7 (10.3%) of the 68 composite samples were positive for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species, respectively. The shells showed significantly higher (p0.05). The organisms obtained showed a multiple drug resistance. They were completely resistant to nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, penicillin G and oxacillin. In addition to these, Salmonella spp. also showed 100% resistance to tetracycline. The pathogenic E. coli isolates obtained were 100% susceptible to gentamicin, neomycin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid while Salmonella spp. showed 100% susceptibility to erythromycin, neomycin, and rifampicin. Both organisms showed varying degrees of resistance to streptomycin, amoxicillin, vancomycin, and doxycycline. Conclusion: From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the raw table eggs marketed for human consumption in Enugu State, Nigeria is contaminated with pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella species that showed multiple drug resistance to antimicrobial agents commonly used in veterinary and human practice.

Objectives: This study was designed to assess the contamination of enterovirulent Escherichia coli with table eggs at Mansoura, Egypt. Materials and methods: A total of 100 commercially available table eggs were randomly collected from various groceries and supermarkets at Mansoura, Egypt. The samples were screened for the presence of E. coli through conventional bacteriological and biochemical analyses followed by confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Overall, 18% (n=18/100) samples were found to be contaminated with one or more E. coli isolates. All possible E. coli colonies (n=52) appeared on MacConkey agar plates during the screening process were picked for further analysis. Among the 52 suspected isolates, 24 were confirmed as E. coli, which were further serotyped using polyvalent E. coli antisera. In this study, 9 different E. coli serotypes namely O78, O114, O2, O44, O1, O125, O128, O124 and O26 were identified. Out of these 9 serological strains, 5 (O78, O2, O44, O125, O124 and O26) were positive for eae gene, and 3 (O44, O1 and O128) were positive for stx2 gene. Two serological strains (O44 and O1) were positive for both stx1 and eae genes, while O125 and O114 were positive for stx2 and eae genes. Two strains (O78 and O128) were found to be positive for all three genes (stx1, stx2 and eae). Conclusion: Ensuring hygienic measures can effectively reduce the microbial load from table eggs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 1-7]

The incidence of Salmonella species was determined in 1050 eggs including balady hen's eggs, farm hen's eggs and duck's eggs (350 eggs each represented by 70 samples as every 5 eggs constitute one sample) and in 90 samples of egg-based products including mayonnaise, cream cake and custard (30 each) were collected from different localities in Assiut city, Egypt. Salmonella was recovered from 8.58, 5.72% of balady hen's egg shells using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar and Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar, respectively and could be isolated from egg content in a percentage of 1.43% by XLD agar. Different serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from shells of balady hen's eggs including S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. infantis, S. kentucky while, S. enteritidis was the only serotype that recovered from both shell and content. In case of farm hen's eggs, S. kentucky and S. infantis could be identified from positive shell and content samples, respectively at same percentage of 1.43% by using XLD agar. On the other hand, Salmonella could not be detected on SS agar from both shell and content of all examined samples. Concerning duck's eggs 4.29 and 1.43% of shell samples were contaminated with Salmonella by using XLD and SS, respectively. While, 2.86 and 1.43% of examined egg content samples were positive using XLD and SS agar, respectively and S. typhimurium was the predominant serotype which isolated from both shell and content samples. While, S. infantis was recovered from shell only and S. kentucky was isolated from content only. Salmonella species were existed in 2 (6.66%) and 1 sample (3.33%) of the examined cream cake using XLD and SS agar, respectively while, none of the examined custard and mayonnaise samples were positive for Salmonella on both media. S. kentucky, S. shubra and S. enteritidis were isolated from the positive cream cake samples with an equal incidence of 3.33 % for each. Although XLD agar was found to be comparatively better in recovering Salmonella species than SS agar, the two media were found to be complementary to each other for recovering different Salmonella serotypes. Detection of common invA gene in all isolated Salmonella serotypes by PCR assay showed positive amplification of 284 bp fragment specific for the invA gene with total percentage of 100%. Screening of 12 isolates of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis, which were the most prevalent serotypes in the positive samples for stn, hilA and fimH virulence genes by multiplex PCR revealed varying distribution pattern. The public health hazards and the recommended measures required to prevent contamination of eggs and its based products by Salmonella were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg and poultry industry products are affected by the bacteriological quality of eggs. Contamination of edible contents of eggs with Salmonella may either lead to disease outbreaks in human or to weak/diseased hatched chicks. In order to obtain a baseline data on the occurrence of these bacteria in hen eggs in Cameroon, eggs were collected from layer farms in the West Region of Cameroon and examined for Salmonella contamination using standard bacteriological methods. A total of 140 table eggs from 20 flocks belonging to 19 layer farms were sampled. The mean age of the sampled farms and layers were 11.35 ± 10.30 years and 50.44 ± 23.07 weeks respectively. The flock size varied between 500 and 7000 layers. All the 19 sampled farms were positive for at least one Salmonella isolate. Three serovars were recorded in the flocks: S . Enteritidis present in nearly all the sampled flocks (19 out of 20) and on all the farms (19/19), S. Paratyphi present in 35% of sampled flocks (7 out of 20), and S . Typhimurium present in 30% of sampled flocks (6 out of 20). Over all, the prevalence of Salmonella in the sampled eggs was 88.6% (124 out of 140). The highest prevalence was obtained with S. Enteritidis (75.7%), followed by S . Paratyphi (8.6%) and finally S. Typhimurium (4.3%). S. Enteritidis was found to be the most widespread isolate, recorded in all the sampled localities. The occurrence of these zoonotic Salmonella serovars constitutes a big challenge for poultry and egg industry, and for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment the effects of supplementation of the diet for laying hens with different doses of green tea (Camelia sativa) on egg quality were studied. Hens of laying hybrid Lohmann Brown (n=30) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10) and fed for 16 weeks with diets with green tea powder supplemented. In the control group hens received feed mixture without any additives. The diets in the first and second treatment group were supplemented with 0.5% or 1.0% green tea powder. The egg weight (g), specific egg weight (g/cm3), egg yolk weight (g), egg yolk index, egg yolk color (°HLR), albumen weight (g), egg albumen index and Haugh units (HU) were evaluated. Results showed that the addition of green tea powder slightly decreased egg weight (P>0.05). Supplementation of the feed mixture with the green tea powder statistically significantly affected the albumen index in both groups compared to the control group (P<0.05) (values in the order of the groups: 84.04±16.06, 87.67±14.19*, 89.42±16.10*mean±SD). Addition of a feed mixture with a green tea powder increased Haugh units in both the tests groups, however, significantly affected the Haugh units only in the second treatment group compared to the control group (values in the order of the groups: 79.89±7.26. 81.19±6.49 84.84±11.99* mean±SD). The results suggest that the egg weight, specific egg weight, yolk weight, yolk index, yolk colour and albumen weight were not significantly influenced with green tea addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1.Escherichia coliis one of the most common facultative anaerobic species present in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and human beings. Usually they occur as commensals, but some serotypes can cause significant illnesses in humans as well as mammals and birds. 2. The occurrence ofE. coliin different categories of table eggs collected from markets was evaluated. Isolates were analysed for the presence of virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and efficacy of peracetic acid and chlorine for the purpose of decontaminating table eggs. 3. Significant differences were observed in the occurrence ofE. colibetween different groupsviz. processed (cleaned, washed, sanitised and packed eggs), unprocessed (un-cleaned, un-sanitised and loose eggs) and free range (eggs obtained from backyard poultry) table eggs. Overall,E. colioccurred in table eggs at 28.6% with 22.9, 29.2 and 50.0% occurrence in processed, unprocessed and free-range table eggs, respectively. 4. A total of 24 isolates ofE. coliwere obtained and screened for virulence genes viz.STH, SLT1/2andINVEgenes. Of the 24 isolates recovered, 10 typeable isolates belonged to O141, O119, O9, O120 and O101 serotypes, while the remaining 14 were untypeable. Antibiograms of the isolates showed multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index in the range of 0.13–0.40. 5. Peracetic acid (PAA) and chlorine (CL) were studied for their sanitisation efficacy; concentrations of 100 mg/kg of PAA and 200 mg/kg of CL completely inactivatedE. coliover the egg surface and also resulted in 2.58 and 2.38 log reduction in total viable counts (TVC), respectively. 6. The presence of virulence-associated shiga-like toxin (SLT1/2) and invasion E (INVE) genes and antimicrobial resistance among the emerging serotypes of pathogenicE. coliisolated from table eggs has public health implications. It underscores the need to implement better management practices across the production systems and marketing channels to produceE. coli-free wholesome eggs for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 100 fresh hen's egg samples (pooled samples) including farmers' houses and poultry farms' eggs were collected for estimation of lead, cadmium and copper levels (50 pooled samples for each type, each pooled was represented by 5 eggs). Poultry farms' egg samples were purchased from different shops and supermarkets, while farmers' houses eggs were purchased from farmers' houses in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The samples were digested then, analyzed for detection and measurement of lead, cadmium and copper by using ZEE nit 700P Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with Graphite Furnace Unit (AASG) (Perkin-Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophometry model 2380, USA). Results indicated that incidence of lead, cadmium and copper in farmers' houses egg samples were 96, 12 and 98% while in poultry farms' egg samples were 98, 32 and 100%, respectively. Moreover, the samples above MPLs for lead in farmers' houses eggs and poultry farms' eggs were 47 (94%) out of 50 examined samples and fortunately all of examined samples contained cadmium and copper below the MPLs (0%) as stated by EOSQC (1993). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine bacteriological status, incidence and molecular characterization of E.coli, salmonellae and staph. aureus in both baladi and farm table eggs. A total of 50 random chicken eggs contents samples (25 for each baladi and farm eggs) were collected from different supermarkets in Kafr-Elsheikh Governorate. Aerobic plate count showed mean values of 2.48x104± 0.39x104 for baladi eggs and 6.15x10³± 1.41x10³ for farm eggs, coliform count showed mean value of 9.53x10²± 2.16x10² for baladi eggs and 4.99x10²± 0.72x10² for farm eggs and staphylococcal count showed mean value of 2.05x10³± 0.91x10² for baladi eggs and 5.00x10²± 0.30x10² for farm eggs. Incidence of E. coli isolated from the examined samples of baladi and farm eggs contents (25 for each) were 4 isolates (16%) and 2 isolates (8 %), respectively. Serotypes of isolated E. coli were O1: H7 (1 isolate from farm eggs), O2: H6(1 isolate from baladi eggs), O44: H18 (1 isolate from baladi eggs), O78(2 isolate from baladi eggs and 1 isolate from farm eggs). Incidence of salmonellae isolated from the examined samples of baladi and farm eggs contents (25 for each) were 5 isolates (20%) from baladi eggs (2 isolates for S. enteritidis and 1 isolate for S. typhimurium, S. kentucky and S. virchow) and 3 isolates (12%) from farm eggs (2 isolates for S. enteritidis and 1 isolate for S. kentucky). Incidence of staph.aureus isolated from the examined samples of baladi and farm egg contents (25 for each) 2 isolates (8%) were isolated from each type. Multiplex PCR for identification of tetracycline resistance genes (tetB, tetC and tetD) of E. coli were (O78 and O1) Positive E. coli strains for tetB gene, (O78 and O44) Positive e. coli strains for both tetB and tetD genes, (O78) positive E. coli strain for tetC gene, (O2) positive E. coli strain for tetD gene. Multiplex PCR for identification of B-lactamase resistance genes of Salmonella species were (S. enteritidis) Positive strains for blaCMY gene, (S. enteritidis and S. kentucky) Positive strains for blaCTX gene, (S. typhimurium) Positive strain for blaCTX and blaCMY genes, (S. enteritidis) and (S. virchow) Negative strains for both genes. Multiplex PCR of enterotoxins genes (sea, seb, sec and sed) for characterization of s. aureus, 1 isolate positive s. aureus strain for sea and seb genes, 1 positive isolate s. aureus strain for sec gene, 1 isolate positive s. aureus strain for sea gene and 1 isolate negative s. aureus strain for enterotoxins genes. Farm eggs were bacteriologically better than baladi eggs. We recommend that strict hygienic measures to safe guard eggs from being deteriorated should be adopted in the farms and during handling and processing of eggs and not consumed raw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis in humans is typically a foodborne bacterial zoonotic disease. In this regard, eggs and egg products contaminated with nontyphoidal Salmonella represent a serious threat to consumers. Eggs are one of the most common sources of animal protein for Sri Lankans but minimum attention is paid to their quality assurance. Except for a few packaged eggs sold under brand names for higher prices, in general, grading, cleaning or cooling is not practised before sale posing a microbiological health hazard to the general public. Hence, the objective of this study was to identify the presence of Salmonella in raw table eggs available at retail outlets in one selected district of Sri Lanka. Eggs were purchased from 100 retail outlets situated in highly populated areas of the district. Samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella in eggshell washings and egg contents, separately. Isolation and identification of Salmonella was performed according to standard methods. The isolates were serotyped and their antimicrobial sensitivity was determined. Salmonella was isolated from the eggs purchased from 15 retail outlets, of which 12 yielded Salmonella from shell washings and three from egg contents. The serovars identified were S . Mbandaka, S . Braenderup, S . Corvallis, and S . Emek. Except one isolate showing resistance to nalidixic acid and another to a third generation cephalosporin, other isolates were sensitive for the tested antimicrobials. According to the results of this study, retail raw table eggs can be considered as an important source of nontyphoidal Salmonella to egg consumers in Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of two production systems (organic vs conventional cages) on egg quality parameters during the late laying period. The effects of a production system were investigated on external and internal quality and on the sensory attributes. The eggs produced in organic system had paler yolks (P0.001) and thinner egg shells (P0.05) than the eggs produced in the cages. Overall sensory quality was improved in eggs deriving from hens allocated in cages. Differences between organic and cage eggs indicated lower redness and higher yellowness (P0.001) in organic eggs than in cage eggs. The organic eggs were characterised by a higher content of -linolenic and docosapentaenoic acid (P0.05) and lower content of linoleic acid (P0.05) than the eggs from cages. The ratio of omega fatty acids, n-6/n-3, was most favourable in the organic eggs (5.93:1). In the cage eggs, the ratio n-6/n-3 was significantly (P005) higher (955:1).

Um experimento foi realizado para comparar as proporções entre ácidos graxos (AG) em gemas de ovos comerciais convencionais e enriquecidos com ômega-3 (ω-3). No grupo 1, foram alimentadas 432 aves durante toda vida produtiva com ração à base de milho e farelo de soja (produção de ovos convencionais) e, no grupo 2, a partir da 22a semana de idade, as aves foram alimentadas com ração contendo 1,5% de substrato de algas marinhas e 1,8% de óleo de peixe (produção de ovos enriquecidos com ω-3). Coletaram-se aleatoriamente 180 ovos de cada grupo de poedeira e estes distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, considerando um ovo como uma repetição. As relações entre ácidos graxos insaturados/saturados, poliinsaturados das séries ω-6/ ω-3, linoléico/alfa-linolênico, araquidônico/docosahexanóico dos ovos enriquecidos com ω-3 foram inferiores a dos ovos convencionais. As proporções entre AG estudadas dos ovos enriquecidos com ω-3 foram inferiores a dos ovos convencionais, ficando, portanto, dentro do limiar ideal estimado para o consumo de gordura por humanos.An experiment was carried out to compare the proportions of fatty acids in conventional and enriched ω-3 commercial yolk eggs. In group 1, 432 birds were fed throughout productive life with basal diet of corn and soybean meal (production of conventional eggs) and in group 2, the others hens, from the 22nd week-old, was added to the basic diet, 1.5% of substrate of marine algae and 1.8% of fish oil (production of designer ω-3 eggs). There were randomly collected 180 eggs from each group of hens and those distributed in complete randomized blocks design, considering one egg as a replicate. The proportions between unsaturated/saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated ω-6/ ω-3 series, linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic/docosahexaenoic eggs enriched with ω-3 were lower than conventional eggs. The interrelationships between fatty acid studied of the ω-3 enriched eggs were lower than conventional eggs, and, accordingly, within the ideal threshold value for fat consumption by humans.