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The article discusses the deportation of Syrian refugees from Lebanon and Turkey between 2017 and 2024. It attempts to bring light on the experiences of these refugees facing forced returns, emphasising the human consequences and complicated causes underlying such actions. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness about the deportation of Syrian refugees and the urgent need for collective action to address this humanitarian disaster and preserve the lives of vulnerable individuals affected by forced repatriation. Using the descriptive analytical approach, this article investigates the legislative frameworks and international commitments that should safeguard refugees from forced repatriation. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (udhr), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol and rules of International Humanitarian Law will be used as a standard for the definition and legal framework of refugee’s rights. The article dives into the obstacles that host countries confront, including as social, economic, and political pressures. It also emphasises the necessity of advocacy activities and protective measures to defend Syrian refugees’ rights and well-being. The findings of the article are expected to benefit Syrian refugees and raise awareness about their situation, which will contribute preserve their lives and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: When replacing the maxillary central incisor (MCI) or adjusting its dimensions, Syrian dentists may have difficulties in selecting the appropriate size due to the lack of a dental anthropometric database for Syrian society. Purpose: The purpose of this observational study was to investigate the correlation between MCI dimensions and face length and width in Syrian females and males. Materials and Methods: The study included 180 Syrian participants (90 females and 90 males) without facial or dental defects and aged between 20 and 25 years. A digital photograph of each individual's face was taken to measure face length and width. Maxillary stone casts were made for each individual to assess the MCI width and height using a digital caliper. The correlation between facial and dental variables was investigated with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Moreover, intersex variations were tested using an independent‐sample t‐test (p < 0.05 considered significant). Results: The mean MCI width was 8.58 mm, the mean MCI cervical width was 7.96 mm, the mean MCI height was 9.69 mm, the average MCI width‐to‐height ratio was 89%, and the average MCI cervical width‐to‐height ratio was 82%. The intersex variations in dental values were not statistically significant. None of the studied facial dimensions showed any significant correlation with any of the MCI measurements. Conclusion: The faces of Syrian men were larger than those of Syrian women, but their MCIs had similar proportions and sizes. Facial height and width were not the appropriate parameters for determining MCI size for Syrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, a massive migration of Syrian nationals to Türkiye has been a significant phenomenon. This situation has become a problematic issue, as the massive presence of Syrian refugees in Türkiye has become an important part of the domestic political agenda. The politicization of the refugee issue has long since presented a duality of conflicting opinions among the Turkish society, whereas it has led to political debates between pro-government and opposition groups. In light of these developments, Turkish government elites have produced discourses of religious solidarity with the aim of providing tolerance and social acceptance for Syrian refugees and thus legitimizing the open door policy of the government toward these refugees. The aim of this study is to analyze and categorize the themes that constitute the basis of the discourses of religious solidarity regarding Syrian refugees in Türkiye. In this context, a second aim is to demonstrate how these themes have been welcomed in a positive manner by their adoption and recognition by Turkish society. To these aims, governmental discourses of religious solidarity and a sample consisting of 980 posts on the digital platform X have been analyzed by using the critical discourse analysis technique and have been categorized under two discursive themes, namely the ensar–muhacir analogy and the emphases on the Ottoman legacy. The conformity between these discourses and the government's ideological orientation and the degree to which these discourses have been welcomed and adopted by the Turkish society have been discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Loss and grief pose significant challenges for victims of armed conflicts, such as Syrian refugees. Internet-based interventions (IBIs) present a promising solution to address this treatment gap and provide adequate support. However, research on grief, grief support, and IBIs remain largely limited to Western cultural contexts, and culturally adapted IBIs for grief are needed. Following the Reporting Cultural Adaptation in Psychological Trials (RECAPT) framework, this study aimed to develop and further adapt a culturally sensitive IBI for bereaved Syrian refugees in Switzerland. Methods The study employed qualitative methods. Initially, formative research was conducted to create a first version of the intervention, including semi-structured interviews with 10 experts to identify necessary cultural adaptations. The preliminary version of the intervention was then presented to six potential users and three experts to gather feedback on additional cultural adaptations through two iterative feedback rounds. The first round involved semi-structured interviews using a “paper version” of the intervention, followed by a second round with a walk-through think-aloud protocol with a beta version. Data were analyzed using framework analysis. Results The input from various key informants at different stages of development provided valuable feedback on surface and deep structure adaptation, which may enhance treatment adherence, acceptance, and motivation. Conclusions These findings provide important insights and recommendations for the cultural adaptation of interventions and may help address the treatment gap for bereaved Syrian refugees.

Abstract In the humanitarian landscape, especially post-COVID-19, there has been a notable pivot towards inclusivity and participatory methodologies, emphasizing the pivotal role of refugee-led organizations (RLOs). In Lebanon, amidst persistent economic and political turmoil, RLOs serve as crucial support systems for Syrian and Palestinian refugees within an environment plagued by inconsistent refugee policies and heightened vulnerabilities. Academic discourse underscores the increasing significance of RLOs in humanitarian assistance, yet systemic hurdles such as power differentials and tokenistic inclusion have emerged, constraining their effectiveness and integration within the humanitarian sphere. This study critically examines the application of inclusivity within humanitarian operations, aligned with the principles outlined in the Agenda for Humanity, specifically scrutinizing how prevailing narratives and operational dynamics may marginalize RLOs in Lebanon, thereby impeding their efficacy. It endeavors to evaluate how RLOs can assert themselves as principal stakeholders in humanitarian endeavors, striving for a more equitable and pragmatic approach to power dynamics and strategic planning for refugee communities. Utilizing a qualitative and participatory methodology, this research engages with diverse RLOs in Lebanon, conducting interviews to realistically and practically frame their experiences, obstacles, and contributions within the humanitarian landscape across entrenched and often rigid hierarchies, power dynamics, and tokenism within Lebanon’s broader humanitarian landscape.

Abstract It is aimed to examine the frequency of COVID-19 disease, the rates of COVID-19 vaccination and the vaccine effectiveness (VE) among Syrian refugees. It is a retrospective cohort study. Syrian refugees aged 18 years and above registered to a family health center in Sultanbeyli district in Istanbul were included. Vaccine effectiveness were calculated for both Pfizer BioN-Tech and CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccines. The data of 2586 Syrian people was evaluated in the study. The median age of the participants was 34.0 years (min:18.0; max: 90.0). Of the participants 58.4% (n = 1510) were female, 41.6% (n = 1076) were male. In our study of the refugees 15.7% had history of COVID-19 infection. Refugees having full vaccination with Biontech and Sinovac have a significantly lower COVID-19 infection rate than those without vaccination (HR = 8.687; p

In the humanitarian landscape, especially post-COVID-19, there has been a notable pivot towards inclusivity and participatory methodologies, emphasizing the pivotal role of refugee-led organizations (RLOs). In Lebanon, amidst persistent economic and political turmoil, RLOs serve as crucial support systems for Syrian and Palestinian refugees within an environment plagued by inconsistent refugee policies and heightened vulnerabilities. Academic discourse underscores the increasing significance of RLOs in humanitarian assistance, yet systemic hurdles such as power differentials and tokenistic inclusion have emerged, constraining their effectiveness and integration within the humanitarian sphere. This study critically examines the application of inclusivity within humanitarian operations, aligned with the principles outlined in the Agenda for Humanity, specifically scrutinizing how prevailing narratives and operational dynamics may marginalize RLOs in Lebanon, thereby impeding their efficacy. It endeavors to evaluate how RLOs can assert themselves as principal stakeholders in humanitarian endeavors, striving for a more equitable and pragmatic approach to power dynamics and strategic planning for refugee communities. Utilizing a qualitative and participatory methodology, this research engages with diverse RLOs in Lebanon, conducting interviews to realistically and practically frame their experiences, obstacles, and contributions within the humanitarian landscape across entrenched and often rigid hierarchies, power dynamics, and tokenism within Lebanon's broader humanitarian landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Syrian uprising and subsequent civil war have been extensively studied with a predominant emphasis on sectarianism between the Sunni and Alawite sects. This narrow focus overlooks the profound influence of other religious and ethnic elements within Syrian society. This article aims to broaden the analytical lens by examining the position and attitudes of Christians in the Al‐Hasakah governorate regarding the Syrian uprising and opposition forces. The article addresses two key inquiries: first, the factors influencing Christians' position in Al‐Hasakah regarding the Syrian uprising, and second, the ramifications of these positions on intercommunal relationships in the region. The paper argues that the collective memory of fear experienced by Christians, manipulated by the Syrian regime, has contributed to the emergence of "sectarianism from below" and "sectarianism from above." The former reflects the construction of sectarian identities by Christians in response to discrimination and marginalization, while the latter pertains to influential institutions perpetuating sectarian identities and divisions. The findings highlight the complex interplay of factors shaping communal attitudes and relations during times of upheaval and conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is aimed to examine the frequency of COVID-19 disease, the rates of COVID-19 vaccination and the vaccine effectiveness (VE) among Syrian refugees. It is a retrospective cohort study. Syrian refugees aged 18 years and above registered to a family health center in Sultanbeyli district in Istanbul were included. Vaccine effectiveness were calculated for both Pfizer BioN-Tech and CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccines. The data of 2586 Syrian people was evaluated in the study. The median age of the participants was 34.0 years (min:18.0; max: 90.0). Of the participants 58.4% (n = 1510) were female, 41.6% (n = 1076) were male. In our study of the refugees 15.7% had history of COVID-19 infection. Refugees having full vaccination with Biontech and Sinovac have a significantly lower COVID-19 infection rate than those without vaccination (HR = 8.687; p < 0.001). Adjusted VE for Biontech, Sinovac, and both were 89.2% (95.0% CI:83.3–93.1), 81.2% (95.0% CI:48.72–93.1) and 88.5% (95.0% CI:82.7–92.3), respectively. The results of the study highlight the importance of vaccinations against COVID-19 pandemic, since both vaccines were highly protective in refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the context of forced repatriation, this study investigates the conditions under which Syrian refugees face the spectacle of detention and deportation in Türkiye. As the largest group of Temporary Protection holders within a single country (currently 3.7 million), this case provides a unique lens to examine how asylum policies' increased emphasis on the temporariness of protection and the eventual return leads to the production of illegality , and consequently of the deportable refugee. Based on qualitative data collected between September and December 2019 in Istanbul, Türkiye, this paper argues that the escalating fear of deportability is built on three pillars: (1) exploitation in the informal labour market, (2) quotidian police surveillance and factory raids, and (3) discrimination in public life. The study contributes to the discussion of temporality and deportability in refugee studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and associated factors among male refugees within a refugee community. A sample of 441 Syrian refugee men from Al- Za’atari refugee camp and other cities was conveniently recruited, and data was collected in 2022 using the revised conflict tactics scale. The findings revealed that psychological IPV was the most prevalent form of abuse, while negotiation, injury, and physical IPV were rare. The age and education level of the men were related to the prevalence of negotiation, psychological victimization, and physical victimization committed by women. Certain demographic variables were found to predict the prevalence of psychological and physical victimization, injury, and the absence of negotiation. The study highlights the importance of recognizing that male refugees can be victims of IPV and emphasizes the need for supportive resources and assistance. Improving living conditions in refugee camps and providing employment opportunities are strongly recommended to address this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Society & Social Work is the property of Journal of Society and Social Work and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study is designed to explore associated sociodemographic, birth-related and household characteristics with preterm birth (< 37 weeks) among Turkish and Syrian refugee women. Methods: The data utilized in this study were obtained from the Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) conducted in 2018. Various statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and Chi-square tests, were employed to examine the differences in study variables between Turkish and Syrian refugee women. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the associated factors with preterm birth among Turkish and Syrian refugee women, allowing for comparative analysis. Results: The key findings of this study revealed significant differences in sociodemographic (p < 0.05), birth-related (p < 0.05), and household characteristics (p < 0.05) that are associated with preterm birth among Turkish and Syrian refugee women. Also, nationality (OR: 3.427; 95% CI 2.770–4.241), delivery by c-section (OR: 1.630; 95% CI 1.370–1.939), educational status (OR: 0.674; 95% CI 0.547–0.832), place of delivery (OR: 0.806; 95% CI 0.666–0.975), and number of household members (OR: 1.206; 95% CI 1.013–1.437) were found to be important factors associated with preterm birth risk. Conclusions: The key findings of this study contribute to the identification of women's factors in preterm birth. By understanding the factors that contribute to preterm birth among both Syrian refugee and Turkish women, appropriate interventions can be developed to improve maternal and child health outcomes. Significance: After the civil war that broke out in Syria, most of the Syrian people immigrated to many countries, especially Turkey. Changing living conditions and difficulties in accessing health services cause refugee pregnant women to face the risk of premature birth. This study contributes to the existing knowledge by emphasizing comparatively the sociodemographic, birth-related and household characteristics associated with preterm birth among the Syrian refugee and Turkish women population living in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, a massive migration of Syrian nationals to Türkiye has been a significant phenomenon. This situation has become a problematic issue, as the massive presence of Syrian refugees in Türkiye has become an important part of the domestic political agenda. The politicization of the refugee issue has long since presented a duality of conflicting opinions among the Turkish society, whereas it has led to political debates between pro-government and opposition groups. In light of these developments, Turkish government elites have produced discourses of religious solidarity with the aim of providing tolerance and social acceptance for Syrian refugees and thus legitimizing the open door policy of the government toward these refugees. The aim of this study is to analyze and categorize the themes that constitute the basis of the discourses of religious solidarity regarding Syrian refugees in Türkiye. In this context, a second aim is to demonstrate how these themes have been welcomed in a positive manner by their adoption and recognition by Turkish society. To these aims, governmental discourses of religious solidarity and a sample consisting of 980 posts on the digital platform X have been analyzed by using the critical discourse analysis technique and have been categorized under two discursive themes, namely the ensar–muhacir analogy and the emphases on the Ottoman legacy. The conformity between these discourses and the government’s ideological orientation and the degree to which these discourses have been welcomed and adopted by the Turkish society have been discussed in detail.

History of adverse events in childhood is one of the strongest predictors of developing negative mental health outcomes with suicidality being the most devastating consequence. Syrian refugee children are at very high risk of developing mental illness, however, the prevalence and significance of suicidal thoughts among this population remains undocumented. A total of 339 Syrian refugee children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years and their parents living in Jordan were surveyed to assess resilience, depression and suicidality. Demographics and parental depression were correlated with child suicidality. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of suicidality within this population. A total of 94 (27.7%) children reported suicidal statements. In the multivariate analyses we found that younger children were more likely to state suicidal ideation than older children. Of the children who stated suicidal ideation, 49 were in primary school, 19 in pre-secondary and 26 in upper-secondary school. In the multivariate analyses, mild (OR 2.633 (95% CI 1.283, 5.709)) and high (OR 6.987 (95% CI 3.532, 14.614)) depression levels among the surveyed children were predictive of suicidality. Experiencing bullying was also predictive of suicidality (OR 2.181 (95% CI 1.179, 4.035)) when compared to those who did not report any bullying. We report high rates of suicidal ideation among Syrian refugee children, especially in children with exposure to pre-existing depression or bullying. Prevention through raising awareness, education and early detection of depression are needed to address suicidality in this and other vulnerable populations of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of local people's perceptions of economic, security, environmental, and cultural threats posed by Syrian refugees on xenophobia in Turkey. The survey model was used in the study. A total of 466 people participated in the study, including 172 (36.9%) males and 294 (63.1%) females. The average age of the participants in the 18- 70 age range is x =27.23±9.15. The data for the study were collected using a Demographic Information Form, the Xenophobia Scale, and Perceptions of Syrians as a Threat Scale. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used in the data analysis. The findings indicate that the participants have a high level of xenophobia and threat perception. In the correlation analysis, a significant high level of correlation was found between the participants' levels of xenophobia and their perceptions of economic, security, environmental, and cultural threats. In the multiple linear regression analysis, the participants' perceptions of economic, security, and cultural threats towards Syrians were found to be significant predictors of xenophobia. The findings were discussed within the framework of the studies and interpreted within the context of the literature. Based on the results of the study, several recommendations were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is evidence from meta-analyses and systematic reviews that digital mental health interventions for depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders tend to be cost-effective. However, no such evidence exists for guided digital mental health care in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) facing humanitarian crises, where the needs are highest. Step-by-Step (SbS), a digital mental health intervention for depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders, proved to be effective for Lebanese citizens and war-affected Syrians residing in Lebanon. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of SbS is crucial because Lebanon's overstretched health care system must prioritize cost-effective treatment options in the face of continuing humanitarian and economic crises. Objective: This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of SbS in a randomized comparison with enhanced usual care (EUC). Methods: The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted alongside a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in 2 parallel groups comparing SbS (n=614) with EUC (n=635). The primary outcome was cost (in US $ for the reference year 2019) per treatment response of depressive symptoms, defined as >50% reduction of depressive symptoms measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). The secondary outcome was cost per remission of depressive symptoms, defined as a PHQ score <5 at last follow-up (5 months post baseline). The evaluation was conducted first from the health care perspective then from the societal perspective. Results: Taking the health care perspective, SbS had an 80% probability to be regarded as cost-effective compared with EUC when there is a willingness to pay US $220 per additional treatment response or US $840 per additional remission. Taking the wider societal perspective, SbS had a >75% probability to be cost-saving while gaining response or remission. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first cost-effectiveness analysis based on a large randomized controlled trial (n=1249) of a guided digital mental health intervention in an LMIC. From the principal findings, 2 implications flowed, from the (1) health care perspective and (2) wider societal perspective. First, our findings suggest that SbS is associated with greater health benefits, albeit for higher costs than EUC. It is up to decision makers in health care to decide if they find the balance between additional health gains and additional health care costs acceptable. Second, as seen from the wider societal perspective, there is a substantial likelihood that SbS is not costing more than EUC but is associated with cost-savings as SBS participants become more productive, thus offsetting their health care costs. This finding may suggest to policy makers that it is in the interest of both population health and the wider Lebanese economy to implement SbS on a wide scale. In brief, SbS may offer a scalable, potentially cost-saving response to humanitarian emergencies in an LMIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of TESAM Academy Journal is the property of Tesam Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The publication examines the foreign policy assessments and approach of the Soviet Bloc as regards political actors, domestic political struggle and related economic and social changes in Syria in the period from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. The study brings to the fore critical questions such as to what extent, in which cases and why that approach was adaptive or active. Visions, methods and means of assisting the communist regimes’ favorites to rule Syria are an essential part of the research. Aiming to construct a balanced picture, documents from the archival funds of the most faithful satellite of the Kremlin – the Bulgarian Communist Party, as well as information from the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Cold War period are analyzed in a comparative study with advanced publications on Syriarelated topics in the fields of survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Econder International Academic Journal is the property of Econder International Academic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to understand the challenges of war-persecuted asylum seekers accommodated in Türkiye. Firstly, the core purpose of the research is to understand the level of social cohesion of Syrian asylum seekers in Turkish society. Secondly, the study investigates ways Syrian culture could be welcomed into Turkish social life. Additionally, it investigates the contributions given by asylum seekers to Turkish society and the major barriers they face when working with the host society. Another major part of the study examines the extent to which the bureaucratic and political institutions of Türkiye support their social cohesion and subsistence. The study consists of a review of the relevant literature concerning Syrian asylum seekers. It is based on the conventions with Syrians living in Türkiye and input from many experts working on the issue. The major findings revolve around the socio-economic, cultural, and ethnic complexities that must be navigated as part of the social cohesion process between the Syrians and the Turkish host society.

A large-scale exodus of Syrians to neighbouring states (Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey) has accompanied the bloody events in Syria which began in 2011. A body of research has examined the depiction of Syrian refugees in the societies of these countries by tracking attitudes on social media and in the traditional media and through field studies. Yet there is a lack of research on the image of the Syrian refugee in the literature of neighbouring states, especially in the contemporary novel. The subject of this study, therefore, is the image of the Syrian in novels from the neighbouring states, Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan, written post-2011. Using the concepts and methodology of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, including the concept of habitus and the dynamics of power in society, this article scrutinises the image of the Syrian, looking to novels' depiction and presentation to the reader as a representation of the general attitude of the novelist toward the refugee phenomenon. The study demonstrates that the image of the Syrian refugee in these novels differs from the general, more ambivalent perception of Syrians in these societies. The writers appear to be sympathetic towards Syrian refugees as human beings who have experienced oppression. In this way, novelists in the neighbouring states have contributed to humanising the image of the Syrian refugee in their societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although there is robust evidence on the intergenerational transmission of trauma‐related distress, much less is known about the relation of family income and parental resilience on the resilience and mental well‐being of traumatized children. We aimed to determine the association between parental resilience and perceived financial stability, and the resilience and depression of their children among Syrian refugees in Jordan. We carried out a survey of 363 parent−child dyads from a refugee clinic in Northern Jordan. Measures of resilience, trauma, symptoms of mental illnesses, and demographics were reported by the mother and child. We evaluated the associations between parental resilience and their children's mental health. Resilience was highest among parents who reported that their income met their financial needs, (65.77 [standard deviation (SD) 15.96]), and lower for those who reported less income or who stated that their income met their needs only fairly well (62.77 [SD 17.56]). Resilience was lowest for those who reported that that income met their needs poorly (48.02 [SD 23.24]). Parent resilience was positively correlated with child resilience (β = 0.076 [95% confidence interval 0.035−0.12], p < 0.001). Depression and resilience of parents were most closely correlated with the depression and resilience scores of their children, among parents who reported the highest financial stability. Income plays a modifying role in the parent−child resilience and depression associations, with this association being least pronounced within those families who were financially less secure. These findings can help develop interventions to target parental transgenerational impacts according to income status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in 2011, the so-called "Arab Spring" led to an internal conflict in Syria. As a result of the civil conflict, millions of people had to leave their country. Turkey undoubtedly ranked first among the countries affected by the migration. Migration is not just a simple population movement. With migration, many problems and a way of life are carried to new settlements. Therefore, problems arise that may cause tension between the local people and the immigrant population, which need to be solved in various issues ranging from economy, culture, education to social life. The elimination of these problems is of utmost importance for social peace and integration. At this stage, religion and religion-based non-governmental organisations play important roles. Religious groups, which can be considered as non-governmental organisations because they are independent from the state and based on the principle of voluntariness, are human unity with similar goals and norms, where there is both material and spiritual solidarity between them and warm, close relationships are observed. Religious groups do not have a monolithic appearance. They can be categorised differently within themselves. One of the types of religious groups is orders. One of these orders is the Haznevî order, which belongs to the Khalidi branch of Naqshbandism. This article focuses on the role of Haznevî order in the integration process of Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey into Turkish society. In this qualitative study, data were obtained through interview technique. The data subjected to content analysis were categorised and interpreted. The article, which draws attention to the importance of religion and religious groups in cultural integration, is expected to contribute to the scientific perspective on the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Hubungan Internasional is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Migration is usually accompanied by changes in the social, cultural, and religious environment, socioeconomic status, and housing conditions, all of which affect nutritional health. In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the dietary intake as well as nutritional and health situation in a population of Syrian refugees who have resided in Germany for at least six months up to four years since 2015. The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the nutritional and health status in comparison to reference values. Methods Between December 2018 and March 2020, 114 adult Syrian refugees were included in the study. The subjects filled out questionnaires on sociodemographic variables, exercise, and nutrition behavior (three-day nutrition record). After a fasting blood draw, the subjects were examined for anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and body composition via a bioelectrical impedance analyzer). Various blood markers including iron status, hematological parameters, Vitamin D status, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and total homocysteine (tHcy) were measured. Results About half of the participants (71 male, 43 female) had lived in Germany for less than three years. Over 60% of men and 30% of women were overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) or obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), while 79% of men and 74% of women observed an elevated body fat mass. The evaluation of the three-day nutrition records revealed an unfavorable supply situation for numerous critical nutrients. More than half of the women (53.5%) had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin 10 nmol/l. Fasting insulin levels and the HOMA-IR index indicate a risk for insulin resistance. Hyperlipidemia was prevalent, especially in males with 24% showing hypertriglyceridemia (> 150 mg/dl) and LDL-hypercholesterolemia (> 130 mg/dl). Conclusions The nutritional and health status of the cohort of Syrian refugees in Germany examined in this study is unsatisfactory, and many of the investigated refugees are at risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further studies are required to investigate the nutritional and health situation of refugees. This is obligatory to find ways to avoid malnutrition with all its associated health, sociodemographic, and economic consequences.

Abstract Background Syrian refugees comprise the vast majority of refugees in the Netherlands. Although some research has been carried out on factors promoting refugee resilience, there have been few empirical studies on the resilience of Syrian refugees. Method We used a qualitative method to understand adversity, emotion, and the factors contributing to resilience in Syrian refugees. We interviewed eighteen adult Syrian refugees residing in the Netherlands and used thematic analysis to identify the themes. Results We identified themes and organized them into three main parts describing the challenges (pre and post-resettlement), key emotions pertaining to those experiences, and resilience factors. We found six primary protective factors internally and externally promoting participants' resilience: future orientation, coping strategies, social support, opportunities, religiosity, and cultural identity. In addition, positive emotions constituted a key feature of refugees’ resilience. Conclusion The results highlight the challenges and emotions in each stage of the Syrian refugees’ journey and the multitude of factors affecting their resilience. Our findings on religiosity and maintaining cultural identity suggest that resilience can be enhanced on a cultural level. So it is worth noting these aspects when designing prevention or intervention programs for Syrian refugees.

Khalid A Kheirallah,1 Sarah H Al-Zureikat,1 Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi,1 Jomana W Alsulaiman,2 Mohammad AlQudah,1 Adi H Khassawneh,1 Liliana Lorettu,3 Saverio Bellizzi,4 Fawaz Mzayek,5 Iffat Elbarazi,6 Ilene A Serlin7 1Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; 3Psychiatric Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; 4World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan Country Office, Amman, Jordan; 5School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA; 6Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; 7International Institute for Advanced Training in Dance Movement Therapy, San Francisco, CA, USACorrespondence: Khalid A Kheirallah, Department of Public Health, Community Medicine, and Family Medicine, Medical School of Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan, Tel +962 7 9611 9094, Email kakheirallah@just.edu.jo Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi, Department of Public Health, Community Medicine, and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box: 630001, Irbid, 22110, Jordan, Tel +962 7 9828 4360, Email awalmistarehi18@med.just.edu.joBackground: Syrian refugee women not only suffered the refuging journey but also faced the burden of being the heads of their households in a new community. We aimed to investigate the mental health status, traumatic history, social support, and post-traumatic growth (PTG) of Syrian refugee women.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured interviewer-administered survey between August and November 2019. Syrian refugee women who head their households and live outside camps were eligible. The survey included items investigating socio-demographic characteristics and conflict-related physical trauma history. The Refugee Health Screener-15 (RHS-15) scale was used to screen for emotional distress symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a score range of 0− 4 and higher scores indicating emotional distress. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was utilized to assess the perceived support from family, friends, and significant others (score range 1− 7), with scores of 3− 5 and 5.1− 7.0 representing moderate and high support, respectively. The PTG Inventory (PTGI) scale investigated the positive transformation following trauma; the score range was 0− 5, and the cutoff point of ≥ 3 defined moderate-to-high growth levels.Results: Out of 140 invited refugee women, 95 were included, with a response rate of 67.9%. Their mean (SD) age was 41.30 (11.75) years, 50.5% were widowed, and 17.9% reported their husbands as missing persons. High levels of conflict-related traumatic exposure were found, including threats of personal death (94.7%), physical injury (92.6%), or both (92.6%); and a history of family member death (92.6%), missing (71.6%), or injury (53.7%). The mean (SD) RHS-15 score was above average (2.08 (0.46)), and most women (90.5%) were at high risk for depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. The mean (SD) MSPSS score was 5.08 (0.71), representing moderate social support, with friends’ support being the highest (5.23 (0.85)). The mean (SD) PTGI score was 2.44 (0.48), indicating low growth, with only 12.6% of women experiencing moderate-to-high growth levels. Spiritual change and personal strength had the highest sub-scores, with moderate-to-high growth levels experienced by 97.9% and 84.2%, respectively. Most women were more optimistic and religious, had feelings of self-reliance and better difficulties adapting, and were stronger than they thought. Statistically significant correlations of MSPSS and its subscales with RHS-15 and PTGI were detected.Conclusion: Significant but unspoken mental health problems were highly prevalent among Syrian refugee women and an imminent need for psychological support to overcome traumatic exposure. The role of social support seems to be prominent and needs further investigation.Keywords: refugee, women, Syrian, mental health, social support, trauma growth, Jordan, MSPSS, RHS-15, PTGI

Aim: The current study examined gender differences in mental health, self-esteem, family function, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction between men and women living in a refugee camp for Syrian refugees in Jordan. Method: A snowball method used by local female and male students trained to collect data according to culturally competent methods. The following research instruments were deployed: Symptoms Checklist-SCL90, Self-esteem Scale, the McMaster Family Assessment Device, Marital Satisfaction Scale, and life Satisfaction Scale. Results: A sample of 290 adults (196 women and 94 men) living in a refugee camp in Jordan participated in the study. Findings revealed that marital satisfaction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction were significantly different between males and females, indicating less subjective well-being for women. Many of the mental health symptoms in this study were more common for women than men; particularly noteworthy were somatization, obsessive compulsive behavior, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, psychoticism, and higher scores on the Global Severity Index (GSI). Conclusion: While some stressors are not gender-specific, there are unique factors that women face which place them at increased risk of mental health problems. Implications for practice include a greater understanding of the challenges and resilience mechanisms that are related to gender and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In the present study, we examined relations between premigration, perimigration, and postmigration risk factors (i.e., potentially traumatic events [PTEs], postmigration living problems [PMLPs], stressful life events) and psychological symptoms (i.e., anxiety/depression, posttraumatic stress) in Syrian emerging adults with refugee backgrounds; we also tested cultural identity conflict as a possible mediator of these relations. We expected that greater exposure to migration risk factors was associated with more psychological symptoms and that higher cultural identity conflict would contribute to these associations. Methods: We used data from the first wave of Karakter, a longitudinal study of 158 Syrians with refugee backgrounds (69.0% men, age range 18–35). Participants completed a questionnaire assessing PTEs, PMLPs, stressful life events, cultural identity conflict, and symptoms of anxiety/depression and posttraumatic stress. Results: Correlational analyses indicated that more PTEs and stressful life events were related to higher levels of cultural identity conflict and more psychological symptoms. Furthermore, greater cultural identity conflict was associated with more psychological symptoms. We did not observe indirect effects of cultural identity conflict in the mediation analyses. Conclusions: Results suggest that postmigration stressors and cultural identity conflict are associated with psychological symptoms among Syrian emerging adults who have resettled in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older persons are among the vulnerable groups most affected by war and migration due to physical weakness, illness, social environment, and cultural adaptation difficulties. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the economic, biopsychosocial, and socio-cultural problems of the older Syrians living in Turkey. Methods: Convergent mixed design was used within the scope of the research. For the qualitative phase of the research, 19 older persons migrants were interviewed. A semi-structured interview form was used to collect data in the interviews. For the quantitative phase of the research, 432 participants were reached. In order to collect data, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Socio-cultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS-R) were used together with the demographic information form. Results: The mean age of the participants was 66.2 ± 7.10 (Min: 60; Max: 91), the majority (87%) between the ages of 60 to 74 and 53.2% were male. The mean SCAS-R score of the older Syrians was 2.48 ± 0.88 (Min: 1; Max: 5) and the mean GDS-15 was 2.63 ± 3.84 (Min: 0; Max: 15). About 22.7% of older Syrian participants had mild or severe depressive symptoms. Experienced traumatic events, changing economic situation, and family relationships affected both physical and mental health of the older persons. The socio-cultural adaptation of the older persons was affected by language, temporary protection, and exposure to exclusion. The Older Syrians, who lacked information on social services, were experiencing problems with nutrition, clothing, bill payment, and rent due to economic problems. However, they mostly did not want to return to Syria because their living order in Syria was deteriorating and they were afraid. Conclusion: Syrian elderly immigrants living in Turkey have biopsychosocial, economic, and cultural problems. National and international support programs and policies should be developed for elderly Syrian refugees who are expected to live in Turkey unless a safe living environment is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Children are one of the most affected groups during the Syrian Civil War. They feel the trauma of the war and death of people that they loved, and now, they are suffering from many problems (Gomleksiz & Aslan, 2018). More than half a million Syrian refugee students are not enrolled in school in Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon (Culbertson & Constant, 2015). If they are lucky enough to attend school, many education problems are waiting for them such as adapting to a new educational culture, classroom environment, curriculum and language problems. Before these problems are solved, many of them are expected to engage in the classroom and be graded on the same level as native students (Emin, 2016). To provide a better and fairer learning environment in classrooms, comparative studies on refugee education across national contexts should be conducted (Ficarra, 2017). Since Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan struggle with similar issues, a comparative study about the fairness problems such as expectations of academic achievement, school discipline and other forms of inequity that Syrian refugee students experience in classroom can potentially offer solutions to these problems facing educators and policy-makers. Accordingly, this literature review will be conducted to compare studies about these areas. This literature review investigates the following question: How is the equality between refugees and native students especially in mixed classes provided during assessments of students’ academic achievement in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon?A big gap is found related to this research question in the literature. Major problems that should be solved to create equality in the mixed classes in Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon have been determined such as financial, political, and educational issues in this literature review.

Abstract Introduction As a response to the humanitarian crisis in Syria, the Irish government agreed to accept up to 4000 refugees for resettlement in Ireland in 2016. Prior to their arrival in Ireland, health screening was carried out by the International Organisation for Migration. However, no population-level measurement of the health status or needs takes place in Ireland to inform policy or health services requirements. Methods Cross-sectional data from a self-completed questionnaire among 194 Syrian Refugees aged 16 years and older resident in reception centres in Ireland in 2017/2018 is reported upon. The questionnaire measured self-reported health including quality of life and all study material were available in English and Arabic. The data was examined applying descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results Syrian Refugees in Ireland consist of a relatively young cohort; in this study the majority of participants were younger than 35 years (69.5%). Two-thirds of the respondents reported their overall health status to be good or very good. The most common health condition was found to be headache and the most common medications used were painkillers. Chronic pain was experienced by one quarter of respondents; 27.5% were considered as suffering from anxiety and 10.0% had symptoms compatible with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A significant relationship was observed between chronic pain and self-rated health, as well as between chronic pain and anxiety. Quality of life (QoL) scores were lowest for the QoL environment domain. Conclusions Chronic pain is relatively widespread among these young and otherwise healthy refugees. Psychological distress and trauma are important factors in respondents’ quality of life scores. Chronic pain is associated with one’s mental health. Our findings and the literature suggests that the diagnosis and treatment of pain and providing care in a culturally sensitive manner should be a priority and included in the preparation and training of the relevant care providers. Additionally, the impact of living conditions on quality of life should not be underestimated.

Background: Mental health disorders significantly contribute to the global burden of disease, however, prevention and treatment programs are often inaccessible in low- and middle-income countries. Aims: The goal of this qualitative evaluation was to examine participants experiences of the healthy community clinic (HCC-MH), an integrated mental health awareness intervention delivered in primary care clinics to Jordanians and resettled Syrians in a border community in Jordan. Methods: Four focus group discussions (FGDs) with Jordanians and Syrians (N = 21) who participated in the HCC-MH were conducted. FGDs examined knowledge, acceptability, and applicability of the intervention. Open coding and the constant comparison method were used to identify themes that emerged from the FGDs. Results: Six central themes emerged from the data including : (1) awareness; (2) behavior changes; (3) reduction in stigma; (4) connecting physical and mental health; (5) relationships; and (6) coping. Notably, female participants stated participation in the intervention fostered awareness of their own emotional needs, which led to positive lifestyle and behavior changes. Participants also described how the information provided in the intervention normalized emotional distress and aided understanding of the interconnection between physical and mental health. The amplification of healthy coping strategies to reduce stress and distress was also a prominent theme. Conclusions: Findings are discussed within the cultural and contextual setting of the study, and implications for mental health awareness interventions in complex settings are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the Syrian Civil War, the British Government pledged to resettle 20,000 Syrian refugees by 2020. However, refugee integration can be traumatic. Existing literature has gaps encompassing the 'lived experiences' of Syrian refugees specifically. This study used semi-structured interviews and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore six Syrian refugees' acculturation in the UK. Three superordinate themes were developed: Living with Loss, Experiencing a New Life , and The Dissonance of Integration: Belonging and Not Belonging. Syrian refugees' losses impacted their integration. Arrival was experienced as an overwhelming re-birth for some, yet despite their new life, refugees' integration could not escape past traumas. Syrian refugees' integration encompassed degrees of belonging, racism, and Islamophobia. Experiences were affected by nurture, support, and connection with state structures, the host society and other refugees. Services and professionals would benefit from understanding refugees' needs through cultural curiosity, sensitivity, and trust, to avoid exacerbating trauma. Policy recommendations include supporting refugees into meaningful employment and legal support for family reunification. Refugee voices and expertise should be considered in all aspects of integration. Findings have implications for models of integration particularly regarding the role of identity, employment, and how refugees' experiences relate to what models view as 'integration'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Many of the factors that increase risk of child marriage are common among refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). We sought to address the gaps in knowledge surrounding child marriage in displaced and host populations in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Methods A multistage cluster sample design was employed collecting data of KRI host communities, Iraqi IDPs, and Syrian refugees. Interviews were conducted in eligible households, requiring at least one adult female and one female adolescent present, addressing views of marriage, demographics and socioeconomic factors. Household rosters were completed to assess WHO indicators, related to child marriage including completed child marriage in females 10–19 and completed risk of previously conducted child marriages in females 20–24. Results Interviews were completed in 617 hosts, 664 IDPs, and 580 refugee households, obtaining information on 10,281 household members and 1,970 adolescent females. Overall, 10.4% of girls age 10–19 were married. IDPs had the highest percentage of married 10–19-year-old females (12.9%), compared to the host community (9.8%) and refugees (8.1%). Heads of households with lower overall education had higher percentages of child marriage in their homes; this difference in prevalence was most notable in IDPs and refugees. When the head of the household was unemployed, 14.5% of households had child marriage present compared to 8.0% in those with employed heads of household. Refugees and IDPs had larger percentages of child marriage when heads of households were unemployed (refugees 13.1%, IDPs 16.9%) compared to hosts (11.9%). When asked about factors influencing marriage decisions, respondents predominately cited family tradition (52.5%), family honor (15.7%), money/resources (9.6%), or religion (8.0%). Over a third of those interviewed (38.9%) reported a change in influencing factors on marriage after displacement (or after the arrival of refugees in the area for hosts). Conclusions Being an IDP in Iraq, unemployment and lower education were associated with an increase in risk for child marriage. Refugees had similar percentages of child marriage as hosts, though the risk of child marriage among refugees was higher in situations of low education and unemployment. Ultimately, child marriage remains a persistent practice worldwide, requiring continued efforts to understand and address sociocultural norms in low socioeconomic and humanitarian settings.

Data generated by social media platforms such as Twitter provide a unique opportunity to examine large-scale public communication produced spontaneously and in real-time, and consequently, contribute to comprehensively understanding the complex set of attitudes towards refugees. The present study utilises a qualitative approach to explore host members’ attitudes towards refugees on social media during the global crisis. In particular, we examine perceptions of a broader population, Twitter users, and analyse public reactions towards Afghan refugees expressed within tweets during the pandemic in Turkey as a response to the 2021 Afghan refugee influx. We analysed and coded 2,686 tweets using qualitative content analysis based on four main categories: 1) Representations of Afghan refugees and immigrants, 2) main causes for rejecting them, 3) taking action against them and their supporters, and 4) positive attitudes towards them. Results highlighted the prevalence of negative perceptions about, dehumanisation of, and racism towards Afghan refugees in Turkey mainly due to perceived realistic, symbolic, demographic, security, moral, and health threats from them. However, the findings also showed there were positive, albeit very few, attitudes towards Afghan refugees in the form of solidarity, help and empathy. We discuss these findings in relation to the existing literature on host society members’ attitudes towards refugees and immigrants and why we need to qualitatively examine these attitudes on social media.

The author dedicates the first part of this paper to the presentation of the problem regarding identity of Isaac mentioned in the title of Memra. He begins by analysing the letter written by Jacob of Edessa (died in 708), which is one of the oldest preserved sources related to this issue. This letter actually presents three Isaacs who (at least partially) lived in the 5th century in the same area. After this part of the work, author consults “Foreword” by P. Bedjan, publisher of Memra’s Syriac text, and several studies by T. Bou Mansour, showing that scholars since 19th century had different opinions regarding the number of persons who wrote under the name Isaac during this same period. Following the analysis of Bou Mansour, the author proposes that the writer of Memra was probably Isaac who was known as Isaac of Antioch, opponent to Chalcedonian faith. The author also points out a certain dramatization that is inherent in the Memra. He notes that the text of the Memra is vivid and in dialogical form. Through it, Isaac gradually leads the reader/listener to the climax of its message, and that is the importance of constantly reading and learning the Scriptures. The author then reviews the contents of Memra and comments of Isaac’s idea that the very reading of text is actually a conversation with its writer and, in this case, with the writers of Holy Scriptures. This commentary is followed by the Syriac text of Memra and its translation into Serbian language.

Background: Syrian refugees comprise the vast majority of refugees in the Netherlands. Although some research has been carried out on factors promoting refugee resilience, there have been few empirical studies on the resilience of Syrian refugees. Method: We used a qualitative method to understand adversity, emotion, and the factors contributing to resilience in Syrian refugees. We interviewed eighteen adult Syrian refugees residing in the Netherlands and used thematic analysis to identify the themes. Results: We identified themes and organized them into three main parts describing the challenges (pre and post-resettlement), key emotions pertaining to those experiences, and resilience factors. We found six primary protective factors internally and externally promoting participants' resilience: future orientation, coping strategies, social support, opportunities, religiosity, and cultural identity. In addition, positive emotions constituted a key feature of refugees' resilience. Conclusion: The results highlight the challenges and emotions in each stage of the Syrian refugees' journey and the multitude of factors affecting their resilience. Our findings on religiosity and maintaining cultural identity suggest that resilience can be enhanced on a cultural level. So it is worth noting these aspects when designing prevention or intervention programs for Syrian refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)