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In recent decades, climate change has caused a decrease in rainfall, increasing sea levels, temperatures rising, and as a result, an expansion in salt marshes across the globe. An increase in water and soil salinity has led to a decline in the cultivated areas in different areas, and consequently, a substantial decrease in crop production. Therefore, it has forced scientists to find cheap, effective and environmentally friendly methods to minimize salinity's impact on crops. One of the best strategies is to use beneficial soil microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in order to increase plant tolerance to salt. The findings of this review showed that salinity can severely impact the morphological, physiological, and biochemical structures of plants, lowering their productivity. Although plants have natural capabilities to deal with salinity, these capacities are limited depending on plant type, and variety, as well as salinity levels, and other environmental factors. Furthermore, result of the present review indicates that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have a significant effect on increasing plant resistance in saline soils by improving the soil structure, as well as stimulating various plant factors including photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, secondary metabolites, absorption of water and nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a highly adaptable and versatile group of fungi found in natural and man-managed ecosystems. Effector secreted by AM fungi influence symbiotic relationship by modifying host cells, suppressing host defense and promoting infection to derive nutrients from the host. Here, we conducted a reference-based transcriptome sequencing of Funneliformis mosseae BR221 to enhance understanding on the molecular machinery involved in the establishment of interaction between host and AM fungi. Results: A total of 163 effector proteins were identified in F. mosseae isolate BR221, of these, 79.14% are extracellular effectors and 5.5% are predicted cytoplasmic effectors. In silico prediction using a pathogen-host interaction database suggested four of the 163 effectors could be crucial in establishing AM fungi-host interactions. Protein–protein docking analysis revealed interactions between these potential effectors and plant proteins known to be differentially expressed during mycorrhizal association, such as defensins, aquaporins, and PTO proteins. These interactions are multifaceted in modulating host physiological and defense mechanisms, including immune suppression, hydration, nutrient uptake, and oxidative stress modulation. Conclusions: These findings of the current study provide a foundational understanding of fungal-host molecular interactions and open avenues for exploring pathways influenced by these effectors. By deepening our knowledge of these mechanisms, the use of AM fungi in biofertilizer formulations can be refined by selecting strains with specific effectors that enhance nutrient uptake, improve drought and disease resistance, and tailor the fungi's symbiotic efficiency to different crops or environmental conditions, thus contributing to more targeted and sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization exacerbates the prevalence of urban diseases such as water pollution. Smart city construction (SCC), a prevailing global trend in urban development, has the potential to catalyze the symbiotic development of the urban economy, society, and environment. This study utilized a difference-in-differences (DID) model with panel data from 150 prefecture-level cities in China during the period of 2011–2017 to evaluate the impact of SCC on urban sewage treatment. The results revealed a statistically significant increase in the sewage treatment level, which remained robust even after rigorous tests were performed. The mechanism analysis revealed that SCC can improve the level of sewage treatment through increasing the fiscal self-sufficiency rate (FSR) and industrial upgrading (IU). Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis revealed that in cities with a high level of financial development and public environmental attention (PEA), coupled with a low level of environmental attention from higher-level government, the advancement of the sewage treatment level can be more effectively facilitated through SCC. In conclusion, the promotional effect of SCC on the sewage treatment level is influenced by a combination of technological, economic, political, and social factors. Therefore, SCC should prioritize the synergistic integration of technological innovations and non-technological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural green innovation has become a key driver of China's agricultural development in the modern era. Maintaining a strong symbiotic relationship is crucial for enhancing awareness and resource allocation capabilities related to green technology innovation within enterprises, ultimately fostering green development. This study utilizes balanced panel data from Chinese agricultural listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets between 2011 and 2020 to investigate the impact of symbiotic relationships on green technology innovation capability. Through empirical testing and a moderated mediating effect model, the research explores how organizational green awareness and dynamic capabilities influence this relationship. The findings indicate that a positive symbiotic relationship can significantly enhance green technology innovation in agricultural enterprises by improving their green cognition and dynamic abilities. In terms of the heterogeneity of the promotion of green technology innovation by enterprise symbiosis, the symbiotic relationship has a significant direct promotion effect on both progressive and joint green technology innovation. By confirming the effectiveness of firm symbiosis in promoting green technology innovation, this study provides new practical guidance for developing countries on how to promote the development of green technology innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed canopy cover assessment, particularly using drone-acquired data, plays a vital role in precision agriculture by providing accurate, timely, and spatially detailed information, enhancing weed management decision-making in response to environmental and management variables. Despite the significance of this approach, few studies have investigated weed canopy cover through drone-based imagery. This study aimed to fill this gap by evaluating the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) practices on weed canopy cover in a winter wheat field over two growing seasons. Results indicated that in the 2022–2023 season, weed populations were similar between tillage systems, with a high mean weed cover of 1.448 cm2 ± 0.241 in CT plots. In contrast, during the 2023–2024 season, NT plots exhibited a substantially higher mean weed cover (1.784 cm2 ± 0.167), with a significant overall variation (p < 0.05) in weed distribution between CT and NT plots. These differences suggest that, while CT practices initially mask weed emergence by burying seeds and disrupting root systems, NT practices encourage greater weed establishment over time by leaving seeds near the soil surface. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing weed management practices, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive approaches to improve weed control and overall crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, climate change has caused a decrease in rainfall, increasing sea levels, temperatures rising, and as a result, an expansion in salt marshes across the globe. An increase in water and soil salinity has led to a decline in the cultivated areas in different areas, and consequently, a substantial decrease in crop production. Therefore, it has forced scientists to find cheap, effective and environmentally friendly methods to minimize salinity’s impact on crops. One of the best strategies is to use beneficial soil microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in order to increase plant tolerance to salt. The findings of this review showed that salinity can severely impact the morphological, physiological, and biochemical structures of plants, lowering their productivity. Although plants have natural capabilities to deal with salinity, these capacities are limited depending on plant type, and variety, as well as salinity levels, and other environmental factors. Furthermore, result of the present review indicates that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have a significant effect on increasing plant resistance in saline soils by improving the soil structure, as well as stimulating various plant factors including photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, secondary metabolites, absorption of water and nutrients.

This Special Issue of Birds is focused on a number of ways in which people and birds interact with nature, and the example discussed here incorporates four of the seven relationships noted. These are: how birds and birding connect people with nature, the role of communities in the study and conservation of birds, the involvement of people with professional ornithologists, and citizens’ perception and knowledge of birds. The island of Fair Isle provides the location for the examination of these relationships, illustrating the positive interaction between the two human populations of the island and the two avian populations. It is based on fieldwork and literature studies conducted at intervals over a sixty-year period and a review of written and photographic evidence dating back to the beginning of the twentieth century. The purpose of the paper therefore, is to discuss how the relationships between the human and avian populations of the island have changed over time to a more positive and mutually dependent relationship, which is somewhat unique and can be described as symbiotic.

Simple Summary: The paper discusses the changing relationships between the human and avian populations on a small Scottish island, Fair Isle, following the establishment of a bird observatory on the island in 1948. The opening of the first observatory saw a significant increase in the number of birdwatchers visiting the island and interacting with the small resident population (50 people) and with the resident and migratory avian populations. Over the period since 1948, several versions of the Observatory have provided economic viability that has stabilised and increased the permanent human population and resulted in a positive relationship between both avian and human populations on the island. Part of the island has been made a Site of Special Scientific Interest, agricultural practices have been modified to accommodate resident and migratory birds, the Observatories have engaged in scientific research, and services for residents and visitors on the island have been greatly improved. The relationship between the human and avian populations can accurately be described as symbiotic because all populations have benefitted from the changes over the past six decades. This Special Issue of Birds is focused on a number of ways in which people and birds interact with nature, and the example discussed here incorporates four of the seven relationships noted. These are: how birds and birding connect people with nature, the role of communities in the study and conservation of birds, the involvement of people with professional ornithologists, and citizens' perception and knowledge of birds. The island of Fair Isle provides the location for the examination of these relationships, illustrating the positive interaction between the two human populations of the island and the two avian populations. It is based on fieldwork and literature studies conducted at intervals over a sixty-year period and a review of written and photographic evidence dating back to the beginning of the twentieth century. The purpose of the paper therefore, is to discuss how the relationships between the human and avian populations of the island have changed over time to a more positive and mutually dependent relationship, which is somewhat unique and can be described as symbiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the successes that are liberating South Africans and changing educational policies, many citizens are still trapped in poverty and chronic unemployment, and the country remains a highly unequal society. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the nature of the symbiotic relationship between the Technical; Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Colleges National Certificate; Vocational (NCV) programme; and NDP 2030 objectives. The qualitative research approach was adopted with a Case study design. Purposive sampling was used to select eight TVET college lecturers. The interpretive paradigm was used to describe the nature of the relationship the college has with other stakeholders. Data was collected through individual semi-structured interviews and analysed through a thematic approach. The findings revealed a lack of communication, poor relationships with relevant stakeholders, and infrastructural and resources as attributes that impede practices within TVET colleges. The other major challenge that emerged from this study is the lack of a responsive policy system which compromises practices within TVET colleges. Based on empirical evidence, it was recommended that the college requires a fully responsive TVET policy and synergistic efforts, pulling all resources together in achieving these objectives. The ultimate outcome contributes key knowledge that advances proper communication and a healthy relationship with different stakeholders that should be established and maintained for the success of TVET colleges.

Introduction. The symbiotic relationship between terrorism and the media may have destructive media effects on society in peacetime, but under wartime conditions, these effects may intensify, pose new threats, and weaken the state’s position in fighting against the enemy. Relevance of the study. Identifying and analyzing these risks is a critical and relevant topic and scientific task during Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, which has significantly scaled after Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to analyze the risks of the symbiotic relationship between terrorism and the media in the coverage of Russia’s aggression by Ukrainian journalists. Methodology. The negative consequences of the symbiotic relationship between terrorism and the media are identified through the analysis of scientific and media criticism articles. The risks of such ties during Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine were determined by induction, reasoning by analogy, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, synthesis, and generalization. Results. The disproportionate to the overall war threat, overly dramatic and sensitive, sensationalized, detailed coverage of Russia’s terrorist practices in the Ukrainian media can lead to destructive media influence desired by the enemy: spreading fear, panic and paralyzing pessimism among Ukrainians, which turn them into a dysfunctional, disorganized society incapable of mobilizing resources under existential threats; such a society usually makes more significant emotional, irrational political pressure on the authorities making concede to terrorists; polarization of public opinion and internal political destabilization; Ukrainians who are latent supporters of Russia may perceive massive terrorist attacks as a manifestation of Russian tremendous military capability and a call to action (risks of collaboration and sabotage); distraction of public attention from other problems, such as losses on the battlefield; obtaining information from the media about the psychological state of society, countermeasures of the security forces (OSINT intelligence), etc. Conclusions. When covering Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, Ukrainian journalists need to weaken the symbiotic relationship between terrorism and the media. They should develop a media frame for covering the Russian Federation’s terror that provides objective and comprehensive information for citizens and does not cause long-term destructive media effects on Ukrainian society, as well as indirect assistance to the enemy. Ukrainian media professionals can use the article’s results and journalistic examples to formulate or improve their editorial policy on media coverage of Russia’s terror in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the effect of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection on gastric mucosal microbiota in patients with chronic gastritis. Methods: Here recruited a population of 193 patients with both chronic gastritis and positive rapid urease, including 124 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and 69 patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis (nCAG). Immunoblotting was used to detect four serum Hp antibodies (UreA, UreB, VacA and CagA) to determine the types of virulent Hp-I and avirulent Hp-II infections. Gastric microbiota was profiled by 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region, and R software was used to present the relationship between the microbial characteristics and the type of Hp infection. Results: In the stomach of patients with Hp-positive gastritis, the dominant gastric bacterial genera included Ralstonia (23.94%), Helicobacter (20.28%), Pseudonocardia (9.99%), Mesorhizobium (9.21%), Bradyrhizobium (5.05%), and Labrys (4.75%). The proportion of Hp-I infection was significantly higher in CAG patients (91.1%) than in nCAG patients (71.0%) (P < 0.001). The gastric microbiota richness index (observed OTUs, Chao) was significantly lower in CAG patients than in nCAG patients (P <0.05). Compared with avirulent Hp-II infection, virulent Hp-I infection significantly decreased the Shannon index in CAG patients (P <0.05). In nCAG patients, Hp-I infected patients had lower abundances of several dominant gastric bacteria (Aliidiomarina, Reyranella, Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Acidovorax) than Hp-II infected patients. Meanwhile, in CAG patients, Hp-I infected patients occupied lower abundances of several dominant oral bacteria (Neisseria, Staphylococcus and Haemophilus) than Hp-II infected patients. In addition, bile reflux significantly promoted the colonization of dominant oral microbiota (Veillonella, Prevotella 7 and Rothia) in the stomach of CAG patients. There was no significant symbiotic relationship between Helicobacter bacteria and non-Helicobacter bacteria in the stomach of nCAG patients, while Helicobacter bacteria distinctly linked with the non-Helicobacter bacteria (Pseudolabrys, Ralstonia, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Variovorax) in CAG patients. Conclusions: Virulent Hp infection alters the gastric microbiota, reduces microbial diversity, and enhances the symbiotic relationship between the Helicobacter bacteria and non-Helicobacter bacteria in patients with chronic gastritis. The data provides new evidence for treating Hp infection by improving the gastric microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of urban informal settlements indicates a failure in housing delivery. Stipulations in the SDGs for better affordable housing for all toward eradicating the heinous housing inequality in society seem to be lacking in a deeper understanding of why housing inequality prevails. Debates on housing inequality were mostly concerned with market transition, changing the order of social stratification, and transitions from a centrally planned economy to a market economy; hence the emphasis on the need for a better understanding of the role of housing in social-spatial equity and justice. This study, therefore, aims to fill this research gap by examining the nature of the relationship between informal and formal neighborhoods of the Enugu metropolis, Southeast Nigeria to make an evidence-based contribution to the body of knowledge on this subject. A cross-sectional survey using a quantitative approach was adopted and 24 informal settlements were identified and studied. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and Chi-square. Findings showed the nature of housing inequality in the area as a product of spatially inherent symbiotic relationships embedded in social exclusion, deprivation, and dependency between the formal and informal settlements situating in juxtaposition to one another. At a Chi-square value of 42.643, p = .317 significant at 0.01; residents perceived significant differences in access/availability of decent housing and housing facilities/utility. Interestingly, these informal settlements accommodated over 361,785 unaccounted spill-over populations representing over 60,298 households, constituting 34.69% of the city population not captured in official census records, including over 72.58% of migrants claiming to have relatives residing in these settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study delves into the role of cultural rituals in environmental conservation and local wisdom, with a specific focus on the Sundanese tradition of Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang. This ritual holds immense religious and environmental significance, making it an ideal case study for understanding the potential of rituals in promoting environmental awareness and conservation. The research addresses the social importance of preserving cultural heritage, as well as the scientific relevance of exploring the symbiotic relationship between rituals and environmental education. Employing qualitative methods, including interviews, direct observation, and literature analysis, the study unveils the profound symbolism within Ruwatan Leuweung Babakti Mandala Manglayang, which symbolizes the connection between humans and nature, as well as their spiritual ties. This ritual instills a deep appreciation for the natural environment and encourages the celebration of cultural diversity through these symbols. The findings reveal that the ritual serves as more than just a religious practice, becoming a powerful means of fostering environmental consciousness and preserving local heritage. By shedding light on the significance of cultural rituals in environmental conservation and offering insights into their potential as tools for education, this research contributes to the understanding of the inherent link between culture and nature. The study's emphasis on the importance of preserving local wisdom in the face of global challenges aligns with the journal's interdisciplinary focus on sustainability, culture, and conservation, making it a valuable addition to the literature on environmental studies and cultural preservation.

The Ximing Sandstone-to-No. 9 Coal succession of the Taiyuan Formation in the Linxing gas field records a complex internal architecture of a transgressive succession developed in the western coast of the late Pennsylvanian North China epeiric sea. Facies and sequence stratigraphic analyses reveal its depositional evolution from fluvial channels through fluvial-dominated and tide-influenced inner estuaries to tide-dominated estuaries and finally to wave-dominated barrier lagoons. The evolution from fluvial- to tide-dominated deposition has been ascribed to the funnel-shaped valley coupled with an increased tidal prism induced by the upstepping and backstepping shoreline. The evolution from tide- to wave-dominated deposition has been ascribed to the wide North China epeiric seaway lacking local coastline irregularities after the incised-valley fill that provided sufficient fetch for the occurrence of large storm waves. Grain-size analysis reveals the relative importance of traction, saltation, dispersed suspension, and flocculated suspension in the development of the transgressive estuarine to lagoonal deposits. This study not only contributes to a proper understanding of coastal depositional response to the relative sea-level rise but also provides a context within which to interpret the symbiotic relationship of the superimposed sandstone–shale–coal reservoirs and predict the distribution of favorable unconventional gas production formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important reproductive organ of plants, seeds are the carriers of a variety of beneficial microorganisms, and there are endophytic communities with rich and diverse species as well as certain effects on plants. Seed endophytic bacteria can directly or indirectly promote seed germination and plant growth, improving plant resistance to various pathogens and environmental stresses, promoting the production and the accumulation of active ingredients, and produce various biological effects. Their distribution and population structure are affected by the genetic characteristics and health status of host plants and the ecology of the surrounding environment. In this paper, the progress in the research field of seed endophytic bacteria was discussed and prospected from the diversity of seed endophytic bacteria, seed endophytic bacteria promoting plant growth, improving plant resistance, promoting the production and the accumulation of active ingredients, and the application prospect in agricultural production and biological control, so as to provide reference for the follow-up research of seed endophytic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic actinomycetes exhibit considerable potential for the production of biologically active metabolites due to their coevolution with plant hosts. In this study, an endophytic Streptomyces chartreusis M7 was isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Bioactivity-guided investigation of the metabolites produced by this strain led to the identification of thirteen anthracycline-derived polyketides, including five unreported anthraquinones designated streptoquinones A-E (1 – 5) and two undescribed angular polyketides named chartins A and B (6 – 7) along with six knowns. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations. Notably, chartins A (6) and B (7) feature angular tetracyclic and pentacyclic skeletons, respectively, which have undergone several oxidative rearrangements. Moreover, streptoquinone A (1) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against A549 cells, with an IC 50 value of 4.8 μM. A Streptomyces strain named M7 was isolated from Houttuynia cordata Thunb., and its fermentation led to the identification of thirteen compounds, including seven undescribed anthracycline-derived polyketides. [Display omitted] • Fermentation of S. chartreusis M7 provided seven unreported polyketides. • The undescribed structures were verified by spectroscopic data and ECD calculation. • Two previously unreported compounds possess complicated skeletons. • One undescribed polyketide exhibited potent cytotoxicity against A549 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime clusters are conducive to promoting the development of an urban economy and maritime industry. The development of high value-added maritime industry is beneficial to upgrading a maritime cluster and improving its competitiveness. We discuss the symbiosis between ports and various value-added industries within a maritime cluster from a resource perspective, using the theory of life cycle and value chain, in order to answer the question: what role does the port play in the upgrading of maritime clusters? An empirical analysis of Dalian, China, was conducted using the Lotka-Volterra model. Our results show that resources were attracted by ports to promote the shipping industry and marine insurance in the non-decline period (NDP) of the cluster. During the declining period (DP) of the cluster, port development led to intensified resource competition and lock-in effects, destabilizing the relationships within maritime industries. Strengthening inter-industry cooperation, increasing market openness, and granting supportive policies to enterprises may rectify this decline. This study provides a reference for managers and researchers to aid in promoting the coordinated development and upgrade of maritime clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between tourism education and the tourism industry has changed over time. In previous decades, there has been less emphasis on how people travel in their own country or to another country for leisure purposes than today. However, not all countries are equally interested in these topics at present, one of the reasons being the differences in culture between nations. Tourism education is a field that has seen rapid growth and expansion in recent years. While the tourism industry is booming, tourism education is also transformed by new perspectives on how to teach students about tourism. This paper explores the relationship between tourism education and the tourism industry. Tourism is one of the largest sources of employment in many countries. Its industry plays an important role in the economic development, as it generates income and spreads wealth in all communities. Tourism education is a fast-growing field. It is important to understand the relationship between tourism education and the tourism industry, as well as the effects of the modernization of tourism programs. The upgraded curriculum will be more relevant to the life and career of students, but it will also provide a better understanding of how tourism fits around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teacher Education Research is the property of Teacher Education Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heave metals have been a major reason for abiotic stress in rice plants affecting human being. Symbiotic relations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the rice plant can help in reducing abiotic stresses primarily caused by the heavy metals. Because of its structural components, mycorrhizal fungi can effectively reduce the heavy metal concentration in the rice roots thus, withholding the translocation of the heavy metals to the leaves and grains. This phenomenon is a direct effect of mycorrhizal adaptation to abiotic stress regardless of the host plant's metabolism. Host plants in abiotic stress can utilize this mechanism, thus a progressive approach of ultilizing the mycorrhizal symbiosis. In the present work this has been elaborated through in-silico study of the protein-metal interactions during heavy metal absorption in plant root, also the efficacy of mycorrhizal fungi in the process of heavy metal stress bioremediation. From the docking scores, as observed in the interactions between the fungal protein (metallothionein, carboxyl estarase2) and the heavy metal, it is evident that the higher binding affinity of the fungal protein to the heavy metals reduces the metal accumulation by the rice plant leaving the binding proteins available to bind with the necessary salts. The comparison of binding affinity between the metal with plant protein and the fugal protein revealed in this work that, the binding affinity of the heavy metal with the fungal metal accumulating proteins is many fold more than the metal accumulating rice root proteins. This method of utilizing mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizospheric soil of the rice plant is promising enough to serve as a new technique in the bioremediation of heavy metals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a symbiotic relationship with plants; a symbiotic relationship is one in which both partners benefit from each other. Fungi benefit plants by improving uptake of water and nutrients, especially phosphorous, while plants provide 10–20% of their photosynthates to fungus. AMF tend to make associations with 85% of plant families and play a significant role in the sustainability of an ecosystem. Plants' growth and productivity are negatively affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. AMF proved to enhance plants' tolerance against various stresses, such as drought, salinity, high temperature, and heavy metals. There are some obstacles impeding the beneficial formation of AMF communities, such as heavy tillage practices, high fertilizer rates, unchecked pesticide application, and monocultures. Keeping in view the stress-extenuation potential of AMF, the present review sheds light on their role in reducing erosion, nutrient leaching, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. In addition, recent advances in commercial production of AMF are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how professional athletes perceive sports journalists and the role of the media. They acknowledge that communication with journalists is an essential part of their profession and appreciate the verified information, knowledge, and dutiful preparation. They consider the main role of media as monitorial. In some cases, they cast doubt on journalists' ability to evaluate athletic performance accurately, and they are also critical of errors in interviews, however they acknowledgethat there are good, and possibly excellent journalists as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]