Search

4-Hydroxypiridine (4-HPy) is a green chemistry corrosion inhibitor for low-carbon steel, valued for its environmental compatibility and low toxicity. Despite lower initial effectiveness than 4-mercapto/4-aminopyridine, 4-HPy's performance is markedly enhanced by halogen ions. By employing second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy combined with electrochemical methods, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ UV spectroscopy, this study elucidates the synergistic enhancement mechanism of 4-HPy with Cl−, Br−, and I− in 0.5 mol/L HCl solution. Time-dependent SHG measurements showed a two-step process of rapid adsorption and subsequent orientation change, with a proposed mechanism to interpret the temporal changes in SHG intensity. Deducing the adsorption kinetic equations and their application to the experimental data yields the adsorption rate (kad) and orientation change rate (Kre). Halogens reduce the orientation angle of 4-HPy, facilitating its adsorption on the substrate surface and effectively inhibiting corrosion via distinct mechanisms. Cl− and Br− ions primarily adsorb onto the metal surface, forming an adsorption film that not only enhances the subsequent adsorption of 4-HPy but also provides a protective effect for the metal surface. Conversely, I− forms mainly complexes with 4-HPy in solution, co-adsorbs onto the metal surface, and demonstrates a significant synergistic effect. This study revealed the synergistic efficacy hierarchy among halogen ions, with the order 4HPy + NaCl < 4HPy + NaBr < 4HPy + NaI. This study enhances our molecular-level understanding of the synergistic mechanism between halogen ions and corrosion inhibitors and provides valuable insights for designing and developing effective corrosion inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective recycling of organic residues contributes to solving energy crisis and resource recycling. In Egypt, sugarcane is considered one of the most produced agricultural product, which in terms leads to the production of a vast amount of its by-products. In this work, for the first time, untreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was utilised as a sorbent in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of selected pesticides including chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, ethion, profenofos (organophosphorus compounds) and cyprodinil (anilinopyrimidine) from water. Optimal parameters influencing the recovery of the studied pesticides including eluting solvent (type, volume and pH), amount of sorbent and water pH were adjusted. Method performance criteria using SCB cartridges were compared with that of commercial SPE cartridges, indicating SCB as an effective and green chemistry alternative. The final SPE procedure can be briefly described as follows: the SCB (500 mg) SPE cartridge was conditioned with 5 mL methanol followed by 5 mL distilled water. Then, 500 mL water sample (DIW) was loaded on the SCB SPE cartridge. Afterwards, the cartridge was dried using nitrogen for 15 min. Then, 4 mL acetonitrile containing 5% formic acid was used as the eluting solvent to be analysed using LC-MS/MS. The method was validated in accordance with (SANTE/2020/12830 and Eurachem Second Edition 2014). Rapid adsorption and desorption performance for SCB was confirmed by using adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies. Finally, five environmental water samples were analysed using the developed method, only one sample had positive result (profenofos 0.01 µg/L), which is below the accepted limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This account summarises our recent efforts (2020 to mid-2024) in designing and developing a handful of promising organic transformations for accessing several diversely functionalized biologically relevant organic scaffolds by following the green-chemistry principles with a particular focus on the application of low-energy visible light and electrochemistry. Mechanistic studies of each of these reactions established the involvement of a radical pathway. 1 Introduction 2 Green-Inspired Organic Transformations 2.1 Visible-Light-Driven Organic Synthesis 2.1.1 Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydrofuro[3,2- c ]chromenones 2.1.2 Synthesis of Functionalized 2-(Aryl/alkylamino)-3-(aryl/alkylselanyl)naphthalene-1,4-diones and 2-(Arylamino)-3-(arylthio)naphthalene-1,4-diones 2.1.3 Synthesis of Functionalized 6-(Arylthio/arylseleno)benzo[ a ]phenazin-5-ols 2.1.4 Synthesis of Functionalized 3-(Alkyl/benzylthio)-4-hydroxy-2 H -chromen-2-ones 2.1.5 Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Hydroxy-3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-carboxamides and 2-Hydroxy-3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-carboxylates 2.1.6 Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Hydroxyphenylated α-Ketoamides 2.2 Electrochemical Organic Synthesis 2.2.1 Synthesis of 3-Selenylated/Sulfenylated Derivatives of 2-Amino-1,4-naphthoquinones 2.2.2 Synthesis of Functionalized 6-(Arylthio/Arylseleno)benzo[ a ]phenazin-5-ols 2.2.3 Synthesis of Functionalized Alkyl 2-Hydroxy-3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-carboxylates 3 Conclusions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanochemistry, a solvent-free approach that harnesses mechanical energy, is emerging as a transformative technique in modern chemistry. It has emerged from a niche technique to a versatile tool with broad applications. By inducing physical and chemical transformations, it enables the synthesis of complex molecules and nanostructured materials. Recent advancements have extended its applications beyond simple physical transformations to encompass catalytic processes, unlocking new possibilities for selective synthesis and product design. This account delves into the fundamentals of mechanochemistry and its applications in organic synthesis, also beyond traditional synthetic routes. Mechanochemistry offers new avenues for molecular and materials discovery, expanding the scope of accessible chemical space. 1 Introduction 2 Organic Synthesis in Ball Mills 3 Combination with Different Energy Sources 4 Advantages of Mechanochemistry 5 Future of Mechanochemistry 6 Conclusion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new synthetic approach has emerged for constructing 9 H -pyrrolo[1,2- a ]indole scaffolds by the reactions between indoles and chalcones under metal- and solvent-free conditions at 80 °C. The reaction occurs smoothly in the presence of a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid, 1-methyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-1 H -imidazol-3-ium tosylate, as a catalyst, permitting the synthesis of the desired products with satisfactory yields. The developed protocol is applicable to the construction of biologically important pyrrolo[1,2- a ]indole derivatives from easily accessible chalcones having various substituents. The process commences with Michael addition to chalcones, followed by annulations induced by the elimination of a water molecule, yielding the 9 H -pyrrolo[1,2- a ]indole scaffolds. Several control experiments were carried out to achieve a better understanding of the reaction pathway. The feasibility of recycling the catalyst was also demonstrated. This method produces water as the sole byproduct and represents a green synthetic protocol. The clean reaction, easily accessible reactants, and the metal- and solvent-free and environmentally friendly reaction conditions are the notable advantages of this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles have gained wide attention in various environmental applications, including water treatment and microbial pollution control. This research provides novelty in innovating new strategies in water management and waste treatment based on advanced technology with a nanoscience approach by utilizing local resources. This study aims to synthesize CaO nanoparticles using a green chemistry method using a bioreductor from Bitti (Vitex cofassus) plant extract. This green chemistry approach is not only environmentally friendly but also efficient in producing stable nanoparticles with controlled size. Nanoparticle characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine their crystal structure, morphology, and particle size. The results showed that calcium oxide nanoparticles have FCC (face-centered cubic) crystal phase, uneven surface morphology, and spherical shape and have an average particle size of 24.87 nm. The antibacterial activity of calcium oxide nanoparticles on Escherichia coli test bacteria with variations in nanoparticle concentrations (1, 3, and 5%) each had an average inhibition zone diameter of 9.59; 10.78; and 11.78 mm, positive control (Chloramphenicol) of 12.65 mm, and negative control (sterile aqua) of 0 mm, while in Staphylococcus aureus test bacteria with nanoparticle concentration variations (1, 3, and 5%) each had an average inhibition zone diameter of 10.26; 11.15; and 14.15 mm, positive control (Chloramphenicol) of 12.82 mm, and negative control (sterile aqua) of 0 mm. CaO nanoparticles have greater effectiveness on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria than Escheria Coli with the ability to inhibit and kill both types of bacteria. The application of these nanoparticles as antibacterial agents can effectively reduce microorganism waste in the aquatic environment, so they have the potential to be used as a solution for environmentally friendly microbial waste treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endowing conductive composites with thermoreversible properties is important for improving the stability and extending the service life of the material and are in line with today's concept of green chemistry. In this study, thermoreversible conductive XNBR-based composites with excellent mechanical, reprocessable and conductive properties were prepared via a simple and feasible emulsion blending technique. Carbon black was used as a conductive filler, and epoxy resin and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) were added as a crosslinking agent into carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) through latex mixing. In particular, the –COOH group on the XNBR molecular chain forms β-hydroxy ester and ionic bonds with epoxy groups and Zn2+, respectively, constituting a dual dynamic network structure. The prepared rubber has a tensile strength of 10.81 MPa, an elongation at break of more than 300%, and a conductivity of up to 0.0102 S m−1. Moreover, the composite has a high gauge factor (18.4) under fairly large strain (100%) and can accurately detect human activities, thus showing great potential as strain sensors. In addition, the tensile strength and electrical conductivity of the repeatedly processed material can reach 101% and 60%, respectively, of the original sample. Furthermore, based on its stretchability and conductivity, the composite is sensitively capable of capturing variation in strain, which shows great potential for application in strain sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical (ion exchange resin) and biomass (water hyacinth leaves) as carbon precursors are adopted to prepare two kinds of bimetallic carbide (Fe 2 MoC)-based catalytic materials. It is found that, compared with the material that use ion-exchange resin as carbon precursor (N–Fe 2 MoC-RG), the material that use water hyacinth as carbon precursor (N–Fe 2 MoC-WHG) has more advantages in cost, environment protection, synthesis simplicity, and catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Therein, the N–Fe 2 MoC-WHG as a cathode catalyst displays a half-wave potential of 0.905 V (vs. RHE) for catalyzing ORR in alkaline media, and gets a high peak power density of 1.52 W cm−2 in alkaline electrolyte membrane fuel cell; moreover, the N–Fe 2 MoC-WHG displays higher power-density retention or growth rate at lower relative humidity, higher back pressure, higher working temperature and higher catalyst loading, compared with the N–Fe 2 MoC-RG. The N–Fe 2 MoC-WHG is one of the most active precious metal-free catalysts reported so far, and its stability is very excellent. [Display omitted] • Green process can synthesize Fe 2 MoC at lower temperatures. • Fe 2 MoC by Green process is more active in ORR than traditional process. • Green process obtained Fe 2 MoC is highly stable, costs low, and emits no pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrates constitute the largest source of biomass on Earth, but their synthetic modification is challenging due to their high content in oxygen functionalities. The site‐ and stereoselective modification of native sugars is a definite goal of glycochemistry research. Recent efforts to bypass the need for protecting groups, leveraging selective activation through photochemical mechanisms for site‐selective C−C bond formation from native sugars, are likely to largely impact all glycochemistry‐related areas. Davis, Koh, and co‐workers have recently presented their use of photocatalysis to develop a "cap and glycosylate" approach for the site‐ and stereoselective C‐glycosylation of native sugars. A modernized direct radical functionalization of in situ formed thioglycoside using photocatalysis was used in the synthetic manipulation of unprotected carbohydrates. This allowed reaching complex saccharides, and post‐translational modification of proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document "Green Chemistry" published by the Royal Society of Chemistry features cutting-edge research on sustainable chemistry practices. The contents include critical reviews on topics such as microbial lignin valorization and catalytic hydrodeoxygenation, as well as tutorial reviews on plastic chemical recycling and the role of reticular chemistry in photoenzymatic reactions. The journal also presents communications on various topics like hypervalent iodine chemistry and N-heterocycle synthesis, along with papers on sustainable ligand biofunctionalization and solid-liquid separation of lignocellulosic sugars. [Extracted from the article]

A method based on an electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex is presented for the one-step reduction/cyclization of nitroarenes to obtain N-heterocycles. This photo-mediated mode showcases the versatility of amines, which act as electron donors in assembling photosensitive species and serve as C1 synthons in C–N bond formation. In addition to its excellent tolerance towards various functional groups, this strategy exhibits remarkable applicability for the late-stage modification of drug molecules, delivering 26 examples of benzimidazoles and 29 examples of quinazolinones. Meanwhile, it displays a preferable EcoScale score and is considered acceptable in terms of economic viability and safety, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. Overall, this metal-free method offers controllable synthesis conditions, employs scalable flow technology with high space–time efficiency and demonstrates successful gram-scale application, thereby highlighting its significant potential for constructing bioactive N-heterocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic materials designed to mimic the natural "lock and key" mechanism observed in biomolecular systems, such as the interactions between antibodies and antigens. As recognition elements, MIPs exhibit high selectivity and affinity toward both biological and chemical targets, making them suitable for various analytical applications. This tutorial review provides a comprehensive and critical assessment of the existing literature on MIPs, with a particular emphasis on those synthesized through electropolymerization—herein referred to as electropolymerized MIPs (eMIPs)—and their application in the development of molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIES) specifically designed for environmental monitoring. The synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is a critical aspect of their development, involving various techniques, among which, there's electropolymerization (also known as electrochemical polymerization). This scholarly article attempts to position electropolymerization as a superior and more environmentally sustainable method for the synthesis of MIPs, that is, electrochemically synthesized MIPs (eMIPs). Compared to traditional MIP synthesis methods, such as bulk, precipitation, or solution polymerization, electrochemical polymerization offers significant advantages in terms of precision, reproducibility, and environmental sustainability, among many others. Its ability to precisely control MIP film thickness on the surface of the transducer makes it a more efficient, reliable, and facile method for fabricating electrochemical sensors. This perspective further examines the application of such sensors based on research from the past five years (2019–2024), exploring cutting-edge MIES methodologies that utilize eMIPs for the sensitive and selective detection of diverse environmental pollutants. It not only underscores electropolymerization as a superior and eco-friendly MIP synthesis technique but also addresses prevailing challenges within the field and proposes actionable solutions. By incorporating sustainable practices in the synthesis of eMIPs, electropolymerization enhances environmental monitoring and contributes to broader goals of sustainability and pollution monitoring. This perspective highlights the transformative potential of eMIPs in advancing green chemistry and environmental monitoring technologies, reaffirming their sustainability in the fabrication of MIESs and showcasing their latest practical applications in environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the design, eco‐friendly synthesis, and characterization of several novel three‐legged triphenylamine derivatives. By performing Sonogashira couplings of functionalized aryl iodides with tris(4‐ethynylphenyl)amine in glycerol, a readily available bio‐derived solvent, we achieved the synthesis of target products in short times and high yields, up to 94 %, with consistently lower E‐factors and reduced costs compared to standard conditions using toluene as the reaction medium. The target molecules possess a D‐(π‐A)₃ or D‐(π‐D)₃ structure, where an electron‐donating core connects to three electron‐donating (D) or electron‐accepting (A) peripheral aromatic subunits through an acetylene spacer. Their main optical and electronic properties have been determined experimentally and by DFT simulations and suggest a possible implementation in energy conversion technologies such as luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary Herein, we report a rare example of three‐component net‐oxidative sulfonylation of a SO2 surrogate with an oxidatively activated radical precursor under mild and metal‐ and external‐oxidant‐free conditions. The mildness and sustainability of the reaction are enabled by photoelectrocatalysis, and 3‐aza‐1,5‐dienes, organotrifluoroborates and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(sulfur dioxide) adduct (DABSO) undergo sulfonylative cyclization to afford sulfono 4‐pyrrolin‐2‐ones in an atom‐economical manner with a broad substrate scope and good functional‐group tolerance. The protocol is amenable to the late‐stage diversification of complex molecular architectures as well as the gram‐scale synthesis. Sunlight could be used as the light source, and the reaction could be conducted in an all‐solar mode using a commercially available photovoltaic panel to generate electricity in situ. Mechanistic studies reveal that the in situ generated 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), which was generally innocent in previous reactions, functions as an electron shuttle between the photocatalytic cycle and the reactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of medical biochemistry professionals in Türkiye regarding green and sustainable medical laboratory (GSML) practices. It also seeks to identify the most common and challenging barriers to adopting GSML practices.A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 130 medical biochemistry professionals, including academicians, specialists, and residents, across various hospital types in Türkiye. The survey, distributed via Google Forms, consisted of 29 questions divided into five sections covering participant characteristics, knowledge about GSML, individual attitudes, laboratory practices, and awareness of EFLM guidelines. Data were analyzed using Excel and SPSS.The survey revealed that only 10.8 % of participants received education on sustainability during their specialty training. Despite this, 76.2 % had heard of the concept of sustainability, although 74.6 % were unaware of green chemistry principles. Individual environmental practices were generally positive, with 96 % of participants turning off lights and equipment when not in use. However, significant gaps were found in laboratory GSML practices, particularly in energy (only 44 % of laboratories regularly defrost refrigerators and freezers) and water management (only 40.8 % perform regular maintenance). The most common barriers to GSML implementation were identified as education and awareness (46.2 %), sustainability (24.6 %), cost (15.4 %), motivation (8.5 %), and communication (2.3 %).There is a critical need for enhanced education and awareness of GSML practices. While individual environmental behaviors are positive, systemic changes in laboratory practices are necessary. Addressing the identified barriers, particularly through targeted educational initiatives, is essential for promoting sustainable practices in medical laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroreduction of CO2 into multi‐carbon (C2+) products (e.g. C2+ alcohols) offers a promising way for CO2 utilization. Use of strong alkaline electrolytes is favorable to producing C2+ products. However, CO2 can react with hydroxide to form carbonate/bicarbonate, which results in low carbon utilization efficiency and poor stability. Using acidic electrolyte is an efficient way to solve the problems, but it is a challenge to achieve high selectivity of C2+ products. Here we report that the amine modified copper nanoparticles exhibit high selectivity of C2+ products and carbon utilization at acidic condition. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2+ products reach up to 81.8 % at acidic media (pH=2) with a total current density of 410 mA cm−2 over n‐butylamine modified Cu. Especially the FE of C2+ alcohols is 52.6 %, which is higher than those reported for CO2 electroreduction at acidic condition. In addition, the single‐pass carbon efficiency towards C2+ production reach up to 60 %. Detailed studies demonstrate that the amine molecule on the surface of Cu cannot only enhance the formation, adsorption and coverage of *CO, but also provide a hydrophobic environment, which result in the high selectivity of C2+ alcohols at acidic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have seen a dramatic increase in the commercial use of biocatalysts, transitioning from energy‐intensive traditional chemistries to more sustainable methods. Current enzyme engineering techniques, such as directed evolution, require the generation and testing of large mutant libraries to identify optimized variants. Unfortunately, conventional screening methods are unable to screen such large libraries in a robust and timely manner. Droplet‐based microfluidic systems have emerged as a powerful high‐throughput tool for library screening at kilohertz rates. Unfortunately, almost all reported systems are based on fluorescence detection, restricting their use to a limited number of enzyme types that naturally convert fluorogenic substrates or require the use of surrogate substrates. To expand the range of enzymes amenable to evolution using droplet‐based microfluidic systems, we present an absorbance‐activated droplet sorter that allows droplet sorting at kilohertz rates without the need for optical monitoring of the microfluidic system. To demonstrate the utility of the sorter, we rapidly screen a 105‐member aldehyde dehydrogenase library towards D‐glyceraldehyde using a NADH mediated coupled assay that generates WST‐1 formazan as the colorimetric product. We successfully identify a variant with a 51 % improvement in catalytic efficiency and a significant increase in overall activity across a broad substrate spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges and opportunities in sustainable medicines development and use, focusing on the sustainable production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). It emphasizes the importance of minimizing the environmental impact of medicine production and highlights the use of lifecycle assessment (LCA) to quantify environmental impacts. The article also addresses the sustainability challenges in small molecule APIs and biological APIs, such as monoclonal antibodies, and explores strategies like solvent recycling and continuous bioprocessing to reduce environmental impact. Overall, the pharmaceutical industry is increasingly focusing on sustainability improvements and collaborating to address environmental issues in medicine production. [Extracted from the article]

Biodiesel is more environmentally friendly compared to traditional petroleum diesel. The method of producing biodiesel catalyzed by lipases, as a green chemistry technology, can further reduce its negative impact on the environment. In this work, lipase immobilized on magnetic cellulose was embedded in Cu(PABA), and then the biocomposite (MCL@Cu(PABA)) was used for biodiesel production. The good biocompatibility and flexible skeleton structure of cellulose can buffer the compression effect on enzyme molecules during the formation of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and the MOFs protective layer can reduce the damage caused by denaturants to enzyme molecules. The biocatalyst showed enhanced activity and stability with a lower deactivation constant (K d). Under the optimized reaction conditions, the biodiesel yield can reach 78.4 %. After reused for 7 times, the biocatalyst can still achieve a biodiesel yield of 58.8 %. Moreover, after stored for 30 days, the biodiesel yield can still reach 70.3 %. For all experimental yields, the standard deviation (SD) ranged from 2.4 % to 4.5 %. Secondary structure analysis showed that the rigid structure and active conformation of lipase was enhanced after Cu(PABA) encapsulation. [Display omitted] • Lipase covalently immobilized on the surface of magnetic cellulose nanoparticles was encapsulated by Cu(PABA). • The biocatalyst showed enhanced activity, stability and magnetic responsiveness. • The biodiesel yield could reach 78.4 % under optimized reaction conditions. • The biodiesel yield was 58.8 % after 7 cycles and the value could reach 70.3 % after the biocatalyst was stored for 30 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of ethyl (hetero)arylidene cyanoacetates, valuable intermediates in organic chemistry, has been investigated using several commercially available and synthetic nitrogen-based organocatalysts. 4,4′-Trimethylenedipiperidine (TMDP) was chosen as an efficient organocatalyst regarding short reaction times, excellent yield with a conversion of 100%, and high selectivity. The pure products could be isolated and devoid of a costly workup. The residue could be directly reused for the next catalytic run. Encouragingly, TMDP exhibited chemical stability and high recyclability in five subsequent runs without a significant loss in catalytic activity. Scale-up experiments also demonstrate the current strategy's promising industrial application. Mechanistic studies were conducted to provide insights into the reaction pathways and possible interaction/reaction between organocatalyst and each reactant through performing control experiments and studying FTIR in neat state and NMR spectra in aprotic and protic deuterated solvents. The developed metal-free and halogen-free catalytic strategy offers cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, and enhanced sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biscoumarin derivatives are an important group of bis-heterocyclic compounds that have attracted much attention due to their useful biological and medicinal properties. Caffeine was extracted from black tea and characterized using infrared (IR), 1H, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The extracted caffeine was used as an efficient, useful, and environmentally friendly organo-catalyst to synthesize biscoumarins. Optimizing the reaction conditions showed that 10 mol% of catalyst, water, and 80 °C is enough to synthesize the desired bis-heterocyclic products. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the pseudo-three component reaction of aryl/hetaryl aldehydes with 4-hydroxycoumarin was used to synthesize 3,3′-(arylmethylene)-bis(4-hydroxycoumarins. The 3,3′-(arylmethylene)-bis(4-hydroxycoumarin)s have been synthesized in good to excellent reaction yields and relatively shorter reaction times. The synthesis may proceed via a Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, and tautomerization. Some of the advantages of this method include the ease of separation of products, utilizing available starting materials, and the relatively simple implementation of the reaction. This work is also important from the point of view of green chemistry and economic savings. Furthermore, the method works well for substituted benzaldehydes containing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups and is compatible with heteroaryl aldehydes such as thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde. The structure of the synthesized biscoumarins was characterized using melting point measurements and spectroscopic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although analytical methodologies are known to generate pollution, universal strategies to decrease their environmental, safety, and health burdens while maintaining performance are lacking. Separation science techniques including sample preparations and chromatography require large amounts of solvent and power to separate, identify, and quantitate pure constituents from their matrices. Recent advancements to green analytical chemistry have now provided comprehensive metrics, such as the analytical method greenness score (AMGS), that allow researchers to better understand their method's environmental burden, compare it to other methods, and indicate what areas can be addressed to enhance sustainability. Here, we review approaches and technologies that can be used to green analytical separations with a focus on improving the method's analytical figures of merit. Approaches to green sample preparation are first considered including microextraction techniques in liquid, solid, and supercritical phases and the ability to automate such techniques. We focus on high-performance liquid chromatography and sub- or super-critical fluid chromatography, where it is shown that changing the column dimensions and packing can reduce environmental impact while preserving chromatographic resolution. We review equations to calculate the greenest flow rate at which to operate a separation method, then we discuss of modern ultrafast and high throughput separations. Finally, we describe digital signal processing for analytical signals as a major green technology for the first time. We observed that, using digital signal processing, an ultrafast liquid chromatographic separation of 101 components in just one minute produced an AMGS of 0.12 which is, to our best knowledge, the lowest ever reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamins are not only essential for normal cell function but also important in organic transformations, specifically in the field of organocatalysis. Due to the increasing importance of sustainable and ecofriendly organic reaction protocols, there has been growing attention in organocatalysis owing to easy access, biocompatibility, and excellent reactivity. As vitamins are environmentally benign, nontoxic, and economic organocatalyst, VB1, VB2, and VB12 have been employed successfully in variety of organic transformations. The catalysts exhibited very high efficacy in various C–C bond-forming reactions from multicomponent reaction to cross-coupling reactions. This review concisely demonstrates catalytic performance of natural organocatalyst VB1, VB2, and VB12 and also provides basic knowledge about this important synthetic tool for the preparation of organic compounds in a greener manner. The review explores the versatile application of vitamins where vitamins acted as the principal catalyst (Lewis acidic catalyst, photocatalyst), co-catalyst, organometallic catalyst, and ligand of metal ion catalysts. Utilization of vitamin-functionalized nanocatalysts in cross-coupling, A3-coupling, oxidation reaction, etc. has been demonstrated thoroughly. Additionally, the mechanistic details illuminating the roles of vitamins in important organic transformations are meticulously explained, providing insights into reaction pathways and empowering the described organcatalysis approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green solvents (GSs) has gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential as safer and more sustainable alternatives to traditional organic solvents. Solvents are used in a wide range of applications, from industrial processes to everyday products. Solvent emissions and losses can have a significant impact on the environment and human health, which is why many initiatives are being undertaken to get rid of or switch to eco-friendly alternatives. A key area of green chemistry that led to the concept of "green" solvents is the development of alternative solvents that are less toxic and more environmentally friendly than traditional organic solvents. The advantages of using green solvents over conventional ones are their environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and simplicity of preparation. Different sample preparation techniques have successfully utilized green solvents to offer a sustainable separation media for the extraction of a variety of inorganic and organic compounds which are crucial for research in environmental samples. Recent developments in green analytical chemistry (GAC) have focused on how to prepare and use samples using environmentally sustainable solvents. The current study covers the advance and currently used green solvents with an emphasis on environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. This review aims to briefly summarize the current state of knowledge about the use of green solvents particularly ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and switchable solvents (SSs) with the perspective of GAC in sample preparation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to produce magnesium nanoparticles (MgNPs) through biological method by using microbes which is not only sustainable but economical too. After careful screening, Proteus mirabilis BTCB21 (MN956898) was selected for the synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles. Various parameters like temperature, pH and substrate concentration were adjusted to optimize magnesium nanoparticles and investigate their effect on reaction time and size of nanoparticles. Characterization of magnesium nanoparticles was completed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer which exhibited peak at 350 nm, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) exposed presence of various groups like N–H, C≡C, C–Cl, C–Br, C–F and O–H. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) displayed irregular nanoparticles with average size of 463.06 nm. The results revealed optimization conditions for magnesium nanoparticles to be at 37°C temperature, pH 7 and 1 g of substrate concentration was selected for optimization. Antibacterial activity was also carried out; highly resistant pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus BTCB02 and Salmonella typhi BTCB06 were selected for antibacterial activity. The zones of inhibition ranged between 11 to 27 mm respectively. Magnesium nanoparticles prepared through biological method has great potential for applications in different fields especially biomedical; to treat antibiotic resistant illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green and efficient synthesis of alkyl 2-((5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonothioyl)thio)acetates is described. The method involves a one-pot, solvent-free reaction of pyrazolone derivatives, carbon disulfide, and alkyl bromoacetates in the presence of triethylamine. The crude products were readily purified by simple water washing followed by recrystallization from diethyl ether. The structures of the synthesized pyrazole-4-carbonothioyl-thio-acetate derivatives were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an innovative and eco-friendly methodology for synthesizing quinoxaline derivatives has been introduced, leveraging L-arabinose as a novel catalyst. This approach not only underscores the feasibility of green chemistry in synthesizing high-purity quinoxaline derivatives but also highlights the enhanced sustainability of the process. Detailed mechanistic investigations revealed the synergistic interactions between L-arabinose and the reactants, providing a deeper understanding of the catalytic process. The synthesized compounds, due to their unique structural and electronic properties, may find promising applications in life and material sciences such as optoelectronics. Furthermore, our environmental impact assessment demonstrated significant reduction in generated waste, solvent use, and overall carbon footprint, aligning with the global agenda for sustainable development. This research marks a significant step forward in quinoxaline chemistry, promoting the adoption of green synthesis pathways while reinforcing the principles of sustainable and environment-friendly chemical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trying to find beneficial and effective catalysis for synthesizing biologically active and valuable 1,2,3‐triazoles is continually being studied to make the procedure more efficient, green, and eco‐friendly. The click reaction is famous in green chemistry for its high selectivity and efficiency in generating 1,2,3‐triazoles with important pharmaceutical and biological activities. 1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of organic azides and alkynes by copper‐mediated have a great deal of attention paid to and developed to provide 1,2,3‐triazoles. However, utilizing Cu(II) species frequently requires a reducing reagent, making this approach less atom‐economic. Recently, notable progress has been made in designing and developing metal‐catalyzed click reactions to prepare 1,2,3‐triazoles. As appropriate alternatives to copper catalysts, nickel catalysts can be a good choice in click reactions. This review thoroughly studies the excellent potential of nickel catalysts in azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reactions and recommends using them as proper alternatives to traditional copper catalysts. This review can pave the path for further application of nickel catalysts in click reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enzymatic approach for the synthesis of intermediate alcohol of the drug tegoprazan in 99% ee at 20 °C in hexane has been developed utilizing commercially available immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TL lipase) as a biocatalyst and vinyl acetate as a acyl donor. This method involves the enantioselective esterification of (RS)-5,7-difluorochroman-4-ol with vinyl acetate using TL Lipase. This enzymatic approach provides the (S)-chiral alcohol in 44% yield with 99% enantiomeric excess (ee) and the (R)-acetate in 43% yield and >99% ee. It is a sustainable approach for the synthesis of enantiopure tegoprazan intermediate, contributing to the advancement of green chemistry. The recovered TL lipase was reused in 13 subsequent runs without loss of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amides are an important type of synthetic intermediate used in the chemical, agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. The traditional chemical process of converting nitriles into the corresponding amides is feasible but is restricted because of the harsh conditions required. In recent decades, nitrile hydratase (NHase, EC 4.2.1.84) has attracted considerable attention because of its application in nitrile transformation as a prominent biocatalyst. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of recent advances in NHase research in terms of natural distribution, enzyme screening, and molecular modification on the basis of its characteristics and catalytic mechanism. Additionally, industrial applications and recent significant biotechnology advances in NHase bioengineering and immobilization techniques are systematically summarized. Moreover, the current challenges and future perspectives for its further development in industrial applications for green chemistry were also discussed. This study contributes to the current state-of-the-art, providing important technical information for new NHase applications in manufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two different ethanol-based RP-HPLC methods for assay and quantification of rivaroxaban related substances in tablets were developed, based on green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles, using the design of experiments approach. The chromatographic separation was performed on X-Bridge C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size), using isocratic elution with ethanol : water (35:65, % v/v) for the assay and gradient elution with ethanol/water mobile phase, for related substances, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. The gradient method was optimized for the separation of three specified impurities (impurity G, impurity H, and impurity 14) and the selectivity was further confirmed using forced degradation studies. Both methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The robustness of the methods was confirmed with the Central Composite Face Design of Experiments. Analytical Eco-scale approach and AGREE metrics confirmed that both methods are in accordance with the GAC principles. The proposed ethanol-based RP-HPLC methods were applied for assay and determination of related substances in rivaroxaban 10 mg tablets obtained from three different manufacturers available on the Macedonian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrochlorothiazide has been utilized clinically for the past half-century, which is popularly known as a "water pill" as it produces increased urine output. The advancement of bioanalytical methods brought a dynamic field with exciting opportunities for future research. The current review emphasis the bioanalytical methods employed for the quantitative estimation of Hydrochlorothiazide as monotherapy and its popularly used combinational medications available from 1956 to till date. A fixed dose of 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide with 43 combinational medications is currently available in the market and these combinations are widely employed in the treatment of hypertensive people; those whose blood pressure does not respond effectively to monotherapy of hydrochlorothiazide and also for the treatment of edema (excess fluid in the body) caused by illness such as heart failure, liver problems, and renal disease. It has been convincingly demonstrated that the combination of any two antihypertensive medications belonging to different groups of the same category, significantly lowers blood pressure, in comparison with the effect produced by increasing the dose of a single medicament. Among the various analytical techniques employed for the estimation of Hydrochlorothiazide, the review portrays that hyphenated technique, in specific liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy was widely employed. The validation parameters namely linearity, LOD, LOQ for individual drug and their combinations, were successfully calibrated. The effectiveness of analytical approaches was evaluated and enhanced for chemical factors. The involvement of green chemistry in the optimized methods for the evaluation of Hydrochlorothiazide for the future development, are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green solvents such as water and ionic liquids (ILs) are pillars of the great mansion of green chemistry and green processing. Initially proposed as a new family of ILs, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have received fast development in the past two decades. In this contribution, DESs are reviewed critically and the concept is extended to lowmelting mixture solvents (LoMMSs), which cover all kinds of materials including ionic compounds, molecular compounds, and metals. Six classes of LoMMSs are proposed as the new classification system and examples are given. Finally, several thermodynamic issues concerning LoMMSs are discussed. Two new concepts, robustness of LoMMSs and high-entropy LoMMSs, are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable batteries paired with lithium (Li) metal anodes are considered to be promising high‐energy storage systems. However, the use of highly reactive Li metal and the formation of Li dendrites during battery operation would cause safety concerns, especially with the employment of highly flammable liquid electrolytes. Herein, a general strategy by engineering coordination‐driven crosslinking networks is proposed to achieve high‐performance solid polymer electrolytes. Through the coordination of metal‐organic polyhedra (MOPs) with cellulose‐based copolymers, the Li+‐conducted hypercrosslinked MOP (CHMOP‐Li) polymer network is capable of enabling the rapid transport of Li+. In addition to the high Li+ conductivity (1.02×10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C), CHMOP‐Li electrolyte also exhibits a high Li+ transference number (0.75) and a wide electrochemical stability window. Benefiting from the thermally stable and mechanically strong CHMOP‐Li electrolyte film, the short‐circuiting of the symmetric batteries is prevented even after 3200 h of cycling and a high specific energy of 300 Wh kg−1 is achieved for the Li‐metal battery. The solid‐state Li−O2 batteries fabricated with CHMOP‐Li electrolyte also show good cycling performance (500 cycles) and high discharge capacity (15740 mAh g−1). The proposed coordination‐driven crosslinking strategies offer an alternative route to design high‐performance next‐generation sustainable battery chemistries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chemical Communications journal, published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, features articles on recent advances in various chemical fields. Topics covered include functionalization of corroles, transmembrane transporters, electrocatalysts for energy conversion, and synthesis of various compounds. The journal aims to connect the global chemistry community and invest profits back into the field. [Extracted from the article]

Bioactive compounds have been shown to promote healthy human development and protect against certain diseases including some cancers. Tropical pumpkins bred for consumption, such as calabaza (Cucurbita moschata), possess these compounds, though concentrations vary considerably between varieties. Bioactive compound quantification methods can be expensive, complex, and generate considerable hazardous waste. A predictive tool utilizing the relationship between extrinsic properties and tristimulus colorimetry values of calabaza would allow for significantly higher throughput with lower requirements for equipment, training, and laboratory consumables. Therefore, this study examined correlations between flesh color and bioactive compound quantities of several calabaza germplasm lines to assess the utility of a sustainable and portable predictive tool. CIEL* a* b* values of pumpkin flesh were assessed using a colorimeter and compared to bioactive compound concentrations determined analytically. Redness was found to correlate with increased ascorbic acid and total soluble solids content. Yellowness correlated with β-carotene equivalent carotenoids and ascorbic acid content. These results suggest that colorimetry may be a viable pre-screening technique for quantifying bioactive compounds in C. moschata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct alkoxylation of the electron‐deficient olefinic C(sp2)−H bond in pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ones using aliphatic alcohols has been developed under transition metal and external chemical oxidant‐free electrochemical conditions. Azidotrimethylsilane (TMSN3) is utilized as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent to enable the homolytic cleavage of the unfunctionalized O−H bond in alcohols, thereby generating the electrophilic alkoxy radicals. Moreover, the effectiveness of this method is demonstrated with d4‐methanol (CD3OD), leading to the synthesis of d3‐methoxylated N‐heterocycles in good yields under sustainable conditions. The proposed mechanism, based on alkoxy or trideuteromethoxy radicals, is substantiated by control experiments and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a rapid and facile method for preparing free‐standing nanocomposite of gold nanoparticles with graphene oxide (Au@GO) in water under continuous flow in the absence of harsh reducing agents and any other auxiliary substances, as a method with favourable green chemistry metrics. This uses a vortex fluidic device (VFD) where induced mechanical energy and photo‐contact electrification associated with the dynamic thin film in the rapidly rotating tube tilted at 45° while simultaneously UV irradiated (λ=254 nm, 20 W) results in decomposition of water to hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide with growth of the gold nanoparticles on the surface of the GO. We have established that the resulting Au@GO composite sheets rapidly catalyse the degradation of commercial dyes like methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) using the hydrogen peroxide generated in situ in the VFD. This process relies on active radicals generated through liquid‐solid photo‐contact electrification of water in the VFD which dramatically minimises the generation of waste in industrial applications, with the reaction having implications for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of two pyridinium‐based room temperature protic ionic liquids (PILs), pyridinium bisulfate, [HPyr][HSO4] and pyridinium sulphate, [HPyr]2[SO4] and investigation of the kinetics of their water sorption behaviour and its influence on their density, ionic conductivity, and potential windows. The PILs were synthesized by the reaction of pyridine base with an acid, H2SO4, under solventless conditions, and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectra. The appearance vibration bands in the 3095–3252 cm−1 range for −NH+ stretching in the FTIR spectra and a peak at a chemical shift of 8.439 ppm in the 1H‐NMR of the liquids confirm their synthesis as no such bands/peaks can be seen in that of the pure pyridine spectra. The PILs’ hygroscopic nature was examined by exposing them (5 mL each sample with exposed surface area 3.143 cm2) to air for varied time intervals at a relative humidity, RH=58±5 % and T=20±5 °C. Coulometric Karl‐Fischer (KF) titration was used to determine how much moisture each PIL sample absorbed at each time interval. The findings reveal that when the PIL was exposed to air for longer periods of time, more moisture was absorbed, and the results correspond well with the pseudo first‐order kinetic model. The densities and conductivities of several samples of the two PILs were examined, and it was discovered that as the percentage water content of the PILs grew, density decreased but conductivities increased. Furthermore, it was discovered that when temperature rose, the conductivity of each of the PILs increased, and the results fit well to the Arrhenius linear equation since the regression coefficient, R2, for each of the samples approached the perfect fit value of one. The electrochemical window (EW) data, the mechanism of moisture oxidation within the EWs of each PIL at Pt and Au electrodes, and the electrocatalytic role played by the Pt and Au surface oxides during ethanol oxidation are evaluated and discussed in light of their future sustainable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi‐biological photosynthesis combines synthetic photosensitizers with microbial catalysts to produce sustainable fuels and chemicals from CO2. However, the inefficient transfer of photoexcited electrons to microbes leads to limited CO2 utilization, restricting the catalytic performance of such biohybrid assemblies. Here, we introduce a biological engineering solution to address the inherently sluggish electron uptake mechanism of a methanogen, Methanosarcina barkeri (M. barkeri), by coculturing it with an electron transport specialist, Geobacter sulfurreducens KN400 (KN400), an adapted strain rich with multiheme c‐type cytochromes (c‐Cyts) and electrically conductive protein filaments (e‐PFs) made of polymerized c‐Cyts with enhanced capacity for extracellular electron transfer (EET). Integration of this M. barkeri‐KN400 co‐culture with a synthetic photosensitizer, carbon nitride, demonstrates that c‐Cyts and e‐PFs, emanating from live KN400, transport photoexcited electrons efficiently from the carbon nitride to M. barkeri for methanogenesis with remarkable long‐term stability and selectivity. The demonstrated cooperative interaction between two microbes via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) and the photosensitizer to assemble a semi‐biological photocatalyst introduces an ecosystem engineering strategy in solar chemistry to drive sustainable chemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document from Chemical Communications, published in 2024, provides a comprehensive list of articles covering various topics in chemistry. The articles include discussions on functional metal-organic frameworks for energy storage, bioinspired hydrogels for artificial photosynthesis, and catalytic applications of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The journal aims to connect the global chemistry community and reinvest profits back into the field. [Extracted from the article]

This study tends to reach some objectives of the sustainable development goals, which call for responsible consumption and production and climate action. Long-term global food security is affected by drought and the optimal use of water in agricultural areas under climate change scenarios. Our approach aims to amend soil for cultivation under drought stress and improve plant growth to contribute to food security. In this context, a biochar was prepared from peanut shell and thoroughly examined as a soil enhancer for broad bean cultivation during drought stress. The produced biochar exhibited 0.307 g cm−3 bulk density, 9.6 cmol kg−1 cation exchange capacity, −15.5 mV zeta potential, and an average diameter of 21.86 nm. Surprisingly, the application of biochar increased soil water holding capacity and organic matter by 66% and 220%, respectively. Moreover, its application under drought improved plant growth as indicated by stem height, leaf area index, pod number/plant, pod weight, protein level, chlorophyll content, nutrient levels in leaves, and reduced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. The principal component and factorial analysis of the current study demonstrated correlations between the physiological response of faba bean plants and soil physiochemical parameters after the application of peanut shell-derived biochar. This study presents promising nano biochar that could be an effective sustainable practice for disposing residual materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contamination over the years due to hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants poses an immediate threat to both the environment and human health. Extensive research has been conducted on the application of the adsorption technique to treat these effluents. With a focus on adhering to the principles of Green Chemistry and the circular economy, researchers are directing their efforts toward discovering economical, biodegradable, and readily available adsorbents. In this context, the present review article offers insights into recent studies regarding the utilization of the natural biosorbent Luffa cylindrica. This porous, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic material shows promise in the realm of wastewater treatment. Emphasis was also given to several fiber modifications aimed at enhancing the adsorption capacity of this biosorbent. Additionally, comprehensive physicochemical characterizations were conducted, including SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, N2 adsorption and desorption and contact angle analyses. The impact of adsorption parameters was discussed in detail. The review delves into kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic data, which have been presented and analyzed. Mechanistic insights into the adsorption interactions between the adsorbent and adsorbate are depicted through illustrative diagrams. Ultimately, the findings underscore the potential of both Luffa and Luffa-based materials as promising candidates for effective wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cosmetic industry is now changing or rather having an ecological transition in which formulations such as creams, lotions, and powders for make‐up, skin and hair care must not contain microplastics, now a taboo word in this field. Nowadays, many companies are intensifying their research and development (R&D) work to align with recent and future legislation that provides for their elimination to safeguard the ecosystem. The production of new eco‐sustainable materials is currently a hot topic which finds its place in a market worth above 350 billion dollars which will reach more than 700 billion dollars in a very short time. This review offers an overview of the main advantages and adverse issues relating to the use of microplastics in cosmetics and of their impact, providing an insight into the properties of the polymeric materials that are currently exploited to improve the sensorial characteristics of cosmetic products. In addition, the various regulatory restrictions in the different geographical areas of the world are also described, which is matter for reflection on future direction. Finally, a prospective vision of possible solutions to replace microplastics with sustainable alternatives complete the picture of the next generation personal care products to support decision‐making in the cosmetic marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new and practical method for the thermal degradation of technically relevant bio‐based lignin is presented. By heating a solution of lignin in highly concentrated caustic potash, vanillic acid is almost exclusively obtained in yields up to 10.6 wt %. By altering the reaction parameters, the selectivity of the reaction can be shifted towards the demethylation product, protocatechuic acid, which is obtained in a yield of 6.9 wt %. Furthermore, the procedure was applicable to different types of Kraft and organosolv lignin. To create an economically feasible process, ion exchange resins were used for the work‐up of the highly caustic reaction media without neutralizing the complete mixture. By the selective removal of the desired vanillic acid from the caustic potash, this alkaline media could directly be reused for at least 5 further lignin degradations without significant loss of yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to retrieve and reuse surfactants efficiently from surfactant‐based microemulsions (MEs) has long been a problem, which is full of challenges and needs to be solved urgently. To this end, a pH‐triggered precipitation‐dissolution (PTPD) strategy is developed. The surfactant sodium 3‐(laurylamino)propane‐1‐sulfonate (LMPS) transforms into an insoluble precipitate (the inner salt of LMPS, LMP) after reaction with HCl, by which the monophasic LMPS‐based MEs demulsified entirely, giving a separable mixture of oil, water and LMP. LMP can be retrieved efficiently (~95.3 %) regardless of the ME type, and can then be conveniently restored to LMPS via reactions with NaOH. Conceptually, the retrieval of LMPS (~96.6 %), toxic benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, ~99.5 %) and a mixture of co‐surfactant n‐butanol and the oil phase n‐heptane (~97.1 %) from the sufficiently emulsified soil eluents is achievable by respectively using the PTPD strategy and distillation, wherein the soil eluents were generated from the remediation of BaP‐contaminated soil using an oil‐in‐water LMPS‐based ME as washing agent. It reveals a promising future for the PTPD strategy in the post‐processing of soil eluents containing toxic hydrophobic organic contaminants and excessive surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of a functional group into another represents the core of organic synthesis. Within the arena of functional group interconversions, oxidative and reductive transformations occupy a privileged position and the development of new sustainable, selective, and general methodologies continue to attract significant interest. Owing to the versatility of their chemistry, selenium compounds offer significant opportunities to achieve both oxidation and reduction of a wide range of functional groups. Additionally, the possibility to generate in situ the active oxidant or reducing selenium species from suitable inert precursors enables the development of catalytic processes. In this review, recent advances in selenium‐mediated oxidative and reductive functional group interconversions, with particular emphasis on cutting‐edge researches bringing about new insights into the comprehension of their mechanistic aspects, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity faces an unprecedented survival challenge: climate change, driven by the depletion of natural resources, excessive waste generation, and deforestation. Six out of nine planetary boundaries have been exceeded, signaling that Earth is far from a safe operating space for humanity. In this Viewpoint Article we explore three critical “atomic‐molecular” challenges: Earth's limited atomic resources, its oxidative nature, and very rich chemistry. Addressing these requires a transformation in how we produce and consume, emphasizing sustainable practices aligned with the United Nations’ 17 goals. The advancement of science and technology has extended human life expectancy and improved quality of life. However, to ensure a sustainable future, we must move towards less oxidative chemical processes, incorporate CH4−CO2 redox chemistry into the circular economy, and transition from a linear, fossil fuel‐dependent economy to a circular bioeconomy. Reforestation and the recovery of degraded lands are essential, alongside the shift towards green and sustainable chemistry. Earth's dynamic chemistry is governed by the principles of thermodynamics and kinetics, but science alone is insufficient. Achieving global sustainability requires coordinated economic, political, and social decisions that recognize Earth's limited resources and oxidative nature. Together, these efforts will position humanity to meet the challenges of climate change and secure a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically synthesized nanoparticles via biological entities are produced with less negative impact on the environment and without expensive chemicals, which have biocompatibility and are eco‐friendly. Gracilaria crassa is a well‐known marine red alga that is edible and unique and is the commercial source of agar and agarose production. In this work, Gracilaria crassa‐mediated SiO2 NPs were synthesized by the green synthesis method. In order to characterize the physicochemical properties of the synthesized SiO2 NPs, a variety of microscopic and spectroscopic approaches were used, including imaging with Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, UV spectrophotometry, X‐ray diffraction analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta potential, and Thermo gravimetric analysis. These results shown that Gracilaria crassa‐mediated SiO2 NPs were amorphous nature, negatively charged −15.5 mV and spherical shape in size of 20–50 nm. The antioxidant capacity of synthesised SiO2 NPs was examined by 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay and it observed as IC50 value of 49.4 μg/mL denotes that could counteract the production of free radicals and oxidative stress. The characteristics of the synthesized Gracilara crassa‐mediated SiO2 NPs suggest their application as potential antioxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Green Chemistry" published by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2024 showcases cutting-edge research in the field of green chemistry for a sustainable future. The contents include editorial pieces, critical reviews, tutorial reviews, communications, and papers covering various topics such as biomass-derived molecules, clean production, and chemical recycling. The journal aims to advance scientific knowledge and promote environmentally friendly practices in the chemical sciences. [Extracted from the article]