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As well as physical technology in society and digital technology in society, there is also technology in society within the non-conscious human mind. In particular, unconscious preference for least cognitive effort and subconscious preference for least social resistance can coincide in groupthink about technology in society, which include fads, hype, lock-ins, path dependencies and success traps. Ideation concerned with new applications of technology in society is often constrained by groupthink. In this paper, an exploratory study addressing the influence of these constraints on ideation is reported. The study involved use of nine science-based techniques across the “preparation-incubation-illumination-verification” model of ideation. Findings indicate that the constraining influence of groupthink can be reduced, but much work may be required to do so. Hence, it can be anticipated that technology in society within the non-conscious human mind will continue to exert influence over new applications of physical and virtual technology in society.

Considering the significant potential for environmental, economic, social and health benefits from cycling, transport planners around the world are considering a wide variety of strategies for its promotion. However, cycling investments still have to find their place in a coherent package among other policies. Different constraints often imply a need for prioritization in cycling project implementation. The need for prioritization list of proposed investments can be caused by different factors such as available budget, available time, and regulatory constraints. Evaluation of investments in cycling infrastructure is a field of study that still requires further development, as previous research has mostly focused on questions of what to build and where. Previously used cost-benefit methods have substantive and procedural limitations in dealing with non-commensurable effects, and dealing with multiple conflicting objectives stemming from different stakeholders. On the contrary, development of prioritization list is formulated here as a semi-structured decision problem, thus belonging to the group of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) methods. The MCA methodology implemented in this decision-support framework is based on Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE). The expert-based decision-support framework includes procedures for defining list of evaluation criteria and their weights, scoring of alternatives, and sensitivity analysis. Presented decision-support framework is applied on six bicycle sections of the EuroVelo route 8 through Montenegro. Results provide a list of prioritized infrastructural investments, as well as list of criteria with weights, and sensitivity analysis. Decision-support framework is discussed in the context of further professionalizing of cycling planning, as well as short-term and long-term structuration of organization learning in the transition country context. Finally, this development opens up directions for further contextualization of decision criteria, and greater consideration of user attitudes in cycling promotion.

Champions of Brexit have employed a large arsenal of arguments to boost their case for a Britain better off on its own, freed from its current European entanglements. All kinds of supposed ills have been linked to the country’s EU membership in British public debates over the years, ranging from petty bureaucratic absurdities, such as directives regarding crooked bananas, to heavy-handed rulings on higher matters of domestic and foreign policy. Lamentations about continental meddling have been accompanied by grand, nostalgic visions of an unfettered future Great Britain, ready to return to its proper, independent role on the global stage once it manages to cast off the shackles imposed by Brussels. Although these types of considerations undoubtedly contributed to the outcome of the British EU membership referendum of June 2016, arguably the main factor behind the narrow victory of the Brexiteers lay somewhere else: in fears of incoming migrants and dreams of simple solutions that would keep them out. peerReviewed

This study describes a method of measuring the pixelwise S/P ratio using a calibrated digital camera and applying these S/P ratios to calculate mesopic luminance values. An example of using the developed method is presented. Further improvements for the method are discussed.

The author’s aim is to inspect the position of the fat (female) body in the field of exercise. Specifically, the author is interested in fat women’s experiences of their treatment while exercising in public, and argues that, in particular, public spaces for exercise, such as gyms and swimming pools, are currently discursively and concretely constructed as “exclusive” spaces for the normative bodied. Bodies that are deemed non-normative, such as fat bodies, are often made either invisible or intolerable in the discourse of physical activity and exercise. Consequently, public spaces for exercise such as gyms or swimming pools are seen as out of bounds for non-normative bodies and this is reflected in fat people’s experiences of their treatment doing exercise. Fat women in particular experience disrespectful treatment in such places: they are harassed, ridiculed, and commented on. As the material, the author uses a public discussion concerning fat people and exercise that took place in the Finnish media in the spring of 2015, and the author aims to show that to make physical activity and exercise more attractive to fat people, more attention should be paid to its discursive and practical construction as a space for all bodies. peerReviewed

Activity space (AS) is a measure of spatial behavior used to summarize the mobility behavior of individuals. Current studies often highlight the fact that AS is highly complex and multidimensional in character. Therefore, the need for more holistic approaches providing more comprehensive descriptions of mobility patterns is evident. This article assesses the activity spaces of young adults aged 25–40 living in the Helsinki metropolitan area using a dataset collected with an online map survey. Using a wide range of measurements covering different aspects of AS, we identified seven components that define activity spaces, namely size, intensity of activities, volume of trips, exteriority, polycentricity, elongation, and destination specialization. We then used the components together with travel mode use to identify a typology of daily mobility patterns. The results show that individuals with different types of AS differ significantly in their socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, employment, household characteristics, and residential neighborhood. Furthermore, the study reveals interesting associations between AS characteristics and different aspects of wellbeing. Overall, the results highlight the importance of multidimensional and comprehensive approaches to understanding daily mobility of urban residents.

It has been known for long that people tend to form clusters of activity places, typically around their daily life centers, for a number of reasons such as to facilitate their daily mobility. Despite this knowledge, there is little research done on identifying and measuring this type of travel behavior. The exiting measures of activity space dispersion often exclusively rely on overall numeric assessment and overlook the geographical distribution of activity places. In this study, we introduce centricity as a new dimension of activity spaces and we operationalize it as a clusterization of activity places. Delineation of clusters in this approach adds a spatial component to the measure. This enables the scrutiny of activity clusters and possible personal and environmental factors contributing to their formation. Furthermore, using data collected through an online mapping survey, we study the centricity of individual activity spaces and classify them into three groups of monocentric, bicentric, and polycentric.Our study of citizens of Helsinki metropolitan area aged 55–75 shows that monocentric activity spaces are the most common type among the study group. Nevertheless, a considerable share of extra-neighborhood travels are made to denser areas of more urban characteristics. The results do not indicate any significant associations between socio-economic characteristics and centricity. However, urban form and travel mode were found to be significantly associated with centricity. Overall, the findings show that use of centricity can help broaden our understanding of individual travel behavior and in turn contribute to interventions promoting healthy and sustainable travel behavior.

This article develops and extends the idea of cosmopolitan solidarity to temporality through a case study of archival activism and participatory film-making. It examines mediated witnessing within the Italian online audiovisual archive Archivio delle memorie migranti, which documents and archives the experiences of contemporary migrants in Italy. The moral basis of Archivio delle memorie migranti is cosmopolitan solidarity, which is usually understood as a practice that crosses spatial and communal boundaries. However, the ethics of solidarity also bridges past, present and future generations. Through the case of Archivio delle memorie migranti, this article demonstrates the significance of temporality in the theorization of cosmopolitan solidarity.

Sosiaalisen vaihdon teorian mukaan vastavuoroisuus on tärkeää ikääntyneiden ihmisten suhteissa. Vapaaehtoistyössä vastavuoroisuus on oleellista, mutta sitä ei ole juuri tutkittu eläkeikäisten vapaaehtoistyöntekijöiden kannalta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, kuinka eläkeikäiset vapaaehtoistyöntekijät kokevat vastavuoroisuuden vapaaehtoistyössä. Kolme kuukautta kestäneen toimintajakson aikana vapaaehtoistyöntekijät auttoivat liikkumiskyvyn ongelmista kärsiviä ikäihmisiä osallistumaan kodin ulkopuoliseen toimintaan osana Vapaaehtoistyö, ulkoliikunta ja vanhusten hyvinvointi (VAU) -tutkimushanketta. Tämän laadullisen osatutkimuksen 17 osallistujaa olivat 61 - 72-vuotiaita. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin yksilöhaastatteluilla ja analysoitiin aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysillä. Eläkeikäiset vapaaehtoistyöntekijät kokivat saavansa vapaaehtoistyöstä sisältöä siirtymävaiheen elämäänsä ja antavansa inhimillisyyttä ikäihmisten vanhuuteen. Analyysissä saamisen yläkategorioiksi muodostuivat merkityksellinen toiminta, kasvu vanhenemiseen ja hyväksyvä ystävyys. Antamisen yläkategorioiksi saatiin avun antaminen, ajan antaminen, kuunteleminen ja arjen avartuminen. Täydellisesti vastavuoroisuus tuli esiin hyväksyvässä ystävyydessä ja arjen avartumisessa, niissä yläkategorioissa molemmat osapuolet olivat samanaikaisesti sekä saavana että antavana osapuolena. Vapaaehtoistyön luonteeseen näyttää kuuluvan tällainen vastavuoroisuuden yhteen kietoutuneisuus, jossa saamista ja antamista on vaikea erottaa toisistaan. Sosiaalisen vaihdon teoria vaikuttaa toimivan vapaaehtoistyössä.

In 2011, the 3.11 triple disaster of The Great East Japan Earthquake, the ensuing tsunami and the nuclear accident shook both the built and social environments of local communities in Tōhok...

Urban infill is a topical issue for the growing cities in the Nordic countries. In Finland, many suitable infill sites are owned by resident-owned housing companies, and thus a successful infill process requires reconfiguration of the planning and participation practices. In this paper, we forward a dynamic approach to trust as a fruitful conceptualization of actor relationships. Building on Malcolm Tait’s typology of trust and drawing on Bourdieu’s work, we highlight the need to pay attention to the previous experiences, habitus and person’s or group’s dynamic capabilities of action for building more lasting trust in planning.

The paper presents the results of a horizon scanning process on the futures of journalism and the news media. It offers an analytical framework for the anticipation of the futures of journalism by mapping out how experts see the current state and the future of journalism. The data is gathered from the 2017 journalism predictions by NiemanLab of the Harvard University, and from a 2014 futures workshop and interview (FWI) process for Finnish journalists and media experts. The NiemanLab predictions are categorised, and these categories are compared with the FWI results to find common themes and trends. The results from both data analyses are reflected upon a typology of digital journalism by Mark Deuze (2003) . In terms of identified trends, a diversification of journalism, contests over what is true and what is not, collaboration, and an increasingly close relationship between media outlets and the audiences stand out. In regards to changes in journalistic values and types, especially the rise of dialogical journalism is predicated by the analysis, as well as “instrumental” journalism that serves specific audience needs. Together these developments imply a discontinuation in the shape of journalism, moving away from an insulated field toward in many ways more open culture and practice of journalism.

In this article, we analyze the interactional work of interpreters from the viewpoint of patient-centered care. Interpreters can support patient-centered care by both translational and non-translational actions. They can calibrate the talk in rendition so as to benefit the intersubjective understanding of all parties, and can also help doctors and patients understand each other better through various embodied means. Our analysis draws on a multimodal analysis of interaction (see e.g. Goodwin, 2018; Mondada, 2016) and is based on a detailed analysis of three primary care consultations video recorded at a Finnish health center. In each consultation, the patient is a refugee or an asylum seeker and the interpreter is a professional community interpreter. We demonstrate three practices that seem to enhance patient-centeredness. Firstly, we show how interpreters can balance between direct interpretation and mediation to produce a clear yet precise rendition of turns at talk. Secondly, we demonstrate how interpreters display recipiency and provide interactional space for the patient by producing response particles that encourage the patient to continue talking. Thirdly, we illustrate how embodied co-operation in interpreted consultations makes the renditions more intelligible and tangible for all the parties involved in interpreter-mediated interaction.

This is the final text version of the article, it may contain minor differences from the publisher’s pdf version. As different social groups are directly and indirectly confronted with diverse forms of police practices, different sectors of the population accumulate different experiences and respond differently to the police. This study focuses on the everyday experiences of the police among ethnic minority young people in the Nordic countries. The data for the article are based on semi-structured interviews with 121 young people in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark. In these interviews, many of the participants refer to experiences of “minor harassments” – police interactions characterized by low-level reciprocal intimidations and subtle provocations, exhibited in specific forms of body language, attitudes and a range of expressions to convey derogatory views. We argue that “minor harassments” can be viewed as a mode of conflictual communication which is inscribed in everyday involuntary interactions between the police and ethnic minority youth and which, over time, can develop an almost ritualized character. Consequently, minority youth are more likely to hold shared experiences that influence their perceptions of procedural justice, notions of legitimacy and the extent to which they comply with law enforcement representatives.

Two-lane highways constitute a significant component of the highway system and serve an essential function for the movement of people and goods. The Highway Capacity Manual is primarily used for operational analysis on two lane highways in the U.S. and Canada. As part of a project sponsored by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program for improving two-lane highway operational analysis methodology, a practice survey was conducted to gather information on agency experiences in regards to performance measurement on two-lane highways. The survey was sent to all state Departments of Transportation in the United States and Canada. A total of 35 usable responses were received, representing 25 states and 4 Canadian provinces. This paper summarizes the results of the agency survey and presents the most important findings. Results suggest that the top three criteria for good performance measures are: sensitivity to traffic conditions, sensitivity to road conditions, and relevance to road user perception. Further, agencies identified average travel speed as the most relevant traffic flow aspect to two-lane highway operations. Other performance measures that were found meritorious were volume-to-capacity ratio and flow rate, for class I and class II highways, respectively, versus the latter measures and percent-time-spent-following for class III highways.

Digital skills are a prerequisite today for working, studying, civic participation, and maintaining social relationships in our digitalised technical world. These skills are also important both as a general goal and an instrument for learning. This study briefly presents the aims that are related to digital skills of the Finnish curricula, and explores, using a large sample (N = 3,206) of Finnish upper secondary school students, these young people’s digital skills and their distribution. The study provides new insights into the state of these skills and differences found in them and focuses on the relationship between these results and the students’ present educational choices and future study/employment intentions. The actual variability of digital skills among upper secondary students is one of the main findings of the study. On the same educational level, it was found that digital skills vary enormously, particularly for students’ current educational choices and their future intentions. Digital skills are also distinctly associated with age for 15 to 22-year-olds. At the same time, gender alone appears to have no prominent effect on the level or adeptness of upper secondary school students’ digital skills.

Futures studies explore potential consequences of present day actions, and help in formulating desirable visions of the future, to guide action in the present. Although these aims have remained roughly the same, the practices and implicit theories supporting them have varied through time. This article looks at the evolution of futures through the framework of the long-wave theory, discussing the results of thematic interviews of futures professionals in three geographic areas: Finland, South Korea, and California. The long-wave theory sees societies changing in forty to sixty year cycles driven by technological development, around which social practices evolve. There have been five socio-technical waves since 1780s. Each wave brought about a set of policies and social models, and a shared mind-set. In the fourth wave, futures was mostly practiced with the spirit of the postwar economic expansion, techno-optimism, and linear worldview, with futures methods that reflected trust in scientific authority, and aimed at forecasting the most probable outcomes for the future. The fifth wave was defined by uncertainty, which was managed by using strategy tools like scenarios that prepared for various different short- and mid-term outcomes. For the sixth wave, futures practitioners are divided between the expertled quasi-predictive model that dominates especially in the technology forecasting work, and the systemic perspective, which questions the centrally organized process-view to futures. New methods, often developed outside the field, have in many ways inspired and shaped the intellectual space in which the evolution of both practices and theory may occur in the future.

Overview: The development of novel digital technologies connected to the Internet of Things, along with advancements in artificial intelligence and automation, is enabling a new wave of manufacturi...

Extant literature on travelling planning ideas has been focusing on the need to understand the specificities of both origin and destination contexts, and the need to utilise ‘thick descript...

Following the 1970s oil crisis the search for alternative energy sources intensified in Finland. As a result, peat harvesting from peat bogs was launched programmatically. This included peat bogs around the Saarijärvi waterway in central Finland, consisting today about 50 peat harvesting sites. As in a number of cases, these peat harvesting operations are opposed by the local residents, who insist that peat harvesting is spoiling the waters, and thus damaging recreational activities like fishing, swimming, and the enjoyment of nature. The aim of our study was to investigate the situation in greater detail by eliciting local residents’ experiences. In the fall of 2015 a questionnaire was sent to the residents of four municipalities in the area, producing 478 responses, a response rate of 23.9 per cent, which represents the local population fairly well. Peat harvesting was reportedly the most harmful source of water pollution. The results were analyzed using the concept of social license to operate. A generalization can be made that peat production in the district has largely lost local residents’ approval.

Kutsuplus was a novel, flexible micro transit service (FMTS) operating in Helsinki during 2012 to 2015. The service included a range of new technological development, ranging from routing algorithm to marketing and user interface. However, at the end of 2015, the service ceased due to budgetary constraints. In the context of service discontinuation, and the lack of in-depth understanding of user perspectives about urban FMTS, this paper aims to uncover the perspectives of the users of the service, users that discontinued using the service during its operation, and persons who did not use the service. The methodological approach is based on a questionnaire, with mapping capabilities enabling collection of georeferenced data. Questionnaire results are validated using actual Kutsuplus trip analysis. The results show that Kutsuplus users were a diverse group both when considering socio-economic status and travel behavior. In addition, the results include detailed analysis of stated trip characteristics, including spatial analysis of trip origins and destinations. Furthermore, the results include qualitative analysis of respondents' opinions and recommendations about positive and lacking FMTS features. The paper ends with a summary of positive Kutsuplus features, followed by the discussion of aspects for future deployment, including end-user and service area analysis, marketing strategy, and service usability. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for further research on FMTS.

In this paper we examine the recent public discourse on climate change in Russia, with a special focus on the arguments denying the anthropogenic climate change. We scrutinize the ways in which denial arguments presented in the public media are tied to the changing Russian political and economic context, especially the steeper authoritarian turn in governance during President Putin’s third term, or Putin 2.0, and discuss the implications that the context might have for Russia’s future climate policies. We conclude that discourse construction process emphasizes Russia’s sovereignty and fossil energy as the basis of Russia’s Great Power status, thus referring to strong categories such as national identity and spatial–material characteristics of the state.

Scenario thinking is one of the key elements of futures studies, and therefore, “Scenario Thinking” is one of the first compulsory courses in the Master’s Degree Programme in Futures Studies at the University of Turku. Scenario methods are continuously evolving, and our educational practices must reflect recent developments while giving a clear outline of the big picture. Furthermore, increasing interest is being taken in hybrid methods, and such hybridity can also be introduced to teaching scenario thinking. This article discusses an experiment of using causal layered analysis (CLA) to complement and deepen scenarios made by student groups for a Finnish company during an introductory course on scenario thinking. During a first-year master’s degree course, a two-hour CLA session was conducted, and student groups were instructed to include the results into their scenario reports. From a methodological point of view, we discuss using CLA as a disruption in the middle of the scenario process to increase reflexivity. From a pedagogical point of view, we discuss how a relatively complex method combination (CLA and scenarios) can be made accessible to first-year master’s students conducting their first scenario study. As material, we use our own firsthand experiences from the scenario course and the CLA session as well as a subsequent survey with students. The intention of the paper is to quickly distribute educational practices for assessment by the futures education community and, thus, contribute to improving the state of futures studies and foresight education.

The economic benefits of cooperative procurement derive from, at minimum, increased bargaining power relative to contractors and from economies of scale in production. There is, however, a puzzle: why is this kind of procurement so rare? This paper introduces a bargaining model with forward-looking expectations about the scale of procurement. It is shown that the price sensitivity of the scale of acquisition is favourable for the buying partnership, as it tends to push down the bargaining price. We propose several explanations for why it is hard to align buyers' incentives: First, preferences for the properties of the products are country-specific, with divergent implications for national security. Second, countries that place a low value on the product have more bargaining power than those that value it highly, and may require a side payment in order to enter a partnership, while the partner may not have sufficient incentives to make such a payment. Third, the gains from cooperative procurement for the producer may not be sufficient to compensate for conflicting preferences among contractors. Fourth, while the future unpredictability of technologies or the future risks of deteriorating national security might support longer-term cooperative procurement, short-term opportunism tends to prevent long-term commitments.

In response to international obligations many Western states have strengthened their responsibility for crime victims’ access to support services. This is also the case in Finland and Norway where this interview study explored the views of representatives from five key civil society organisations (CSOs) working with victims of crime in relation to the public sector’s increasing duty to organise victim support services. The findings indicate that despite the fact that improvements in victims’ access to support services were generally welcomed, there was a growing concern that the position of these traditional CSOs could – or already had – become challenged by the public and private organisations and other CSOs as new funding streams and mechanisms attract new players to the field. This had created a need to highlight the distinctiveness of these agents as CSOs working with victims of crime. This article argues that while international standards for victim support services have been a triumph for victim movements in many countries, their realisation in the present era of austerity and mixed welfare economies presents traditional victim support organisations with new challenges in retaining their ownership and distinctive ways of treating the problem of victimisation.

This article develops a theoretical framework for analyzing adult learning in projects aiming to strengthen citizenship implemented by nongovernmental organizations, especially in the contexts of sub-Saharan Africa. On the basis of a review of international development research, we suggest that a new framework should address the need for a conceptualization of learning as a gradual process and for capturing the gap between ideal models and everyday experiences of citizenship. We argue, building on John Dewey’s philosophy, for a framework of growth into citizenship, and introduce the notions of learning as reorganization of habits and the method of democracy as an avenue for learning as novel contributions to this field.

The inverse relationship between urban density and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by driving is well established. However, at the same time the few existing studies have observed higher levels of long-distance travel and particularly air travel in the same densely built parts of urban regions. This may lead to GHG emissions reduction in local travel offset by the concomitant increase in long-distance travel. With this study we aim to identify the main factors involved in differences in local, national and long-distance travel patterns and the resulting GHG emissions, with a special focus on the role of the different urban zones in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA) in Finland. We used a softGIS survey to collect data on the personal travel of young adults living in HMA. SoftGIS methodology provides the opportunity to obtain detailed spatial data on participants' residential locations, travel destinations, and destination characteristics such as travel modes, frequencies and trip purposes. Special attention was paid to national and international trips, for which data were collected over 12 months, a period long enough to capture actual travel patterns. GHG emissions were assessed with a wide scope life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, including vehicles and infrastructure, and the results were elaborated with a two-part regression model on participation in travel and amount of GHG emissions. The study found that the residential location was associated with travel emissions on all scales, and independently from major socioeconomic characteristics. Residents of centrally located and densely built urban zones have on average lower emissions from local travel but higher emissions from international travel than residents of car-oriented suburban zones, and the association holds true after controlling for income, education level and household type. Differences in emissions from local travel between most central and most suburban zones were almost completely offset by differences in emissions from international travel. International long-distance trips were a dominant source of travel-related GHG emissions in all urban zones, particularly due to plane flights.

Partial least squares (PLS) is one of the most popular statistical techniques in use in the Information Systems field. When applied to data originating from a common factor model, as is often the case in the discipline, PLS will produce biased estimates. A recent development, consistent PLS (PLSc), has been introduced to correct for this bias. In addition, the common practice in PLS of comparing the ratio of an estimate to its standard error to a t distribution for the purposes of statistical inference has also been challenged. We contribute to the practice of research in the IS discipline by providing evidence of the value of employing bootstrap confidence intervals in conjunction with PLSc, which is a more appropriate alternative than PLS for many of the research scenarios that are of interest to the field. Such evidence is direly needed before a complete approach to the estimation of SEM that relies on both PLSc and bootstrap CIs can be widely adopted. We also provide recommendations for researchers on the use of confidence intervals with PLSc.

The commercial internationalization of professional ice hockey is shaped by tensions of (re)routing and (up)rooting since it involves (i) crossing geographic, ethnic, and linguistic boundaries to c...

Images of the future represent fears, hopes and anticipations humans have for the future. Understanding the images of the future of young people provides a beneficial source of information not only about their probable future actions but also about their current motivations, decisions and choices. This article describes the procedure of exploring the images of the future of a group of young adults from different cultural backgrounds who are Bachelor and Master’s degree students in Finland. Due to the intricate nature of the images of the future and also the existent complexity within the current societal context, this study proposes that investigation of the images of the future demands a refined, subtle selection of methods. During this study, a combination of several interview techniques is employed to collect the qualitative research material. Then Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) is utilized as a multi-layered theoretical framework for qualitative content analysis of the material. The results include four images of the future which reflect on different levels of the young adults’ understandings and feelings. The first image, Living With the Chill, displays the most pessimistic view of the future and the fourth, Imagine…!, is the most optimistic one. Two other images, Fear and Hope, and Life as a Chance for Dedication, are moderate, not very optimistic, nor very pessimistic. The images of the future of the participants of this study suggest that young adults tend to define the future in terms of presence or absence of the current societal concerns and do not seem to exceed this framework. They also indicate that the studied young adults’ radically negative or positive approach toward the future have reduced their perceived locus of control. We conclude that using CLA in the analysis of interview material produces a fruitful, rich, in-depth understanding of the images of the future.